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硬岩隧道开挖过程中的岩爆灾害与隧道围岩的应力状态密切相关，卸压爆破可减缓围岩体应力集中程度，是一种直接有效的岩爆防治措施。以巴陕高速公路米仓山隧道岩爆段卸压爆破为例，运用GDEM-BlockDyna(块体动力学仿真系统)软件进行考虑高地应力和岩体非均质性条件的隧道分步开挖数值模拟分析；将卸压爆破作为唯一变量，进行了两组方案(是否进行卸压爆破)的数值模拟对比分析，并结合微震监测数据，对隧道围岩卸压爆破效果进行检验。结果表明:在隧道围岩分步开挖过程(未进行卸压爆破)的模拟中，围岩出现起裂损伤，应力集中和局部裂纹贯通等现象，并可能诱发岩爆灾害；在围岩卸压爆破条件下，围岩应力集中以及损伤程度有所降低，岩爆风险得到抑制。对比两组模拟结果，损伤均集中于拱顶及拱底，损伤半径比值(卸压/未卸压)分别为3.4倍(拱顶)、1.47倍(拱底)，损伤体积比值(卸压/未卸压)为5.36倍，但区域最大损伤量值从1(未卸压)降低到0.6(卸压)，且围岩应力峰值降低约5 MPa，应力梯度降低0.8 MPa ·m-1，表明围岩仍具有自稳能力，岩爆发生风险降低。相关结果可为隧道高地应力围岩段实施卸压爆破和合理设计卸压爆破方式提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Summary Quick, simple, reliable, and inexpensive measurements of overbreak and underbreak are needed for proper evaluation of tunnelling by the drill and blast method. Problems causing rock damage can be identified and remedied while the work is still in progress. The measurements are also useful in identifying causes of overbreak and overbreak, and in helping to settle contractual disputes relating to payment for replacement concrete and secondary blasting of tights (zones of underbreak). A newly developed method to measure underbreak and overbreak is presented here. The light sectioning method (LSM) uses a radial sheet of light to define the tunnel profile. An image of the final tunnel profile is acquired and digitized, using digital image analysis. This profile is superimposed over the design profile, and from this zones of overbreak and underbreak are identified, quantified, and presented graphically. 相似文献
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V. M. S. R. Murthy Kaushik Dey 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2003,7(3):149-166
Tunnels are required to be constructed for meeting different human needs such as power generation, transportation, underground storage, sewage etc. The predominant method of excavation, world over, is drilling and blasting owing to its capability to meet changing geo-technical conditions. Irrespective of the purpose for which the tunnels are driven, all are plagued by overbreak problems. Tunnels driven for water conveyance in hydroelectric power projects, in particular, need to be excavated with minimum overbreak to minimise cost of permanent concrete lining. Thus, predicting overbreak assumes significant importance to design site-specific blasts for minimizing rock damage. This paper presents a brief review of existing PPV (Peak Particle Velocity) based blast-induced rock damage estimation criteria and attempts to outline the ground vibration threshold levels for overbreak/rock damage in a tunnel driven through compact basalt. Rock damage manifested as overbreak is measured and correlated with the possible threshold levels of PPV. Also, the PPV levels for crack initiation and widening are proposed. The case pertains to a lake tap horizontal tunnel of Koyna Hydro-electric Power Project, India which is a water feeder tunnel for a fully underground hydroelectric power project. The tunnel was driven under a shallow rock cover of average depth ranging from 20 to 25m beneath a fully charged water body. The parting rock is mainly compact basalt. Blasting was carried out in two rounds in a controlled manner, i.e., by limiting the maximum charge per delay based on ground vibration monitoring. Ground vibration generated with free face (in second round) has been modeled and a new ground vibration propagation equation is proposed for tunnel blasting including the effect of an extra free face. The threshold limits of PPV for different degrees of overbreak/rock damage are proposed from extrapolated vibration predictor equation. The actual overbreak in the tunnel, measured using a Planimeter, varied from 2.45 per cent to 17.75 per cent of the finished tunnel area. The predicted overbreak from extrapolated PPV measurements is compared against the measured overbreak to validate the proposed blast-induced rock damage (BIRD) assessment model. The PPV level for overbreak was found to exceed 2050 mm/s in compact basalt. A linear relationship between the overbreak and maximum charge per delay is also established to design a tunnel blast in similar formations. 相似文献
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图像处理技术在隧洞超欠挖评价中的应用是该技术在地质及岩土工程领域的新尝试。通过对野外摄取的隧洞图像进行一系列的处理得到隧洞的基本形状,然后与隧洞的设计形状对比分析,即可得到隧洞在该断面上的超欠挖方量,然后对其他断面采用同样的技术就可评价某一段或整个隧洞的超欠挖数量,这样就从定量的角度解决了以往工程中难以解决的超欠挖评价问题,为工程超欠挖的判断与决策提供合理依据。最后通过一实例对某一隧洞的超欠挖方量进行评价。 相似文献
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邻近既有隧道的新建大断面隧道施工参数优化分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
结合大帽山隧道Ⅴ级围岩段施工参数优化的试验,通过爆破震动速度、岩体声波波速和围岩内部位移的现场监控量测工作,研究既有隧道旁新建大断面隧道双侧壁导坑法施工时岩体的损伤程度和范围,进而优化导洞的单循环进尺、爆破参数等施工参数。研究表明：推进式往复爆破作业的双侧壁导坑法开挖的隧道必然导致围岩产生一定程度的损伤、破坏,尤其是小净距隧道间的中夹岩岩墙;双侧壁导坑法开挖的大断面隧道,控制岩体的损伤程度和损伤范围是相互矛盾的,通过减少单循环开挖进尺来减少爆破震动速度,只能控制岩体的损伤范围,多次的重复爆破导致损伤岩体的损伤程度更大,极大影响围岩稳定;相反,通过适当加大单循环开挖进尺来控制损伤程度的同时,过大的爆破震动速度导致损伤范围更大,极大影响邻近既有隧道的安全运行。利用现场监测数据,通过在UDEC软件中实现的岩体各向异性爆破损伤模型,计算导洞推进式开挖全过程围岩压力的变化和既有隧道支护结构的状态,综合考虑各种因素,优化得到折中的单循环进尺。 相似文献
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It is a well known fact that rock mass properties influence the process of fragmentation considerably. Model blasts and field investigations were carried out to find the effects of rock mass quality and joint orientation on tunnel blasting. Propagation of shock waves are partially restricted by joint planes. It was observed that the blast results (i.e., average fragment size and depth and cross-sectional area of the broken zone) were considerably influenced by joint orientation. Accordingly, it has been concluded that loading equipment with a larger capacity and deeper blast holes are required in formations with joint planes perpendicular to the tunnel axis. The number of blast holes, however, should be greater when joints are parallel to the tunnel axis. Furthermore, the powder factor (kg/m3) has been found to be directly related to rock mass quality (Q). Optimisation of pull, powder factor and overbreak is required in the case of weak formations with joints perpendicular to the tunnel axis. The use of contour blasting technique seems to be essential in poor and fair rock masses to minimise the overbreak, reduce the support cost and improve the stability of the opening. 相似文献
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小浪底水利枢纽工程洞群部分包括导流洞、明流洞、排沙洞、发电洞、孔板洞、灌溉洞等各种隧洞108条。洞群施工控制网是在小浪底GPS首级控制网的基础上布设的，为便于施工和快速放样，首先建立以每条遂洞轴线为北方向的坐标系，并将隧洞原设计采用的国家大地坐标转换为每条隧洞的施工坐标。在开挖测量中，用全站仪配合CASIO fx-4800机算器，计算超欠挖及隧洞拱顶变形值。为保证隧洞施工与设计一致，在断面测量中还使用了瑞士徕卡公司新生产的AMT3000激光无棱镜断面仪，大幅度提高了工作效率： 相似文献
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金丽温高速公路连拱隧道超挖预测及原因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对金丽温高速公路连拱隧道的地质特征进行现场调查,经分析得出隧道区岩体结构面的特征参数,利用分析出的结构面特征参数值,结合隧道超挖预测中的神经网络理论及结构面网络模拟理论,对连拱隧道的超挖情况进行预测。从分析结果看,超挖问题在连拱隧道的施工过程中不可避免,其产生部位主要集中在中导洞与隧道的连接部位,通过预测得出的结果与现场开挖情况进行对比分析说明,隧道的超挖预测理论预测结果与实际有较好的一致性,文中最后针对隧道的特点,分析了产生超挖的基本原因,为确保隧道开挖过程中减少超挖提供依据。 相似文献
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小型溶洞对隧道稳定性的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据钻探、物探资料,拟建南京地铁3号线滨江路站—五塘村站沿线穿越的灰岩地层中有数量较大的洞径为2～3m的小型溶洞。通过对该地区地质背景的分析发现,岩溶明显受断裂构造控制,溶洞发育规模小但数量多,对开挖后隧道的围岩稳定性有一定的影响。采用数值分析法研究了小型溶洞尺寸、与隧道位置关系等不同因素对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。计算结果表明,当溶洞尺寸和位置变化时,围岩塑性区也发生变化,塑性区面积随着溶洞尺寸的增大而增大。溶洞位于拱肩时塑性区面积最大,对围岩的稳定性影响大,位于拱腰时最小。隧道开挖后拱顶和拱底处最易破坏,相近条件下串珠状溶洞比单个溶洞的危害性要大。 相似文献
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半硬半软岩层小净距隧道洞口段监测分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对雷公浦小净距隧道后行左洞洞口段具有半硬岩层半软岩层的特点,在开挖过程中,按照新奥法对隧道地表沉降、拱顶下沉、水平收敛、中间岩柱的位移、锚杆轴力、围岩压力和钢拱架应力等项目进行监测。监测结果表明,采用预留核心土法可以较好地控制围岩变形和应力;后行洞的拱顶沉降大于先行洞,且软岩一侧的下沉量更大;中间岩柱较薄弱,开挖初期往先行洞方向移动;降雨对围岩变形和压力影响较大,施工中应引起重视。研究结论可为类似条件下工程的设计、施工和监测提供借鉴。 相似文献
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Tunnel blasting techniques in difficult ground conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary The quality of tunnelling can be improved by proper blast design which takes into account the rock mass conditions. The effects of different rock mass properties on tunnel blast performance need to be assessed. The strength of the formation and joint orientation critically affected fragmentation and overbreak in a model study of blasting. Similar effects were noted in situ when the performance of a blast pattern in different rock mass conditions in the Tandsi inclines (Bihar, India) were analysed. Accordingly, the on-going blast pattern was modified for the poor ground conditions prevailing in the rest of the inclines. Improved fragmentation and smooth profile were obtained as a result; the rate of drivage improved considerably and the cost of excavation was reduced. Based on the observations in the model studies and the investigations at Tandsi, some guidelines for optimum blast design in difficult ground conditions are suggested. 相似文献
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起爆时差是超深孔一次成井爆破设计中的一个重要参数,合理设计起爆时差和起爆顺序,能够达到先起爆炮孔为后起爆炮孔创造良好自由面和补偿空间,实现筒状硐室分层、分段爆破的目的,并能降低围岩震动破坏。为合理选取起爆时差,基于超深孔微差爆破破岩机制,从理论上推导了一次成井预裂爆破延期时间,掏槽孔与相邻辅助孔、同分段辅助孔、相邻分段辅助孔的起爆时差等计算公式;同时提出了自下而上预裂爆破、先上下后中间光面爆破等6种一次成井起爆顺序。在华恒矿-650矸石仓,结合施工条件合理确定起爆时差等爆破参数,形成爆破设计方案。爆破过程中实现了分层、分段爆破,获得了良好的硐室成型,验证了形成的超深孔微差爆破技术是成功的,其结果对类似工程的实施具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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本文以在建的莞惠城际轨道交通项目为依托,利用现场试验、数值模拟和室内模型试验等手段对穿越砂土地层的浅埋暗挖隧道预加固技术进行研究,通过控制围岩-支护体系的变形,分析适宜的预加固方法、范围和参数,结论如下:洞内帷幕注浆和地表注浆均难以形成止水帷幕,选择洞内水平旋喷桩配合掌子面注浆作为穿越砂土地层的最优预加固方案;依靠增加注浆范围控制砂土地层中的拱顶沉降和水平收敛是不利的,但可加强非砂土地层的围岩整体性,对控制地表沉降也较为有利;改变加固区参数对控制砂土地层中隧道拱顶的沉降有较大帮助,注浆效果越好,围岩的自承载能力提高越大,而其水平位移几乎没有变化。 相似文献
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Summary The newly developed light sectioning method has been used to investigate some of the causes and costs of overbreak and underbreak. Investigations at the Aquamilpa Hydroelectric Project in Mexico have shown decreased overbreak and increased underbreak as a result of increased rock quality and decreased explosive energy. A new measure of explosive energy, the perimeter powder factor (PPF), has been defined and shown to be useful in the context of tunnel-wall rock damage. Tentative results indicate that explosive energy (PPF) may be a more important factor in producing underbreak, whereas rock quality may be a greater factor in producing overbreak. A site-specific equation is given for predicting overbreak or underbreak as a function of rock quality and explosive energy, with an evaluation of the cost of underbreak and overbreak. 相似文献
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运用荷载结构模型及有限元分析手段,以新建200km时速城际铁路隧道衬砌为研究对象,分析了围岩弹性抗力对二衬结构受力的影响。随着围岩弹性抗力的增大,拱顶弯矩及拱肩弯矩绝对值、拱顶竖向位移变小,而拱顶轴力及安全系数变大。说明,围岩越坚硬,衬砌结构受力越有利。随着二衬厚度的增大,拱顶弯矩及拱肩弯矩绝对值变大,而拱顶轴力、拱顶竖向位移及安全系数变小。随着混凝土强度等级的提高,拱顶弯矩、拱肩弯矩及安全系数变大,拱顶轴力和拱顶竖向位移变小,但这些量值的变化幅度较小,说明混凝土弹性模量对二衬受力影响很小。 相似文献
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深埋隧洞爆破开挖荷载构成复杂,对围岩损伤区的孕育发展具有重要影响。利用颗粒流程序（PFC）软件,讨论了不同初始地应力状态下爆炸荷载及地应力瞬态卸载所分别诱发围岩损伤的特性,并通过锦屏2级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤区检测数据对数值模拟的结果进行了验证。研究表明,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸载所诱发的围岩损伤程度和范围均随地应力量级的提高而显著增大;爆炸荷载作用条件下损伤区的分布有随着侧压力系数的增大而向应力集中区发展的趋势,而地应力瞬态卸荷所产生的围岩破坏以受拉破坏为主,表层损伤区沿开挖呈轮廓均匀分布的趋势;在相同的初始地应力状态下,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷所分别诱发的围岩损伤区深度均明显小于实测值,考虑二者的耦合效应后,计算值与实测值基本吻合。这说明这两种荷载是高应力条件下爆破开挖荷载的主要成分,但二者耦合作用对围岩的损伤大于它们单独作用效应的线性叠加。 相似文献
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围岩质量及施工方法是影响隧道超欠挖的本质原因,研究围岩质量与超欠挖的关系,对评价和预测超欠挖、判断隧道结构的稳定性具有重要意义。基于工程实测资料及数值试验,研究了跨度对隧道围岩质量的影响,进而建立了基于多因素评价的围岩质量修正指标。根据隧道开挖断面轮廓具有分形特征的特点,计算了鸳鸯会隧道20个典型断面轮廓分形维数,研究了围岩质量与超欠挖的关系,得出围岩质量多因素修正指标与超挖比及断面轮廓分形维数呈线性关系,随着围岩质量多因素修正指标的提高,超挖比和断面轮廓分形维数将降低,并根据复相关原理,建立了三者间的复相关关系,可为隧道围岩质量的正确评价及超欠挖分析提供有益参考。对比不同围岩分级方法与超欠挖的关系表明,基于多因素评价的BQ法在隧道工程中的适用性更好。 相似文献
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连拱隧道围岩一般为由节理结构面相互切割的非连续岩体,利用非连续性分析方法研究这类围岩的变形和破坏形态可以更好地反映工程实际情况。采用非连续变形分析方法 DDA,对金鸡山连拱隧道围岩的变形和破坏过程进行了模拟,将整个变形破坏过程划分为了3个阶段：中墙上方岩体变形、地表下沉、滑移面产生阶段、隧道左右洞两侧滑移带（或滑移面）的形成阶段以及中墙顶部块体失稳、隧道上方岩体快速塌落阶段。研究了金鸡山隧道浅埋围岩和深埋围岩的变形破坏特征,其中边墙部位、靠近中墙的内侧拱顶或拱肩部位、外侧拱肩部位会首先受到变形破坏。 相似文献
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为研究断层破碎带隧道开挖扰动作用下突水、突泥灾变演化过程,建立了三维地质模型试验系统,以江西永莲隧道F2断层突水、突泥灾害为例,通过大量的材料配比及物理力学性能参数测试,研制出适用于流-固耦合模型试验的新型断层及正常围岩相似材料,对隧道突水、突泥灾害进行研究。试验结果有效地揭示了无支护条件下断层破碎带隧道的洞周位移、渗流压力、应力-应变以及突出物质量等特征参数对时效性的响应规律。随着时间的增长,渗流压力整体呈上升趋势,越靠近开挖面其波动范围及幅度越大;突出物质量在发生突水、突泥灾害前出现短时减小后迅速增加;洞周围岩拱顶以竖向位移为主,而拱腰以水平位移为主;在相同相应力状态下,拱腰位置应变比拱顶位置大。将试验灾变特征与现场实际演化过程进行对比分析,两者结果较为吻合。该系统可广泛应用于其他地下工程的模型试验研究,其研究方法及结果对类似工程研究具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。 相似文献