共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
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对风速与风向边缘分布采用统一的极值概型描述,提出了一种可适用于多峰极值以及总体样本的风速风向联合概率分布函数的经验解析表达式。模型包括7个参数,可由实测数据利用非线性最小二乘方法拟合得到。对模型参数拟合时的初值选取方法提出了建议,并对典型的风向双峰值情况,给出了峰向区间的划分方法;利用双峰总体、双峰极值以及单峰极值3种不同类型的实测数据,检验了模型的适用性。结果表明,该模型可以较好地描述不同类型总体样本或极值样本的风速风向联合概率密度特性,可供风向设计风速的确定、风速评估及场地风能评估等工程问题参考。 相似文献
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随机地震反演关键参数优选和效果分析(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随机地震反演技术是将地质统计理论和地震反演相结合的反演方法,它将地震资料、测井资料和地质统计学信息融合为地下模型的后验概率分布,利用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法对该后验概率分布采样,通过综合分析多个采样结果来研究后验概率分布的性质,进而认识地下情况。本文首先介绍了随机地震反演的原理,然后对影响随机地震反演效果的四个关键参数,即地震资料信噪比、变差函数、后验概率分布的样本个数和井网密度进行分析并给出其优化原则。资料分析表明地震资料信噪比控制地震资料和地质统计规律对反演结果的约束程度,变差函数影响反演结果的平滑程度,后验概率分布的样本个数决定样本统计特征的可靠性,而参与反演的井网密度则影响反演的不确定性。最后通过对比试验工区随机地震反演和基于模型的确定性地震反演结果,指出随机地震反演可以给出更符合地下实际情况的模型。 相似文献
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场地条件对地震动有着重要的影响,它一般通过地表峰值加速度PGA或者谱加速度Sa在不同场地条件下的放大系数表示。以往的相关研究中缺少大量的实测地震动数据分析;没有明确给出PGA和Sa在不同场景下的适用性;较少赋予其放大系数分布概率含义。选取KiK-net台网1997—2019年记录的210多万条地震动信息,通过PGA与Sa放大系数的分布分析了其在不同场景下的适用性,然后基于控制变量法和回归方法对每个台站的PGA放大系数进行拟合分析,最后对不同场地类别的PGA放大系数进行了概率分布函数拟合。研究结果表明：场地条件不变情况下,地震动放大系数的分布有很好的规律性;Sa较PGA放大系数分布离散程度更小,且随着Sa周期增加,其离散程度呈现逐渐减小趋势,在建筑物周期确定的情况下,Sa具有更高的适用性;Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地且周期大于1.0 s的Sa放大系数具有较高的稳定性;相同场地条件下,PGA放大系数呈非线性分布,随着基岩PGA(PGAR)的增加逐渐减少;PGA放大系数趋于指数正态分布。研究结果可用于未来更加准确地估计损失与描述场地条件对地震动的影响。 相似文献
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暴雨强度公式在水文、气象、工程设计等各领域都是非常关注的问题,而常用降雨概率分布函数的适用性欠缺,理论分布函数一直处于争鸣之中。从逐时降雨概率密度函数的适用性分析入手,有利于发现普适且恰当的理论密度函数。本文从我国暴雨洪涝灾害易发区中沿30°N选取4个经纬度长方形区域(雅安附近、鄂西南、江汉平原南部、杭州湾西),并在其南、北各选一对比分区(海南岛、郑州),对6个分区内降雨资料直接采用全样本,统计逐时降雨的三类概率密度经验函数,对照这些函数的特性,从理论上分析了众多分布函数的适用性,筛选适用函数并进行拟合试验,优选出理论密度函数。研究结果表明:三参广义伽玛函数拟合误差最小,而两参广义正态函数更恰当、被首推为理论密度函数;拟合参数寻优时的目标函数综合了乘性与加性误差模型,能使拟合曲线兼顾头尾;本研究有别于极值降雨概率分布中仅采用极少部分样本的方法,采用降雨概率密度方法替代传统的年极值法,使重现期计算更准确有效,能提高暴雨强度公式的科学性,拟合的高精度与函数的普适性有望解决降雨概率分布模型统一的问题。 相似文献
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山东地区地震危险性空间分布特征研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
概述山东省及其周边的地震环境,并以地震危险性概率分析方法研究山东地区峰值地震加速度空间分布特征。分析不同超越概率水准的峰值地震加速度的比值。结果表明,不同超越概率水准的地震危险性分析结果的比例关系对地震环境具有明显的依赖特征,且总体上服从对数正态概率分布。 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动》2021,41(2)
描述地震作用与工程破坏之间关系的易损性曲线及其概率分布对于地震灾害损失的可靠评估至关重要。以对数正态分布为主体的现行易损性概率分布模型无法很好地描述完好无损和完全破坏这2种边界条件。文中基于新西兰近40万栋房屋的历史震害信息,确认了这2种边界条件的存在,并对各种给定地震动水平下结构的损失分布进行了研究,提出了考虑上述2种边界条件的易损性混合概率分布模型,即首先单独考虑完好无损和完全破坏2种边界情况,然后再利用分布函数拟合其他的地震损失分布。通过对混合概率分布模型的损失分布与实际损失分布进行比较,验证了文中所提模型的有效性,可以用于未来分析地震损失的不确定性分布。 相似文献
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《内陆地震》2021,(1)
收集和田市已有75个钻孔数据,统计各个钻孔的等效剪切波速值并确定覆盖层厚度,建立钻孔信息数据库,以此构建地统计分析的样本。在研究样本数据分布规律、统计数据趋势分析的基础上,采用普通克里格插值算法,计算未知点的覆盖层厚度和等效剪切波速值,从而得到其空间分布结果,该结果以栅格数据模型表示。最后通过对比测试样本对该结果进行了验证。结果表明,和田市场地工程地质条件空间分布栅格数据模型较真实地反映了其沉积分布规律。今后在该栅格数据模型的基础上根据需要可以快速、有效得到研究范围内任何地点的覆盖层厚度和等效剪切波速值,这些预测值能满足一般建设工程建筑的场地类别划分需要。 相似文献
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A. V. Gotovtsev 《Water Resources》2014,41(3):330-334
An analytical solution of a modified system of Streeter-Phelps equations in the absence of aeration of the water body is given. Such solution is of interest in calculating the dynamics of biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a water body or a river channel covered by ice. The same solution can be used to describe processes taking place in a sealed flask in the determination of biochemical demand of the examined water sample over some period. The analytical solution of the modified system of Streeter-Phelps equations was used to derive formulas for calculating biochemical oxygen demand and the rate of biochemical oxidation. 相似文献
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求取岩石基质体积模量的线形拟合方法(英文) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
岩石基质的体积模量或其倒数--压缩系数,在进行油气预测的流体替换和孔隙度反演时,是重要的输入参数,但是利用现有方法很难准确求得。文中提出了一种求取该参数的线形拟合方法,该方法通过对Gassmann方程的合理简化并引入Eshelby-Walsh干燥岩石椭球包体近似公式,获得了计算岩石基质压缩系数的拟合公式,可方便地利用公式计算该参数。实际碳酸盐岩岩样的岩石物理测试分析显示:利用饱和岩样和干燥岩样测得的基质压缩系数的差异小于1%,说明所求参数是正确的,可靠的。 相似文献
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The study is focused on the specific features of ice regime in Amur lower reaches and the structure of ice surface in branches of different size and dynamic state. The main features of ice stratigraphy in different parts of the river have been identified, and ice cover characteristics have been found to show considerable heterogeneity across the channel. Quantitative data on the concentration of terrigenous material in the ice and its distribution within the ice mass have been collected. The amount of terrigenous material was estimated in the ice in Amur lower reaches, from where it is largely exported into the Sea of Okhotsk during spring ice drift. 相似文献
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Prabin Rokaya Luis Morales-Marín Barrie Bonsal Howard Wheater Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(11):1265-1278
ABSTRACTIn cold region environments, any alteration in the hydro-climatic regime can have profound impacts on river ice processes. This paper studies the implications of hydro-climatic trends on river ice processes, particularly on the freeze-up and ice-cover breakup along the Athabasca River in Fort McMurray in western Canada, which is an area very prone to ice-jam flooding. Using a stochastic approach in a one-dimensional hydrodynamic river ice model, a relationship between overbank flow and breakup discharge is established. Furthermore, the likelihood of ice-jam flooding in the future (2041–2070 period) is assessed by forcing a hydrological model with meteorological inputs from the Canadian regional climate model driven by two atmospheric–ocean general circulation climate models. Our results show that the probability of ice-jam flooding for the town of Fort McMurray in the future will be lower, but extreme ice-jam flood events are still probable. 相似文献
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A. N. Chetyrbotskii 《Water Resources》2006,33(3):264-273
Data of a sample from long-term observations (made with an interval of ten days) of ice cover state parameters in the Sea of Japan are analyzed. The results of analysis are used to formulate a model describing the evolution of ice floe distribution in terms of area and thickness. The obtained model is used to construct a model describing the evolution of ice thickness. Particular cases are studied analytically. A method for parametric identification of the model is considered and its adequacy is assessed against observed distributions. The model can be used to predict the state of the ice cover in the Sea of Japan. 相似文献
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An automated algorithm for river ice monitoring over the Susquehanna River using the MODIS data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Naira Chaouch Marouane Temimi Peter Romanov Reggina Cabrera George McKillop Reza Khanbilvardi 《水文研究》2014,28(1):62-73
Reliable and prompt information on river ice condition and extent is needed to make accurate hydrological forecasts to predict ice jams breakups and issue timely flood warnings. This study presents a technique to detect and monitor river ice using observations from the MODIS instrument onboard the Terra satellite. The technique incorporates a threshold‐based decision tree image classification algorithm to process MODIS data and to determine the extent of ice. To differentiate between ice‐covered and ice‐free pixels within the riverbed, the algorithm combines observations in the visible and near‐infrared spectral bands. The developed technique presents the core of the MODIS‐based river ice mapping system, which has been developed to support National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NWS's operations. The system has been tested over the Susquehanna River in northeastern USA, where ice jam events leading to spring floods are a frequent occurrence. The automated algorithm generates three products: daily ice maps, weekly composite ice maps and running cloud‐free composite ice maps. The performance of the system was evaluated over nine winter seasons. The analysis of the derived products has revealed their good agreement with the aerial photography and with in situ observations‐based ice charts. The probability of ice detection determined from the comparison of the product with the high‐resolution Landsat imagery was equal to 91%. A consistent inverse relationship was found between the river discharge and the ice extent. The correlation between the discharge and the ice extent as determined from the weekly composite product reached 0.75. The developed CREST River Ice Observation System has been implemented at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Center as an operational Web tool allowing end users and forecasters to assess ice conditions on the river. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Data from three years of MOZAIC measurements made it possible to determine a distribution law for the relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Data amounting to 13.5% of the total were obtained in regions with ice supersaturation. Troposphere and stratosphere are distinguished by an ozone concentration of 130 ppbv as threshold. The probability of measuring a certain amount of ice supersaturation in the troposphere decreases exponentially with the degree of ice supersaturation. The probability of measuring a certain relative humidity in the stratosphere (both with respect to water and ice) decreases exponentially with the relative humidity. A stochastic model that naturally leads to the exponential distribution is provided. Mean supersaturation in the troposphere is about 15%, whereas ice nucleation requires 30% supersaturation on the average. This explains the frequency of regions in which aircraft induce persistent contrails but which are otherwise free of clouds. Ice supersaturated regions are 3-4 K colder and contain more than 50% more vapour than other regions in the upper troposphere. The stratospheric air masses sampled are dry, as expected, having mean relative humidity over water of 12% and over ice of 23%, respectively. However, 2% of the stratospheric data indicate ice supersaturation. As the MOZAIC measurements have been obtained on commercial flights mainly between Europe and North America, the data do not provide a complete global picture, but the exponential character of the distribution laws found is probably valid globally. Since water vapour is the most important greenhouse gas and since it might enhance the anthropogenic greenhouse effects via positive feedback mechanisms, it is important to represent its distribution correctly in climate models. The discovery of the distribution law of the relative humidity makes possible simple tests to show whether the hydrological cycle in climate models is represented in an adequate way or not. 相似文献
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Simple dynamic models of long-term variations in river runoff are suggested. The models are based on a small number of parameters. Stochastic differential equations associated with these models are investigated. The theoretical density of probability distribution of river runoff values--stationary solutions of the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation--coincide with the distribution densities widely used in stochastic hydrology. 相似文献
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基于ISC地震记录,利用天体动力学中二体问题的轨道方程和摄动理论,确定发震时刻太阳在地面的投影点位置,并进一步计算出太阳相对震中的地心天顶距,将地震按天顶距的大小进行统计,得到地震的太阳天顶距地震频度分布。同样的方法,可得地震的月球天顶距地震频度分布。统计发现:地震的太阳天顶距地震频度和月球天顶距地震频度分布表现出一致的规律性,且较大地震和小地震的活动规律不同,较大地震丛集发生在太阳(月球)天顶距0°和180°附近,与地面引潮力的绝对值分布有较好的一致性;而小地震多丛集在太阳(月球)天顶距60°和120°附近。在此基础上,我们对地震的日月天顶距同时进行统计,建立了日月天顶距地震概率密度分布,结果表明,日月投影点及其对蹠点周围,较大地震发生的概率较高。 相似文献