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1.
A method for obtaining the directional spectrum, on assuming that the frequencies of the elementary waves are all different from one another, is re-proposed in a form suitable for applications to sea states near a coast. The method is applied to an interval of 10 h during which the sea state remained basically steady state off the beach at Reggio Calabria (east coast of the Straits of Messina). It is shown that the directional spectrum converges as the length of the time series data grows. A numerical simulation of a 10 h sea state confirms that the directional spectrum converges as the length of the time series grows, and the convergence is onto the known directional spectrum used to make the numerical simulation. Through the numerical simulation, it is proved that the method, generally, is suitable for applications even with short time series of wind waves (duration of about 100Tp). Finally, it is shown that the method is not necessarily inadequate even with short records of multimodal sea states with different modal directions, modal amplitude ratios and intermodal distances.  相似文献   

2.
Adjustment of Wind Waves to Sudden Changes of Wind Speed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
An experiment was conducted in a small wind-wave facility at the Ocean Engineering Laboratory, California, to address the following question: when the wind speed changes rapidly, how quickly and in what manner do the short wind waves respond? To answer this question we have produced a very rapid change in wind speed between U low (4.6 m s?1) and U high (7.1 m s?1). Water surface elevation and air turbulence were monitored up to a fetch of 5.5 m. The cycle of increasing and decreasing wind speed was repeated 20 times to assure statistical accuracy in the measurement by taking an ensemble mean. In this way, we were able to study in detail the processes by which the young laboratory wind waves adjust to wind speed perturbations. We found that the wind-wave response occurs over two time scales determined by local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment, Δt 1/T = O(10) and Δt 2/T = O(100), respectively, in the current tank. The steady state is characterized by a constant non-dimensional wave height (H/gT 2 or equivalently, the wave steepness for linear gravity waves) depending on wind speed. This equilibrium state was found in our non-steady experiments to apply at all fetches, even during the long transition to steady state, but only after a short initial relaxation Δt 1/T of O(10) following a sudden change in wind speed. The complete transition to the new steady state takes much longer, Δt 2/T of O(100) at the largest fetch, during which time energy propagates over the entire fetch along the rays (dx/dt = c g) and grows under the influence of wind pumping. At the same time, frequency downshifts. Although the current study is limited in scale variations, we believe that the suggestion that the two adjustment time scales are related to local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment is also applicable to the ocean.  相似文献   

3.
The barotropic instability of a boundary jet on a beta plane is considered with emphasis on the effect of internal viscosity. An eigenvalue problem for the disturbance equations and its inviscid version are solved by the aid of numerical methods, and instability characteristics are determined as functions of the Reynolds numberR for various values of the beta-parameter. Typical disturbance structures (eigenfunctions) are also computed. Numerical examples show that the minimum critical Reynolds numberR cr for instability is smaller than 100. At a Reynolds number of the order of hundreds, there appears a second mode of instability in addition to the first unstable mode originating atR cr ; a kind of ‘resonance’ between the first and second eigenvalues occurs at the particular value ofR. The neutral stability curves are accordingly multi-looped. Although each of the two unstable modes asymptotically approaches its inviscid counterpart asR→∞, the asymptotic approach to the inviscid limit is rather slow and the effect of varyingR is conspicuous even atR∼O (104). It is thus demonstrated that the Reynolds number is an essential stability parameter for real boundary jets. The main part of the material contained in this paper was presented at 1981-Autumn Assembly of the Oceanographical Society of Japan.  相似文献   

4.
《Ocean Engineering》2004,31(5-6):669-692
Vortex shedding flow of an oscillating vertical cylinder with a disk attached at its keel is considered. This configuration is of interest for the offshore oil and gas industry. A finite difference method is employed to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the primitive-variables formulation. Test cases were used to guide selection of the size of flow domain, numerical parameters, and to verify that the resultant method was both convergent and accurate. Numerical simulations have shown that the geometry configurations of the cylinder and disk, such as aspect ratio of the disk td/Dd and diameter ratio, Dd/Dc have significant influence on the vortex shedding modes and associated hydrodynamic properties, e.g. hydrodynamic damping and added mass coefficients. These in turn affect the performance in heave motion control of the structures.  相似文献   

5.
A dynamic marine propeller simulation system was developed, which is utilized for meeting the experimental requirement of theory research and engineering design of marine electric propulsion system. By applying an actual ship parameter and its accurate propeller J’~ KT’ and J’~KP’ curve data, functional experiments based on the simulation system were carried out. The experiment results showed that the system can correctly emulate the propeller characteristics, produce the dynamic and steady performances of the propeller under different navigation modes, and present actual load torque for electric propulsion motor.  相似文献   

6.
Pore structure is a critical parameter to estimate the reservoir quality and evaluate the resource potential. However, the pore structure and heterogeneity of the unconventional tight oil reservoirs of Permian Lucaogou Formation of Jimusaer Sag, Junggar Basin are not studied well. In this paper, the multifractal analysis based on the NMR T2 distributions was applied to investigate the pore structure and heterogeneity. The reservoir quality index (RQI) and flow zone indicator (FZI) were calculated using porosity and permeability. Two parameters T35 and T50 were newly defined as relaxation times corresponding to the 35% and 50% saturation on the T2 reverse accumulative curve, respectively. The results showed that the RQI, and FZI values were extremely low, and that the NMR T2 distributions of water saturated samples had much short relaxation components with no or little long relaxation components, indicating a complex and poor microscopic pore structure of tight oil rocks. The typical multifractal characteristics, such as the large values of singularity strength range (Δα), revealed that the pore structures of samples were strongly heterogeneous. It was also found that the clay contents have an obvious influence on the multifractal parameters, and the FZI and new defined T35 are two good indicators for heterogeneity of pore structure. In addition, the feasibility and applicability of calculating the multifractal parameters from NMR and other well logs were discussed.  相似文献   

7.
Vessels operating in shallow waters require careful observation of the finite-depth effect. In present study, a Rankine source method that includes the shallow water effect and double body steady flow effect is developed in frequency domain. In order to verify present numerical methods, two experiments were carried out respectively to measure the wave loads and free motions for ship advancing with forward speed in head regular waves. Numerical results are systematically compared with experiments and other solutions using the double body basis flow approach, the Neumann-Kelvin approach with simplified m-terms, and linearized free surface boundary conditions with double-body m-terms. Furthermore, the influence of water depths on added mass and damping coefficients, wave excitation forces, motions and unsteady wave patterns are deeply investigated. It is found that finite-depth effect is important and unsteady wave pattern in shallow water is dependent on both of the Brard number τ and depth Froude number Fh.  相似文献   

8.
In the Mediterranean Sea the carbon chemistry is poorly known. However, the impact of the regional and large-scale anthropogenic pressures on this fragile environment rapidly modifies the distribution of the carbonate system key properties like CT (total dissolved inorganic carbon), AT (total alkalinity), CANT (anthropogenic CO2), and pH. This leads inexorably to the acidification of its waters. In order to improve our knowledge, we first develop interpolation procedures to estimate CT and AT from oxygen, salinity, and temperature data using all available data from the EU/MEDAR/MEDATLAS II database. The acceptable levels of precision obtained for these estimates (6.11 ??mol-kg−1 for CT and 6.08 ??mol kg−1 for AT) allow us to draw the distribution of CANT (with an uncertainty of 6.75 ??mol kg−1) using the Tracer combining Oxygen, inorganic Carbon, and total Alkalinity (TrOCA) approach. The results indicate that: 1) all Mediterranean water bodies are contaminated by anthropogenic carbon; 2) the lowest concentration of CANT is 37.5 ??mol kg−1; and 3) the western basin is more contaminated than the Eastern basin. After reconstructing the distribution of key properties (CT, AT, CANT) for four periods of time (between 1986 and 2001) along a west-east section throughout the whole Mediterranean Sea, we analyze the impact of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). Not only has the concentration of CANT increased (especially in the intermediate and the bottom layers of the eastern basin, during and after the EMT), but also the distribution of all properties has been considerably perturbed. This is discussed in detail. For the first time, the level of acidification is estimated for the Mediterranean Sea. Our results indicate that for the year 2001 all waters (even the deepest) have been acidified by values ranging from −0.14 to −0.05 pH unit since the beginning of the industrial era, which is clearly higher than elsewhere in the open ocean. Given that the pH of seawater may affect a very large number of chemical and biological processes, our results stress the necessity to develop new programs of research to understand and then predict the evolution of the carbonate system properties in the Mediterranean Sea.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
An extensive experimental investigation on four SWATH hull forms has been conducted in calm water and in regular waves at University of Naples Federico II. Calm water tests have been analyzed in the range of Froude number FrT from 0.1 to 0.6. For all four SWATH configurations at the speed, corresponding to FrT 0.32, the behaviour in regular waves has been tested. The results of heave, pitch and vertical accelerations are presented in nondimensional form as RAO. For the “most promising” SWATH #4 configuration, a set of stabilizing fins have been designed and an active stabilization system has been developed. The developed SWATH#5 has been tested in calm water on three displacements in the range of FrT from 0.1 to 0.65. The dynamic wetted surface has been identified and the residual resistance coefficient CR as well as RT/Δ are reported. Seakeeping tests have been performed in regular head sea and in head and following irregular sea at FrT = 0.50. The conditions for the occurrence of dynamic longitudinal instabilities have been identified. The results allows to comment the effect of slenderness of struts and SWATH’s immersed bodies on resistance and seakeeping and concerns the applicability of SWATH concept to small craft.  相似文献   

11.
Wave growth in slanting fetch (with wind blowing obliquely off a coast) is investigated with 7 years worth of routine wave measurements in Lake IJssel in The Netherlands and with the SWAN wave model. Two aspects are considered in particular for this case: the validity of the concept of effective fetch and the role of the non-linear four-wave interactions. For slanting and parallel fetch conditions, we found some significant deviations from the effective fetch assumption, leading to 20–35% mismatch in either the peak period Tp or the significant wave height Hm0 respectively. However, the effect of discrepancies between various widely accepted wave growth formulas turned out to be even more important. The wave directions during slanting fetch are significantly ‘steered’ by the coastline, especially in the first kilometre(s) off the coast. The role of the non-linear four-wave interactions is investigated by running the SWAN (version 40.41) wave model with three different quadruplet formulations. Exact quadruplet methods (Xnl) yielded relatively strong wave steering, despite the four-wave interactions being relatively weak. Application of Xnl did not lead to better overall agreement with measurements — improvements for the mean wave period Tm01 were offset by some deterioration for the wave height Hm0.  相似文献   

12.
The growth of a river delta system is controlled mainly by fluvial sediment discharge and sediment retention in the deltaic areas. In the present study, we attempt to define a sediment retention index, R, and its relation to the deposition rate of the delta. Based upon two assumptions that the amount of the sediment that escapes from the deltaic areas, QE, is stationary with minor fluctuations, and that there is a linear relationship between the deposition rate averaged over the sub-aqueous delta (Dav) and the deposition rate at accretion sites within the delta (DR), the changes in the accretion/erosion patterns of the Changjiang sub-aqueous delta during the period of 1951–2007, in response to river sediment discharge changes, are analyzed. The results show that the sediment retention index can be related to the deposition rate of the sub-aqueous delta; the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of the deposition rate reveals the behaviour of sediment retention of a delta system. For the Changjiang sub-aqueous delta, fluvial sediment discharge data, together with Pb-210 based deposition rates, provide useful information on sediment retention. Changes in the sediment retention index and the accretion/erosion patterns of the sub-aqueous delta have taken place in response to river input changes. In order to improve our understanding of the processes associated with estuarine sediment retention, sediment cores with sufficient spatial coverage may be collected and analyzed to establish accurate QE–R and Dav–DR relationships. In combination with numerical modeling of sediment transport, these relationships form a basis for the analysis of sediment retention mechanisms.  相似文献   

13.
A numerical study of the decay of an alongshore baroclinic jet (ABJ) formed by transient wind stress favorable for upwelling and downwelling is carried out. The study is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) applied to a circular stratified basin with a constant depth. In the case of a fully developed upwelling (downwelling), the alongshore jet is subjected to baroclinic instability, and its decay is predominantly accompanied by selective formation of cyclonic (anticyclonic) mesoscale eddies. If the upwelling or downwelling is not fully developed, the necessary condition for the baroclinic instability of the ABJ in a basin with a constant depth is the presence of the β-effect. The β-effect causes separation of the ABJ from the shoreline in the eastern part of the basin and thereby stimulates baroclinic instability. As a result, mesoscale meanders and eddies can be generated in the eastern part of the basin only if the diameter of the basin D is large enough to satisfy the inequality D > $\sqrt {{{R_I f} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{R_I f} \beta }} \right. \kern-0em} \beta }} $ , where R I is the baroclinic Rossby radius, f is the Coriolis parameter, and β = df/dy.  相似文献   

14.
The hydrodynamic problem of a hydrofoil travelling at constant speed in water waves has been investigated through velocity potential theory. The boundary conditions on the free surface have been linearized, and the effects are accounted for through the Green function. The overall problem is decomposed into the steady forward speed problem and periodic wave radiation and diffraction problems. Each of these problems is solved using the boundary integral equation over the hydrofoil surface together with a vortex sheet behind the trailing edge. The body surface boundary condition is imposed on its mean position. As a result the steady potential will contribute a well-known mj term to the body surface boundary condition on the radiation problem. The numerical difficulty in dealing with this term is effectively resolved through a difference method. The effects of the thickness on the wave radiation and diffraction are investigated. The applicability of various reciprocity relationships in this problem is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
《Ocean Modelling》2009,26(3-4):154-171
Ocean surface mixing and drift are influenced by the mixed layer depth, buoyancy fluxes and currents below the mixed layer. Drift and mixing are also functions of the surface Stokes drift Uss, volume Stokes transport TS, a wave breaking height scale Hswg, and the flux of energy from waves to ocean turbulence Φoc. Here we describe a global database of these parameters, estimated from a well-validated numerical wave model, that uses traditional forms of the wave generation and dissipation parameterizations, and covers the years 2003–2007. Compared to previous studies, the present work has the advantage of being consistent with the known physical processes that regulate the wave field and the air–sea fluxes, and also consistent with a very large number of in situ and satellite observations of wave parameters. Consequently, some of our estimates differ significantly from previous estimates. In particular, we find that the mean global integral of Φoc is 68 TW, and the yearly mean value of TS is typically 10–30% of the Ekman transport, except in well-defined regions where it can reach 60%. We also have refined our previous estimates of Uss by using a better treatment of the high frequency part of the wave spectrum. In the open ocean, Uss ≃ 0.013U10, where U10 is the wind speed at 10 m height.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Cascading of cold Antarctic shelf water (ASW) initiates compensatory isopycnic upwelling of the warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). The baroclinic/thermoclinic Antarctic slope front (ASF) is formed, and a mesoscale intrusive structure develops on the shelf edge and slope. Mesoscale processes when the ASF peaks are periodically accompanied by local baroclinic instability, which forms a smaller-scale intrusive structure. Therefore, the ASF is naturally subdivided into two layers according to the intrusion scales (vertical δН and horizontal L) and the horizontal parameters of the front (thermoclinity (TL)ρ and baroclinity γρ). Analysis of ASF intrusive layering due to the baroclinic factor supports the following conclusion: the higher the (TL)ρ of the ASF, the greater the intrusion intensity |δθ| (temperature anomaly amplitude), while an increase in γρ of the ASF leads to a decrease in intrusion scales δН and L. Frontal intrusions can be distinguished by a development degree. Regardless of the degree of development, all warm intrusions are characterized by vertical density stratification, while cold intrusions are characterized by density quasihomogeneity. According to field data, the ASF instability process is subdivided into four stages. When theASF is baroclinically unstable, the local baroclinic deformation radius RdL of the front is close in magnitude to the horizontal scale L of the intrusions that form, and their characteristic vertical scale δH is close to the typical vertical scale of front instability.  相似文献   

18.
The studied area is a 130 km long fast spreading graben in Central Greece. Its complex geodynamical setting includes both the presence of a subduction slab at depth responsible for the recent (Quaternary) volcanic activity in the area and the western termination of a tectonic lineament of regional importance (the North-Anatolian fault). A high geothermal gradient is made evident by the presence of many thermal springs with temperatures from 19 to 82 °C, that discharge along the normal faults bordering the graben.In the period 2004–2012, 58 gas and 69 water samples were collected and their chemical and isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of compositions.Two main groups of thermal waters can be distinguished on the basis of their chemical composition. The first, represented by dilute waters (E.C. <0.6 mS/cm) of the westernmost sites, is characterised by the presence of CH4-rich and mixed N2–CH4 gases. The second displays higher salinities (E.C. from 12 to 56 mS/cm) due to mixing with a modified marine component. Reservoir temperatures of 150–160 °C were estimated with cationic geothermometers at the easternmost sites.Along the graben, from west to east, the gas composition changes from CH4- to CO2-dominated through mixed N2–CH4 and N2–CO2 compositions, while at the same time the He isotopic composition goes from typical crustal values (<0.1 R/RA) up to 0.87 R/RA, showing in the easternmost sites a small (3–11%) but significant mantle input. The δ13C values of the CO2-rich samples suggest a mixed origin (mantle and marine carbonates).  相似文献   

19.
The estimated characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, obtained by the simulation of wind wave fields using three versions of the WAM numerical model are compared with the well-known empirical dependences of drag coefficient C d on wind speed U 10 and wave age A, as well as with the dependence of dimensionless roughness height z n on inverse wave age u*/с р. Calculations carried out for several years in the areas of the Pacific and Indian oceans, based on the ERA-interim and CFSR wind reanalyses have shown good agreement between the model and empirical dependences C d (U 10) and C d (A). The range of estimated variability for z n (u*/с р ) has been found to be significantly less than empirical. It has been also found that estimated values of wind speed U 10W (t) are overestimated from 5 to 10% in all versions of WAM models compared with the input wind reanalysis U 10R (t) at the moments of appearance maximum values of wind U 10R (t). The reasons for the established features of the WAM model and their dependence on the model version are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
This paper provides initial validation results for GOCI-derived water products using match-ups between the satellite and ship-borne in situ data for the period of 2010?C2011, with a focus on remote-sensing reflectance (R rs ). Match-up data were constructed through systematic quality control of both in situ and GOCI data, and a manual inspection of associated GOCI images to identify pixels contaminated by cloud, land and inter-slot radiometric discrepancy. Efforts were made to process and quality check the in situ R rs data. This selection process yielded 32 optimal match-ups for the R rs spectra, chlorophyll a concentration (Chl_a) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and with 20 match-ups for suspended particulate matter concentration (SPM). Most of the match-ups are located close to shore and thus the validation should be interpreted limiting to near-shore coastal waters. The R rs match-ups showed the mean relative errors of 18?C33% for the visible bands with the lowest 18?C19% for the 490 nm and 555 nm bands and 33% for the 412 nm band. Correlation for the R rs match-ups was high in the 490?C865 nm bands (R2=0.72?C0.84) and lower in the 412 nm band (R2=0.43) and 443 nm band (R2=0.66). The match-ups for Chl_a showed a low correlation (<0.41) although the mean absolute percentage error was 35% for the GOCI standard Chl_a. The CDOM match-ups showed an even worse comparison with R2<0.2. These match-up comparison for Chl_a and CDOM would imply the difficulty to estimate Chl_a and CDOM in near-shore waters where the variability in SPM would dominate the variability in R rs . Clearly, the match-up statistics for SPM was better with R2=0.73 and 0.87 for two evaluated algorithms, although GOCI-derived SPM overestimated low concentration and underestimated high concentration. Based on this initial match-up analysis, we made several recommendations -1) to collect more offshore under-water measurements of the R rs data, 2) to include quality flags in level-2 products, 3) to introduce an ISRD correction in the GOCI processing chain, 4) to investigate other types of in-water algorithms such as semianalytical ones, and 5) to investigate vicarious calibration for GOCI data and to maintain accurate and consistent calibration of field radiometric instruments.  相似文献   

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