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1.
丽水地处浙西南丘陵地带,属于南岭山脉的余脉,是华东地区唯一的全国生态示范区,森林覆盖率达79%以上。该地森林火灾多发于冬春干燥季节,且人为因素居多,但近年来由于异常干旱,雷击引起相当比例的森林火灾。文章主要应用天气形势分析和物理量分析的方法,从地表状况和天气条件两方面分析了2003和2004年发生在丽水境内4次比较典型的引起森林火灾的雷击天气过程,从中归纳出一些有利于引发雷击森林火灾的地表条件和气象条件,为森林火险的预报和防灾救灾提供参考。 相似文献
2.
Predicted changes in fire weather suggest increases in lightning fire initiation and future area burned in the mixedwood boreal forest 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Forecasting future fire activity as a function of climate change is a step towards understanding the future state of the western mixedwood boreal ecosystem. We developed five annual weather indices based on the Daily Severity Rating (DSR) of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System and estimated their relationship with annual, empirical counts of lightning fire initiation for 588 landscapes in the mixedwood boreal forest in central-eastern Alberta, Canada from data collected between 1983 and 2001 using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Two indices contributed to a parsimonious model of initiation; these were Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR), and DSR-sequence count. We used parameter estimates from this model to predict lightning fire initiation under weather conditions predicted in 1 × CO2 (1975–1985), 2 × CO2 (2040–2049) and 3 × CO2 (2080–2089) conditions simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). We combined predicted initiation rates for these conditions with existing empirical estimates of the number of fire initiations that grow to be large fires (fire escapes) and the fire size distribution for the region, to predict the annual area burned by lightning-caused fires in each of the three climate conditions. We illustrated a 1.5-fold and 1.8-fold increase of lightning fire initiation by 2040–2049 and 2080–2089 relative to 1975–1985 conditions due to changes in fire weather predicted by the CRCM; these increases were calculated independent of changes in lightning activity. Our simulations suggested that weather-mediated increases in initiation frequency could correspond to a substantial increase in future area burned with 1.9-fold and 2.6-fold increases in area burned in 2040–2049 and 2080–2089 relative to 1975–1985 conditions, respectively. We did not include any biotic effects in these estimates, though future patterns of initiation and fire growth will be regulated not only by weather, but also by vegetation and fire management. 相似文献
3.
Antti Kilpeläinen Seppo Kellomäki Harri Strandman Ari Venäläinen 《Climatic change》2010,103(3-4):383-398
The aim of this work was to study the forest fire potential and frequency of forest fires under the projected climate change in Finland (N 60°–N 70°). Forest fire index, generally utilized in Finland, was used as an indicator for forest fire potential due to climatological parameters. Climatic scenarios were based on the A2 emission scenario. According to the results, the forest fire potential will have increased by the end of this century; as a result of increased evaporative demand, which will increase more than the rise in precipitation and especially in southern Finland. The annual number of forest fire alarm days is expected to increase in southern Finland to 96–160 days by the end of this century, compared to the current 60–100 days. In the north, the corresponding increase was from 30 to 36 days. The expected increase in the annual frequency of forest fires over the whole country was about 20% by the end of this century compared to the present day. The greatest increase in the frequency of fires, per 1,000 km2, was in the southernmost part of the country, with six to nine fires expected annually per 1,000 km2 at the end of this century, meaning a 24–29% increase compared to the present day frequencies. 相似文献
4.
内蒙古大兴安岭林区雷击火灾气候成因分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用常规天气图、数值预报产品、卫星云图以及溃变理论的预报工具V-3θ图,对2005年6月30日至7月2日发生在青藏高原东北侧甘肃省区域性持续暴雨天气过程进行了诊断应用综合分析.结果表明:副热带高压西伸北抬外围西南风气流控制青藏高原东北侧,当东北低涡、西风带的冷空气与西南风交汇时,触发强对流;850～200hPa有深厚的水汽层;700 hPa稳定的低涡切变为暴雨提供了强烈持续的辐合上升运动;卫星云图表明持续性暴雨由多个相继生消的中尺度对流系统影响造成的.基于溃变理论的预报方法在西北区域性持续暴雨的起报、结束及落区有很好的预测能力. 相似文献
5.
《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):199-220
Abstract Lightning activity over the Mackenzie basin has been examined for the summers of 1994 and 1995. In recent years, the lightning network operating in the Northwest Territories has detected an average of 118 K strikes per season. Positive lightning strikes (defined as lightning discharges lowering positive charge to the earth) typically comprise 12% of the total. The lightning activity during 1994 was approximately 20% below normal, while in 1995, it was 53% below normal. However, the fraction of positive lightning strikes was 25.6% during 1995. The lightning was linked to synoptic conditions favouring severe storm development, especially those tied to the diurnal cycle. As a consequence of the lightning, as well as the very dry surface conditions, record forest areas were burned. In the Northwest Territories alone, forest fires burned 3 Mha in 1994 and 2.8 Mha in 1995. 相似文献
6.
对1970—2006年大兴安岭地区森林火灾过火次数与过火面积及其影响因子分析。结果表明：春季是大兴安岭地区火灾易发季节,4—6月易引发较大等级的森林火灾;雷击是引起该地区森林火灾的主要原因,雷击火灾多集中在春季和夏季, 6月份为雷击火多发月;年尺度上,降水量与过火次数显著相关,气温与过火面积显著相关;月尺度上,气温与过火次数显著相关,风速、相对湿度与过火面积显著相关;日尺度上,过火次数与最高气温显著相关,过火面积与相对湿度显著相关;但复相关系数较小,表明对森林火灾的预测不能仅仅选取气象因子,更要考虑火源及可燃物的影响。 相似文献
7.
明确气候变化背景下大兴安岭林区气候干湿状况特征,揭示其对森林火灾的影响,可为该区域森林火灾管理和森林资源保护提供科学依据。基于大兴安岭林区1974—2016年标准化降水指数（SPI）,采用统计分析和对比分析方法,系统研究不同干湿情景对森林火灾发生次数及过火面积的影响,并讨论不同等级干旱对其影响的异同性。结果表明:1974—2016年,年、季尺度上大兴安岭林区气候均呈湿润化趋势。森林火灾发生次数多（少）和过火面积大（小）与气候的干湿状况（等级）基本一致,但森林火灾的发生次数与气候干湿状况相关更为密切。年尺度上,SPI与火灾次数呈负相关,与过火面积的自然对数则呈较弱的负相关;季尺度上,各季节SPI与对应的林火次数和过火面积自然对数均呈显著的负相关,但与过火面积的相关程度差异较大,以春季相关最为显著,秋季次之,夏季则相对较弱;不同季节SPI与年林火次数和过火面积自然对数呈负相关,前一年冬季SPI对当年火灾次数的贡献最大。可见,气候干湿状况对森林火灾的影响存在明显的滞后效应。SPI不仅能较好地反映区域气候的干湿状况,亦能较好地指示森林火灾发生的可能性及发生火灾的过火面积的相对变化情况,可为森林火灾预测和管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
四川省防雷中心利用闪电资料建立了雷电监测业务系统;采用决策树法, 结合T213模式资料和地面探空资料建立了雷电预报业务系统;采用配料法, 结合雷达资料和闪电定位资料建立了雷电短时临近预警系统, 2008年中心引入CAMSLN-WS系统, 结合原有预警产品生成适合四川省的雷电短临预警产品。经过5年的效果验证, 四川省雷电监测预警预报系统准确率达到85%, 系统产品对政府组织防灾减灾工作所提供的支撑有效降低雷电灾害所造成的损失, 带来了很大的社会效益和经济效益。 相似文献
9.
Fire disturbance in many tropical forests, including peat swamps, has become more frequent and extensive in recent decades. These fires compromise a variety of ecosystem services, among which mitigating global climate change through carbon storage is particularly important for peat swamps. Indonesia holds the largest amount of tropical peat carbon globally, and mean annual CO2 emissions from decomposition of deforested and drained peatlands and associated fires in Southeast Asia have been estimated at ∼2000 Mt y-1. A key component to understanding and therefore managing fire in the region is identifying the land use/land cover classes associated with fire ignitions. We assess the oft-asserted claim that escaped fires from oil palm concessions and smallholder farms near settlements are the primary sources of fire in a peat-swamp forest area in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, equivalent to around a third of Kalimantan's total peat area. We use the MODIS Active Fire product from 2000 to 2010 to evaluate the fire origin and spread on the land use/land cover classes of legal, industrial oil palm concessions (the only type of legal concession in the study area), non-forest, and forest, as well as in relation to settlement proximity. We find that most fires (68–71%) originate in non-forest, compared to oil palm concessions (17%–19%), and relatively few (6–9%) are within 5 km of settlements. Moreover, most fires started within oil palm concessions and in close proximity to settlements stay within those boundaries (90% and 88%, respectively), and fires that do escape constitute only a small proportion of all fires on the landscape (2% and 1%, respectively). Similarly, a small proportion of fire detections in forest originate from oil palm concessions (2%) and within close proximity to settlements (2%). However, fire ignition density in oil palm (0.055 ignitions km−2) is comparable to that in non-forest (0.060 km-2 ignitions km-2), which is approximately ten times that in forest (0.006 ignitions km−2). Ignition density within 5 km of settlements is the highest at 0.125 ignitions km−2. Furthermore, increased anthropogenic activity in close proximity to oil palm concessions and settlements produces a detectable pattern of fire activity. The number of ignitions decreases exponentially with distance from concessions; the number of ignitions initially increases with distance from settlements, and, around from 7.2 km, then decreases with distance from settlements. These results refute the claim that most fires originate in oil palm concessions, and that fires escaping from oil palm concessions and settlements constitute a major proportion of fires in this study region. However, there is a potential for these land use types to contribute substantially to the fire landscape if their area expands. Effective fire management in this area should therefore target not just oil palm concessions, but also non-forested, degraded areas where ignitions and fires escaping into forest are most likely to occur. 相似文献
10.
全国雷电灾害分析及雷灾经济损失预测 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
利用中国气象局雷电防护管理办公室编写的《1998-2008年全国雷电灾害汇编》资料,对1998-2008年全国雷电灾害进行了时间、空间、行业分布,经济损失,人员伤亡等方面的统计分析。结果表明:我国近11 a雷电灾害总体上呈增长趋势,每年的6-8月为雷灾的高发期。我国雷灾在地域上的分布主要集中在华南沿海和华东沿海地区。全国雷灾涉及行业最为严重的是电力业。近年来因雷电导致的建筑物损害、供电故障、火灾爆炸事故次数之间的整体比例为9∶5∶3,建筑物损害的事故发生最多,但火灾爆炸事故的经济损失最大。我国近年来所发生雷灾中因雷电致死致伤的人员比例为1∶1。利用上述统计分析结果,运用灰色关联法,预测2009-2012年间我国雷灾直接经济损失年均40591.53万元。 相似文献
11.
定位精度是评价雷电定位网络的重要指标之一,定位算法直接影响雷电探测结果的精度。雷电监测系统探测数据误差不可避免,传统定位算法不具备抗误差干扰能力,迭代计算易发散,定位结果精度不高。为了满足实际应用需求,提出一种新的雷电定位算法DG-LLA（DBSCAN and grid-search lighting location algorithm）,在定位计算中引入DBSCAN（density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise）方法与网格搜索方法。通过仿真与国家雷电监测网实际定位结果对比分析定位算法性能。结果表明:到达时间差（time difference of arrival,TDOA）法和Taylor级数展开法定位误差较大,仿真区域的均方根误差分别为982 m和668 m;定位中引入DBSCAN方法后,均方根误差明显减小为406 m,引入DBSCAN方法和网格搜索方法后,均方根误差减小为349 m;在相同回击数据条件下,算法DG-LLA与国家雷电监测网相比定位数量更多,回击数据的利用率从43.4%提升到51.5%,新增定位结果周围雷达回波特征较强,定位精度更高。 相似文献
12.
Investigations of the ecological, atmospheric chemical, and climatic impacts of contemporary fires in tropical vegetation have received increasing attention during the last 10 years. Little is known, however, about the impacts of climate changes on tropical vegetation and wildland fires. This paper summarizes the main known interactions of fire, vegetation, and atmosphere. Examples of predictive models on the impacts of climate change on the boreal and temperate zones are given in order to highlight the possible impacts on the tropical forest and savanna biomes and to demonstrate parameters that need to be involved in this process. Response of tropical vegetation to fire is characterized by degradation towards xerophytic and pyrophytic plant communities dominated by grasses and fire-tolerant tree and bush invaders. The potential impacts of climate change on tropical fire regimes are investigated using a GISS GCM-based lightning and fire model and the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas-Induced Climate Change (MAGICC). 相似文献
13.
Management alternatives to offset climate change effects on Mediterranean fire regimes in NE Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fire regime is affected by climate and human settlements. In the Mediterranean, the predicted climate change is likely to exacerbate fire prone weather conditions, but the mid- to long-term impact of climate change on fire regime is not easily predictable. A negative feedback via fuel reduction, for instance, might cause a non-linear response of burned area to fire weather. Also, the number of fires escaping initial control could grow dramatically if the fire meteorology is just slightly more severe than what fire brigades are prepared for. Humans can directly influence fire regimes through ignition frequency, fire suppression and land use management. Here we use the fire regime model FIRE LADY to assess the impacts of climate change and local management options on number of fires, burned area, fraction of area burned in large fires and forest area during the twenty-first century in three regions of NE Spain. Our results show that currently fuel-humidity limited regions could suffer a drastic shift of fire regime with an up to 8 fold increase of annual burned area, due to a combination of fuel accumulation and severe fire weather, which would result in a period of unusually large fires. The impact of climate change on fire regime is predicted to be less pronounced in drier areas, with a gradual increase of burned area. Local fire prevention strategies could reduce but not totally offset climate induced changes in fire regimes. According to our model, a combination of restoring the traditional rural mosaic and classical fire prevention would be the most effective strategy, as a lower ignition frequency reduces the number of fires and the creation of agricultural fields in marginal areas reduces their extent. 相似文献
14.
Bohdan Kochtubajda Ronald E. Stewart Mike D. Flannigan Barrie R. Bonsal Charles Cuell Curtis J. Mooney 《大气与海洋》2019,57(1):73-90
Weather and climate are major factors influencing worldwide wildfire activity. This study assesses surface and atmospheric conditions associated with the 2014 extreme wildfires in the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada. Hot and dry conditions led to the NWT experiencing the most severe wildfire season in its recorded history. The season included a record number of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and set a record for area burned. Lightning was the dominant ignition source and accounted for about 95% of the wildfires. Prolonged periods of smoke led to dramatic reductions in visibility, frequent road closures, and reduced air quality resulting in numerous health alerts. Temporal and spatial patterns of lightning characteristics in 2014, derived from Canadian Lightning Detection Network data, were different from those in other years with, for example, far more positive flashes from 0600 to 1200?utc (midnight to 6:00 am local time). The highest fraction of positive cloud-to-ground flashes (43.1%) occurred in the smoke-dominated North Slave region, which was more than in the Dehcho, South Slave, or Sahtu regions. Mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation over a large region that included the NWT was classified into the six most common summer patterns. Results showed that ridging and ridge displacements occurred more frequently during 2014 although lightning was associated with all circulation patterns. This study has advanced the understanding of the roles of weather, lightning, and mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme wildfires in northwestern Canada. 相似文献
15.
Disparity in the characteristic of thunderstorms and associated lightning activities over dissimilar terrains 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thunderstorms and associated lightning flash activities are studied over two different locations in India with different terrain features. Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) data from 1998 to 2008 are analyzed during the pre-monsoon months (March, April and May). The eastern sector is designated as Sector A that represents a 2° × 2° square area enclosing Kolkata (22.65°N, 88.45°E) at the centre and covering Gangetic West Bengal, parts of Bihar and Orissa whereas the north-eastern sector designated as Sector B that also represents a 2° × 2° square area encircling Guwahati (26.10°N, 91.58°E) at the centre and covering Assam and foot hills of Himalaya of India. The stations Kolkata and Guwahati are selected for the present study from Sector A and Sector B, respectively, as these are the only stations over the selected areas having Radiosonde observatory. The result of the present study reveals that the characteristics of thunderstorms over the two locations are remarkably different. Lightning frequency is observed to be higher in Sector B than Sector A. The result further reveals that though the lightning frequency is less in Sector A, but the associated radiance is higher in Sector A than Sector B. It is also observed that the radiance increases linearly with convective available potential energy (CAPE) and their high correlation reveals that the lightning intensity can be estimated through the CAPE values. The sensitivity of lightning activity to CAPE is higher at the elevated station Guwahati (elevation 54 m) than Kolkata (elevation 6 m). Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) data products are used to obtain aerosol optical depth and cloud top temperature and employed to find their responses on lightning radiance. 相似文献
16.
连云港市森林火灾发生特点及火险预报方法的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对连云港市１９８７－１９９３年大小和程度不同的１１１次森林火灾查找原因并进行天气分析,指出原全国森林火险天气等级方法的不合理部分,并加以改进,增加了实效雨量、积雪深度等因素,推导出比较符合实际的森林火险天气等级预报方法。通过１９９４－１９９６年的４５次森林火灾验证,准确率提高达９％。 相似文献
17.
一种新的雷电日及雷电参数统计方法 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
为更好地应用雷电定位系统的自动监测数据统计雷电日及雷电参数,利用滇中地区1987～2006年49个气象站点雷电观测资料和2005～2006年闪电定位探测资料,在对比分析气象观测雷电资料与闪电定位探测雷电资料的基础上,提出了一种新的适用于自动监测雷电日的统计方法--网格法.网格法划分统计区域详细、合理,其雷电日统计值与传统气象雷电日有可比性.长期气象雷电日资料是选定网格大小的参考标尺,滇中地区取0.175°×0.175°网格统计值为其年平均雷电日,取0.3°×0.3°网格统计值为其最大雷电日.用网格法对雷电参数进行统计结果显示:滇中地区雷电日和雷电密度有显著的局地变化特征,地闪密度与闪电强度成反比关系.此结论为防雷工程设计、雷电灾害评估和雷电成因分析提供了较好的理论基础. 相似文献
18.
采用数理统计的方法,增加了MODIS卫星遥感监测的土壤湿度和热源点预报因子,对河北省气象局原有的森林火险预报模式进行了改进,针对不同区域分别建立了森林火险预报模式,并对2012年河北省森林火灾实际发生情况进行了分析和应用效果检验。结果表明,2012年防火期,实况出现火灾,改进的火险模式预报森林火险气象等级5级为预报完全正确比率达66．3％;预报火险气象等级为4级（高度火险）及以上的正确率达83．1％;预报火险气象等级为3级（中度火险）及以上的正确率达98．8％;在所有的预报样本中,森林火险气象等级预报5级,但实况没有出现火灾的空报率为6．8％。检验结果显示,改进后的森林火险预报模式的应用效果更接近实际情况。 相似文献
19.
利用1997—2010年全国雷电灾害数据库资料和TRMM卫星的闪电观测资料,分析了我国雷击致人伤亡的年变化特征,结果表明:雷击造成我国平均每年460人死亡,425人受伤,死伤比为1:0.92,每年每百万人口平均死亡人数为0.36人,每年每万平方公里平均死亡人数为0.48人。为了揭示不同区域雷击致人伤亡的易损度,采用R型聚类分析方法对影响易损度的8个指标进行筛选,应用Q型聚类中类平均联结法进行分析计算,给出我国雷击致人伤亡的6类风险区划,发现广东和海南划为易损度极高的第1类地区,该类地区雷击致人伤亡的综合易损值高达5.017,而划为第5类、第6类的我国西北和东北地区雷击致人伤亡的易损度较弱,属弱风险区域。采用离差平方和法对聚类的结果进行解释和验证表明:聚类解稳定可信,较好地反映了雷击致人伤亡这种随机事件的区域易损度特征。 相似文献
20.
雷暴中的闪电放电能够产生强静电场以及电磁辐射场,从而对空间电离层产生重要影响,引起电离层电子密度分布的扰动。研究表明:闪电放电引起电离层扰动的方式有两种:直接耦合和间接耦合。其中,直接耦合主要来自于闪电产生的准静电场及电磁场的作用,在甚低频 (VLF) 反射信号上表现出快VLF事件, 而间接耦合主要是闪电低频电磁波在传播过程中与磁层相互作用,在辐射带产生闪电诱导电子沉降 (LEP) 现象。雷暴闪电活动能够改变电离层从D层到F层的电子密度分布,影响对流层大气和电离层之间的场,导致中高层瞬态放电淘气精灵 (elves) 及红闪 (sprite) 等现象的激发。闪电VLF传输反射信号可用于反演电离层密度的变化,目前已成为一种探测电离层扰动的常用方法,而引起电离层扰动的强度不但和闪电放电参量密切相关,也和闪电放电过程、类型有关。该文重点阐述了闪电放电与电离层直接耦合和间接耦合作用以及导致的相关现象。 相似文献