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1.
膨润土与砂混合物的膨胀特性是评估核废料深层地质处置工程长期性能的重要指标。对比不同膨润土及其与砂混合物的膨胀试验结果可知,对纯膨润土及其低掺砂率混合物,浸水膨胀完成后蒙脱石孔隙比em与竖向应力?v在双对数坐标内呈惟一的线性关系,利用该线性关系可预测浸水完成后不同竖向应力下的体积变化量及不同初始状态对应的膨胀力;对高掺砂率混合物,在砂骨架形成之前,em-?v线性关系成立,随着竖向应力的增大,砂骨架形成,对应的em值脱离em-?v线性关系,混合物中掺砂率越大,脱离该线性关系时的竖向应力就越小。砂骨架形成前,砂颗粒被蒙脱石包围,外力由蒙脱石承担,最终变形量由试样中单位体积蒙脱石的含量决定;砂骨架形成后,竖向应力最终由砂骨架和蒙脱石共同承担。利用砂骨架孔隙比的概念可确定各种不同掺砂率混合物形成砂骨架时的应力起偏点。同时,还可确定混合物能够形成砂骨架的掺砂率范围。 相似文献
2.
《岩土力学》2017,(4)
在高放核废物处置库中,膨润土-砂混合物是一种可选的缓冲回填材料,掌握其在水-力耦合条件下的体变特征对正确评价处置库的长期安全性有重要意义。按照不同的石英砂掺量(0%~50%)配制了6组膨润土/砂混合物,依次进行了单轴侧限压缩、有荷膨胀(轴向应力为0.2 MPa)和饱和再压缩试验,获得了混合物在不同水-力路径下的变形特征,并着重分析了砂掺量的影响。结果表明:(1)膨润土-砂混合物的压缩性与掺砂量、饱和状态和密实度有关。在非饱和及密实度较低(ρ_d1.7 g/cm~3)的条件下,混合物的压缩指数随砂掺量的增加近似线性减小;当混合物压缩到较高的密实度(ρ_d1.7 g/cm~3)并且饱和后,压缩指数受掺砂量的影响不明显,但其值远小于非饱和及低密实度状态。(2)混合物的最终膨胀率随着掺砂量的增加呈指数减小,随膨润土有效干密度的增加而呈指数增加。掺砂量达到40%时,膨胀过程伴随有体积回落现象,且体积回落率随砂掺量的增加而加剧。(3)混合物在不同水-力路径中及不同砂掺量条件下呈现的体变差异性与膨润土和砂在试样中的分布状态及二者对土体骨架的主导作用有关,总体上,掺砂量越高或试样密实度越大,砂对体变的主导作用越强。(4)混合物的膨胀力随掺砂量的增加而减小,通过引入膨润土有效干密度参数,建立了混合物膨胀力与该参数间的指数定量关系,可对膨胀力进行预测,并从蒙脱石的体积变化率与质量分布率的角度进一步分析了混合物膨胀力的作用机制。 相似文献
3.
设计了专门的浸水试验装置,测定了膨润土-石英砂混合物在非膨胀条件下吸水引起的水分分布及膨胀应力变化,研究了混合型缓冲回填材料非饱和水力学性质。试验结果表明,干密度约1.70 g/cmP3、掺砂率为30%的GMZ001膨润土-砂混合物的水分扩散系数与含水率的关系呈U型变化,即随着含水率增加,汽态水分扩散系数减小,液态水分扩散系数增大。根据理论推导建立非饱和导水率估算方程。计算发现,混合物的非饱和导水率随含水率的增大而增大。其中,汽态水分非饱和导水率先增大后略有减小,液态水非饱和导水率始终增大。试验发现,试样吸水后干密度趋于均匀化,试样内部不同位置的应力发展与水分迁移过程密切相关：渗入端的应力在入渗初期增长很快,随后减慢;渗出端的应力持续稳定增长;入渗96 h后,两端应力趋于一致。估算出的水分扩散系数及非饱和导水率,可用于评价混合型缓冲回填材料阻隔核素迁移安全性。 相似文献
4.
利用自行设计高压固结仪对5种不同含砂率的饱和砂-黏土混合物开展一系列高压压缩试验,研究砂-黏土混合物压缩性和渗透性演化规律及其对矿物组分的依赖性。试验结果表明,饱和砂-黏土混合物的孔隙比-压力(e-lgP)曲线随着含砂率增高呈现出指数函数模式向双曲线函数模式转化,而e-P曲线在压力高于8.1 MPa则呈线性变化,其斜率依赖于含砂率。最优含砂率随固结压力的增大而逐渐从75%移向30%。不同含砂率的砂-黏土混合物的孔隙率、固结压力和含砂率存在统一的幂函数关系。渗透系数与含砂率有关,渗透系数与孔隙率符合指数函数关系。从砂-黏土混合物骨架结构和孔隙类型的角度出发,从本质上分析含砂率、固结压力对混合物压缩性和渗透性的作用规律。结合SEM微细观结构观测结果,验证砂-黏土混合物骨架结构与含砂率之间的相关性。 相似文献
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6.
高放废物处置库中缓冲回填材料需要预先压缩到一定密实度,其压缩特性对处置库的安全设计、施工及运营有重要影响。目前,国内初步考虑将膨润土-砂混合物作为缓冲回填材料的首选。采用WG型单杠杆固结仪,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物进行侧限压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：随着干密度的增大,压缩系数呈二次曲线减小;随着掺砂率的增大,压缩系数呈非线性增大。通过引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物的压缩系数进行解释,并根据试验数据得到了回归的数学模型,试图为缓冲回填材料的配比优化研究提供相关依据。 相似文献
7.
本文在分析浙西红黏土矿物成分与化学成分的基础上,分别用单向固结仪和三轴仪对饱和红黏土原状样进行了一系列的压缩、剪切、蠕变试验,得到其压缩曲线、应力-应变曲线和蠕变曲线。根据测得的压缩曲线,确定了该土的压缩指数Cc、回弹指数Cs,对原状样压缩曲线的归一化整理后判断出原状饱和红黏土的结构性不强;根据三轴排水剪切试验结果,得出原状饱和红黏土在不同围压下因结构性的存在土体具有不同的破坏应力比,计算得到该土的临界状态应力比和黏聚力;根据原状饱和红黏土在不同固结压力下的蠕变试验结果,得到了该土的次固结系数Cα与固结压力关系,并确定了该土的Cα/Cc约为0.0124,本试验结果为浙西地区的工程建设提供了基本参数。 相似文献
8.
对广西桂林红黏土进行了浸水饱和引起的膨胀变形和压缩变形试验,在竖向压力25~800 k Pa范围下,研究了不同初始含水率和干密度对浸水变形特性的影响。结果表明:浸水饱和引起的压缩变形量主要取决于初始干密度,而初始含水率对其影响较小;在相同的含水率下,浸水压缩变形量随着干密度的增加而减小。把各组的固结状态线和浸水饱和稳定后状态线的交点称为分界点。初始含水率对分界点的影响较小,而随着干密度的增加,分界点右移,即浸水膨胀区域增大,浸水压缩区域减小。由分界点可得出了介于浸水膨胀和浸水压缩的分界状态线,从而可以判定不同孔隙比、不同竖向压力下土样会产生浸水膨胀还是压缩。最后,基于浸水变形试验结果,可以计算压缩区红黏土试样在不同竖向压力下浸水压缩变形量。 相似文献
9.
本文用试验方法研究了静置时间对不同含水率高庙子钠基（GMZ07）膨润土强度的影响。在保持试样干密度和含水率不变的情况下,将初始含水率为10%、18%和24%（饱和）3组压实试样分别静置0、5、15、30、90 d,之后采用精度较高的直剪仪在400、800和1 600 kPa垂直压力下进行剪切试验;同时完成了部分试样的压汞试验。结果表明：GMZ07膨润土的剪切强度随静置时间增长而减小;静置前期,强度下降较快;静置时间超过一定天数后,其剪切强度逐渐趋于稳定。根据3种含水率试样的强度包线可得到：随着静置时间增加,饱和试样的内摩擦角略微下降而黏聚力变化不大;含水率10%和18%试样的黏聚力明显变小而内摩擦角几乎不变。根据Alonso等提出的非饱和土有效应力,结合压实膨润土试样的孔径分布,认为集聚体内孔隙增多是非饱和膨润土强度随静置时间而变小的原因。 相似文献
10.
非饱和重塑黏土渗透性试验研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
工程中常常遇到非饱和土渗流问题,其渗透性是非饱和土的重要研究内容。采用常规压力板仪详细研究了重塑黏土在3种不同击实功和5种不同击实含水率下的土-水特征曲线,并用变水头法测量了相应的饱和土渗透系数。结合土水曲线和饱和渗透系数,基于Van Genuchten模型和Fredlund模型,详细探讨了重塑非饱和重塑黏土在不同击实条件下的渗透性。结果表明,土样饱和渗透系数随着击实含水率的增大而减小,且随着基质吸力的增大土样渗透性差别逐渐减小。当试样吸力达到1 MPa时,可认为不同击实含水率下试样的渗透性基本相同;在轻型击实和简化轻型击实下,试样渗透性很相似。重型击实功下试样的渗透系数和轻型击实下土样渗透系数的比值 随着吸力的增大而逐渐增大,在饱和状态时比值约为1/100,当吸力达到1 MPa时比值逐渐稳定在1/10右。 相似文献
11.
K. K. Tripathi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(2):581-591
In this paper, models have been developed to predict the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated bentonite and saturated sand-bentonite mixtures. For these models, free swell void ratio of the bentonite is required which can be obtained using a simple test. It was observed that hydraulic conductivity of the saturated bentonite and saturated sand-bentonite mixtures could be predicted within 5 or 1/5 times of the measured values for most of the cases. 相似文献
12.
膨润土因具有湿胀、干缩特性,其水力-力学性质易受干湿循环的影响。采用饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法研究了干湿循环对压实高庙子钙基膨润土持水特性的影响。对相同条件下制作的试样进行0～6次干湿循环,选取其中的原试样（0次）、循环3次和6次试样,进行蒸汽平衡法试验,测定其土-水特征曲线。同时,在0～6次干湿循环过程中,对每一次脱湿后试样表面采集图像,用数字图像处理技术提取了收缩及裂隙开展区域,分析得到收缩率与裂隙率。试验结果表明：随着干湿循环次数的增加（0→3次时）,土-水特征曲线向下平移、持水性下降、孔隙比增大、平均骨架应力减小,试样烘干时收缩率和裂隙率增加明显;但随着循环次数的继续增加（3→6次时）,持水性、收缩率和裂隙率趋于稳定。 相似文献
13.
Snehasis Tripathy Ramakrishna Bag Hywel Rhys Thomas 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(4):749-763
The effects of post-compaction residual lateral stress and salt concentration in the hydrating fluid on swelling pressures of compacted MX80 bentonite is brought out in this paper. In order to release the residual lateral stresses, following the static compaction process during preparation of specimens, compacted bentonite specimens were extruded from the specimen rings and then inserted back prior to testing them for swelling pressures in isochoric condition. The swelling pressure tests were carried out at several dry densities of the bentonite with distilled water and solutions of NaCl (0.1 and 1.0 M) as the hydrating fluids. With water, the test results showed that specimens that underwent extrusion and insertion processes exhibited about 10–15 % greater swelling pressures as compared to the specimens those that were compacted and tested. The influence of saline solutions was found to reduce the swelling pressure of the bentonite, but their impact was less significant at high compaction dry densities. 相似文献
14.
Shear Strength Behavior of Two Landfill Clay Liners 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Direct shear tests were conducted to obtain both the shear strength of compacted clay liners (CCLs) specimens and the interface shear strength between compacted clay liner and base soil. These experiments were conducted under the conditions of five different water contents. The experimental results show that shear strength of both CCLs and CCLs/base interface decreases with the increase in the water content of CCLs and base soil. In addition, the considerate concentration of NaCl in leachate has no deteriorating effect on the shear strength of liners. Triaxial shear tests were also conducted on clay liner specimens to obtain total and effective shear strength under a fast compression. The shear strength c‘=100 kPa for sand-bentonite, respectively. These results indicate that the compacted clay-bentonite shows normal consolidation, but that the compacted sand-bentonite exhibits over-consolidation. 相似文献
15.
Data are reported on the shrinkage and desiccation cracking exhibited by bentonite-enhanced sand mixtures (BES) upon air-drying. Mixtures containing 10 and 20% bentonite by dry weight, compacted at moisture contents ranging from 8 to 32%, were investigated. Hydraulic conductivity data for BES specimens saturated and tested immediately after compaction, and for similar specimens that had no visible damage after air-drying, are also presented.
All the mixtures exhibited volumetric shrinkage upon air-drying with the amount of shrinkage increasing with increasing moisture content during compaction. At any initial moisture content mixtures containing 20% bentonite shrink more than those containing 10% bentonite, but the shrinkage is insensitive to the compactive effort. Compacted beds of BES containing 10 and 20% bentonite exhibit no visible desiccation cracking as the top surface is dried when compacted at 15 and 14% moisture content, respectively, and only minor cracking when compacted at initial moisture contents of 20 and 15%, respectively. For the range of mixtures tested, it appears that cracking only occurs when BES undergoes more than about 4% volumetric shrinkage when air-dried. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of intact BES specimens is unaffected by a drying episode prior to testing. 相似文献
16.
Scaly clays are stiff and highly fissured clays often used as construction materials. This paper presents the results of triaxial compression tests carried out on saturated and unsaturated samples of a compacted scaly clay. Complementary investigation on the microstructural features and their evolution with the amount of water stored into the material are also presented in order to shed light on the evolution of the micro- and macroporosity with suction. The water retention behaviour of the compacted scaly clay is also addressed. The results from the controlled suction triaxial tests are used to discuss the applicability of a single-shear strength criterion to compacted double-structured clays when the effective stress concept for unsaturated soils is used. The choice of the degree of saturation to be included in the effective stress definition for obtaining a satisfactory representation of the shear strength is addressed. It is shown that the best results are obtained when the macropore degree of saturation is considered along with its evolution during the applied stress path. 相似文献
17.
Influence of Infiltration of Sodium Chloride Solutions on SWCC of Compacted Bentonite–Sand Specimens
The degree of saturation of compacted bentonite buffer in deep geological repositories is subject to alterations from infiltration of groundwater and heat emanated from the waste canisters. The matric suction (ψ)–degree of saturation (S r ) relations of unsaturated clays is represented by soil–water characteristics curves (SWCC) that are influenced by soil structure, initial compaction condition and stress history. Infiltration of groundwater besides increasing the degree of saturation can also alter the pore water chemistry; the associated changes in cation hydration and diffuse double layer thickness could impact the micro-structure and matric suction values. This study examines the influence of infiltrating sodium chloride solutions (1,000–5,000 mg/L) on the transient ψ–S r relations of compacted bentonite–sand specimens. Analysis of the ψ–S r plots, and X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that infiltration of sodium chloride solutions has progressively less influence on the micro-structure and SWCC relations of bentonite–sand specimens compacted to increasingly higher dry densities. The micro-structure and SWCC relations of specimens compacted to 1.5 Mg/m3 were most affected, specimens compacted to 1.75 Mg/m3 were less affected, while specimens compacted to 2 Mg/m3 remained unaffected upon infiltration with sodium chloride solutions. 相似文献
18.
In the present study, influence of wetting–drying cycles on swelling pressures of sand–bentonite mixtures used in the construction
of sanitary landfills to have an impermeable liner was investigated before and after lime treatment of the mixtures. Swelling
pressure tests were conducted to see if the swelling pressures were affected by wetting–drying cycles. First series of specimens
were prepared as a mixture of sand and bentonite only. In the first series of specimens, sand was mixed with bentonite in
various proportions with their optimum water contents and compacted by using standard proctor energy. In the second series
of the specimens, lime in various proportions was added to the mixtures of sand–bentonite. Then, the sand–bentonite mixtures
stabilized by lime were compacted with the standard proctor energy at their optimum moisture contents. Five wetting–drying
cycles were performed on each specimen and values of swelling pressures were measured at the end of each cycle. Results of
swelling pressure tests indicated that the swelling pressure is decreased when lime is added to the mixtures. In addition,
decrements were observed on swelling pressures by wetting–drying cycles. The results of the experiments of this investigation
showed that the beneficial effect of lime stabilization to control the swelling pressures was partly lost by the wetting–drying
cycles. However, the test results indicated that the swelling pressures of the specimens made of sand–bentonite mixtures stabilized
by lime were lower than the swelling pressures of the specimens made of only sand–bentonite mixtures. 相似文献