共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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云层与气溶胶对大气吸收太阳辐射的影响 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
云通过辐射过程对地气系统的能量平衡起着特别显著的调节作用 ,是影响天气、气候以及全球变化的重要因子。近年来 ,有云大气对太阳短波辐射的“异常吸收”又成为云—辐射研究中的一个争论热点。有云大气的短波吸收受到多种因素的影响 ,关于这方面的研究还不够充分。本文通过计算 ,从理论上探讨了若干因素的组合对大气吸收的综合影响。在计算中 ,同时考虑了不同太阳辐射波段、不同太阳入射天顶角、不同云顶高度以及不同下垫面的影响 ,并考虑了包含大气分子、气溶胶和云滴的吸收与散射 ,以及在近红外波段大气自身的热辐射等过程 ,阐明了云与气溶胶在不同波段对大气吸收太阳辐射的影响。 相似文献
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The effect of clouds on aerosol growth in the rural atmosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Measurements of accumulation mode aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer under cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and in the lower free troposphere under cloud-free conditions, were conducted over the rural northwest of England. Normalised size distributions in the cloud-free boundary layer (CFBL) and the cloud-free free troposphere (CFFT) exhibited almost identical spectral similarities with both size distributions possessing a concentration peak mode-radius of ≈0.05 μm or less. By comparison, aerosol distributions observed in cloudy air exhibited a distinctive log-normal distribution with mode-radii occurring at ≈0.1 μm concomitant with a local minimum at ≈0.05 μm. The consistent and noticeable difference in spectral features observed between cloudy and cloud-free conditions suggest that a greater amount of gas-to-particle conversion occurs on cloudy days, presumably through in-cloud aqueous phase oxidation processes, leading to larger sized accumulation mode particles. Apart from the distinct difference between cloudy and cloud-free aerosol spectra on cloudy days, aerosol concentration and mass were observed to be significantly enhanced above that of the ambient background in the vicinity of clouds. Volatility analysis during one case of cloud processing indicated an increase in the relative contribution of aerosol mass volatile at temperatures characteristic of sulphuric acid, along with a smaller fraction of more volatile material (possibly nitric acid and/or organic aerosol). Growth-law analysis of possible growth mechanisms point to aqueous phase oxidation of aerosol precursors in cloud droplets as being the only feasible mechanism capable of producing the observed growth. The effect of cloud processing is to alter the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) supersaturation spectrum in a manner which increases the availability of CCN at lower cloud supersaturations. 相似文献
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The influence of various cloud parameters and the interactions with the ground albedo and the solar zenith angle have been studied by means of model simulations. The radiative transfer model suitable for a cloudy atmosphere as well as for a clear atmosphere has been developed on the basis of the Discrete Ordinate Method. This study leads to a general understanding for cloudy atmospheres: in the presence of a uniform cloud, the cloud scattering is dominant to molecular and aerosol scattering, and it is also wavelength-independent; the ratio of transmitted irradiance in a cloudy atmosphere to that in the background clear atmosphere is independent of cloud height and solar zenith angle. That’s to say, the radiation downwelling out of a cloud is quite isotropic; it decreases approximately exponentially with the cloud optical depth at a rate related to the ground albedo; the reflected irradiance at the top of the atmosphere is dependent on cloud optical depth as well as on solar zenith angle, but not on ground albedo for clouds of not very thin optical depth. 相似文献
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爆炸防雹中可能动力机制的探讨 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
文中在进一步归纳观测现象和分析爆炸产物能力的基础上 ,提出了爆炸扰动气流和重力波破碎可以对气流产生显著影响的物理假说 ,并应用数值模式模拟了扰动气流对基本流的作用 ,得到的结果与物理假说所预期的相一致 ;也与过去的实验或试验结果相一致。这说明爆炸(瞬时 )产生扰动场 ,扰动场 (维持一段时间 )再与基本场相互作用来影响基本流 (更长维持时间 ) ,看来这可能是爆炸影响基本流的主导途径 相似文献
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利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站(塔中站)实测的长波辐射资料,分析了流动沙漠区的长波辐射特征.结果表明:地表长波辐射能具体地反映地表失去热能的状况.在沙漠区,由于地表层的湍流运动较强以及下垫面温度与空气温度的差值较大,使得地表向大气传输的热通量较大,所以地面长波辐射值较大,有时接近于总辐射,最小值出现在日出前,最大值出现在15:00左右;由于大气中的水汽含量及云量较少,而沙尘气溶胶含量较高,所以大气长波辐射较大,沙漠区有效辐射也较大,为我国有效辐射年总量最高的地区之一.地表放射的净长波辐射在太阳总辐射中所占的比例小于地表反射辐射,只有在春、夏季两者较接近,且以反射辐射大些.区域气候变化过程中,沙漠加热场的强度是沙漠局地天气气候变化的主要影响因素之一. 相似文献
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The purpose of this paper is to present a rigorous derivation of a model equation system for the mass and energy open precipitating atmosphere. The derivation is based on the treatment of the atmosphere in terms of three open thermodynamic subsystems consisting of cloudy air, rain water and snow, respectively. Each of the three subsystems moves with a different velocity as caused by the different fall velocities of rain and snow in comparison to the cloudy air.A basic assumption of the model consists in the neglect of the inertia terms in the momentum equation of the falling hydrometeors. It will be shown that this simplification yields additional source terms in the budget equations of the total momentum and the total kinetic energy of the system. However, the prognostic equations for the atmospheric wind field and the corresponding kinetic energy equation remain free of these source terms. The model equations strictly conserve the total mass and energy of the system. It is concluded that the combination of the barycentric velocity of the cloudy air and the total density of the system is the best choice to describe the time evolution of the atmospheric wind field. 相似文献
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Considered is the kinetics of the Brownian coagulation in disperse systems formed as a result of crystallizing reagent dispersion by detonation method. Estimated is the yield of crystals from one gram of the reagent. It is demonstrated that the crystals formed after the completion of processes of the explosive gas cloud expansion have the average charge equal to about a thousand elementary charges. 相似文献
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Tov Elperin Andrew Fominykh Boris Krasovitov 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,125(3-4):197-211
We suggest a non-isothermal one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of highly soluble gaseous pollutants in inhomogeneous atmosphere. When gradients of soluble trace gases’ concentrations and temperature in the atmosphere are small, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by two linear wave equations that describe propagation of a scavenging and temperature waves in one direction. If wash-down front velocity is much larger than the velocity of the temperature front, scavenging is determined by propagating scavenging front in the atmosphere with inhomogeneous temperature distribution. We solved the derived equation by the method of characteristics and determined scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging for wet removal of sulfur dioxide using measured initial distributions of trace gases and temperature in the atmosphere. It is shown that in the case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases and linear temperature distribution in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is proportional to rainfall rate, solubility parameter in the under-cloud region, adjacent to a bottom of a cloud and to the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. The derived formula yields the same value of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented by McMahon and Denison (Atmos Environ 13:571–585, 1979). It is demonstrated that in the case when the altitude variation of temperature in the atmosphere is determined by the environmental lapse rate, scavenging coefficient increases with height in the region between the scavenging front and the ground. In the case when altitude temperature variation in the atmosphere is determined by temperature inversion, scavenging coefficient decreases with height in a region between the scavenging front and the ground. Theoretical predictions of the value of the scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide washout by rain and of the dependence of the magnitude of the scavenging coefficient on rain intensity are in good agreements with the atmospheric measurements of Martin (Atmos Environ 18:1955–1961, 1984). 相似文献
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云水酸化数值模式计算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
假定形成在硫酸、硫酸盐和硝酸盐核上的云滴,溶解酸、碱性气体在很短时间达到气—液平衡,进行了云水酸度的数值模式计算。计算结果表明,云水酸化不仅与云空气中酸、碱性气体和气溶胶粒子组分的初始浓度有关,而且还与云含水量有关。 相似文献
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基于卫星资料同化和LAPS-WRF模式系统的云天太阳辐射数值模拟改进方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
太阳能光伏发电已成为仅次于水电和风能的第三大可再生能源,光伏发电受云量时空变化的影响较大,因此准确模拟云天太阳辐射的时空变化对电网安全运行至关重要。围绕如何减小中尺度气象模式的云初始场误差,进而改进云天的太阳辐射模拟这一关键科学问题,本文通过研究基于卫星资料同化的LAPS（Local Analysis Prediction System）多时间层三维云分析同化方法,改进三维云结构,并将LAPS模式输出结果作为WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式的初始场,模拟了2008年1月及夏季（6～8月）北京地区的总云量和总辐射的时空分布,重点分析了多云和有降水天气过程总辐射的模拟改进效果及其原因。结果表明,同化前后的总云量模拟值与观测值的时间变化趋势基本一致,但大部分时次总云量的模拟值低于观测值;大部分多云及降水时段同化后总云量模拟值较接近于实测值。1月晴天、多云天以及夏季晴天同化前后总辐射模拟值与实测值的时间变化趋势较一致,但同化前后两者的相关性差异不明显;晴天条件下同化前后总辐射模拟值均低于实测值,1月多云条件下多数时段同化后总辐射模拟误差减小不明显,与总云量的改进效果不显著有关。夏季多云、有降水及6月典型降水三种天气条件下同化前后总辐射模拟值与观测值的相关性稍差,同化后两者的相关性较同化前有所改进,尤其是6月典型降水过程改进效果较明显;同化前总辐射模拟误差较大,而同化后误差显著减小,尤其是6月典型降水过程同化后均方根误差和平均相对误差较同化前分别减小了102.6 W m-2和355.9%,最大相对误差减小更显著;同化后总辐射模拟误差小于同化前的比例高达75%,即大部分时刻同化后模拟误差小于同化前。多云和有降水天气过程总辐射模拟效果的显著改进与总云量的改进密切相关,即同化后总云量模拟值增加,云的反射和散射作用增强,导致模拟总辐射减小,即更接近于实测总辐射值。研究结果对于多云和降水天气条件下太阳辐射的模拟效果改进、太阳能资源客观评估以及光伏电站的发电量预测具有一定的科学和实际应用价值。 相似文献
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B. G. Sherstyukov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(12):733-737
The annual cycle of air temperature trends is analyzed in comparison with total cloud amount trends. It is shown that during the last 30 years the cloud amount changes were associated with air temperature trends with positive and negative correlation in cold and warm half-year, respectively, which is in perfect agreement with the well-known facts of the influence of clouds on radiation balance and of the latter on temperature regime of the atmosphere. In all cases, the greenhouse effect increases when the radiation budget is nearly zero due to physical-geographic features; the small contribution of the greenhouse effect to the budget change manifests itself in climate changes. A conclusion is drawn on the presence of a greenhouse component of CO2 in the phenomena described; however, in the high latitudes, this effect is exceeded by long-term changes in cloud amount. 相似文献
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Margreet C. Vanzanten 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(2):253-280
A mixing fraction determines the relative amount of above-cloud-top air that has been mixed into a cloudy air parcel. A method, based on the use of mixing fractions, to calculate the cooling effects due to mixing, longwave radiation and phase changes at cloud top is derived and discussed. We compute cooling effects for the whole range of mixing fraction for two observed cases of the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer. In both cases the total radiative cooling effect is found to be the most dominant contributor to the negative buoyancy excess found at cloud top. The largest radiative cooling rates are found for clear-air parcels immediately adjacent to cloud top rather than inside the cloud. With the help of a simple longwave radiation model, we show this to be caused by clear-air radiative cooling due to the temperature inversion at cloud top. Further we show that flux profiles in the entrainment zone can be computed from data obtained from a horizontal level run that is half the time in cloud and half the time out of cloud. 相似文献
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南半球中高纬度区域不同类型云的辐射特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CloudSat的2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR云分类产品和2B-FLXHR-LIDAR辐射产品4 a（2007-2010年）的数据,定量分析了单层云（高云、中云、低云）和3种双层云（如:高云与中云共存、高云与低云共存以及中云与低云共存）在南半球中高纬度（40°-65°S）的云量、云辐射强迫和云辐射加热率。其中云辐射加热率定义为有云时的大气加热率廓线与晴空大气加热率廓线的差值。结果表明:研究区域盛行单层低云和单层中云,其云量分别为44.1%和10.3%。并且,中云重叠低云在双层云中云量也是最大（8.7%）。不同类型云的云量也显著影响着其云辐射强迫。单层低云在大气层顶、地表以及大气中的净云辐射强迫分别是-64.8、-56.5和-8.4 W/m2,其绝对值大于其他类型云。虽然单层的中云在大气层顶和地表的净辐射强迫也为负值,但其在大气中的净云辐射强迫为正值（2.3 W/m2）。最后,讨论了不同类型云对大气中辐射能量垂直分布的影响。所有类型云的短波（或长波）云辐射加热率都随高度升高表现为由负值转为正值（或由正值转为负值）。对于大部分云,其净云辐射加热率主要由长波云辐射加热率决定。这些研究结果旨在为模式中云重叠参数化方案在区域的适用性评估及改进提供观测依据。 相似文献
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多层四流球谐函数算法的构建及在大气辐射传输模式中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了在不大幅度增加计算成本的情况下提高大气辐射传输计算的精度,利用单层四流球谐函数结合多层二流累加法,构造了可用于多层大气的四流球谐函数算法。为了比较与其他辐射传输算法的差异,引入48流离散纵坐标算法作为比较标准,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标算法作为比较对象。在真实大气廓线条件下,计算了晴空和有云大气顶向上辐射通量、地表向下辐射通量以及加热率廓线。得出以下结论：在晴空情况下,与作为标准的48流离散纵坐标法相比,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标法和新构造的四流球谐函数方法加热率绝对误差都小于0?3 K／d;向上、向下辐射通量的相对误差分别小于1％和0?6％。这表明在晴空情况下,3种算法对加热率的计算精度差别不大;对辐射通量的计算精度,两种四流近似算法比传统的 Eddington 近似更为精确。在有云情况下,与48流离散纵坐标法相比,四流球谐函数和四流离散纵坐标法计算的云顶加热率相对误差小于1％,而 Eddington 近似计算的云顶加热率相对误差大于5％。结果表明：新构造的四流球谐函数算法可用于大气辐射传输模式,在不大幅度增加计算成本的同时,提高了晴空大气的整体辐射计算精度和有云大气辐射加热率的计算精度。 相似文献
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J. B. Shukla Shyam Sundar A. K. Misra Ram Naresh 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,120(3-4):157-163
It is well known that the emissions of hot gases from various power stations and other industrial sources in the regional atmosphere cause decrease in rainfall around these complexes. To overcome this shortage, one method is to introduce artificially conducive aerosol particles in the atmosphere using aeroplane to increase rainfall. To prove the feasibility of this idea, in this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed involving five dependent variables, namely, the volume density of water vapour, number densities of cloud droplets and raindrops, and the concentrations of small and large size conducive aerosol particles. It is assumed that two types of aerosol particles are introduced in the regional atmosphere, one of them is of small size CCN type which is conducive to increase cloud droplets from vapour phase, while the other is of large size and is conducive to transform the cloud droplets to raindrops. The model is analyzed using stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation. The model analysis shows that due to the introduction of conducive aerosol particles in the regional atmosphere, the rainfall increases as compared to the case when no aerosols are introduced in the atmosphere of the region under consideration. The computer simulation confirms the analytical results. 相似文献
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E. S. Nesterov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2010,35(10):680-686
The formation conditions of 21 explosive cyclone in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean in 1986–1999 are analyzed.
The typical values are determined of some characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean accompanying the explosive cyclogenesis:
North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic Oscillation indices, air and water temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
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It has been found that air bubbles, which exhale during freezing of overcooled cloud drops on the hail or graupel particles surface, carry away a great amount of positive charge to the surrounding space while the compensating negative charge remains on the solid particles of hydrometeors. This conception was used for computation of rates of charge accumulation on the hail particles and generation of thunderstorm electricity in deep convective clouds. It is shown that this conception describes the most powerful mechanism of thunderstorm electricity generation and satisfies all the requirements for the theory of thunderstorm electricity. 相似文献