共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Geoffrey M. Jacquez 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2000,2(1):91-97
This paper summarizes contributions of GIS in epidemiology, and identifies needs required to support spatial epidemiology
as science. The objective of spatial epidemiology is to identify disease causes and correlates by relating spatial disease
patterns to geographic variation in health risks. GIS supports disease mapping, location analysis, the characterization of
populations, and spatial statistics and modeling. Although laudable, these accomplishments are not sufficient to fully identify
disease causes and correlates. One reason is the failure of present-day GIS to provide tools appropriate for epidemiology.
Two needs are most pressing. First, we must reject the static view: meaningful inference about the causes of disease is impossible
without both spatial and temporal information. Second, we need models that translate space-time data on health outcomes and putative exposures into
epidemiologically meaningful measures. The first need will be met by the design and implementation of space-time information
systems for epidemiology; the second by process-based disease models. 相似文献
2.
Jason K Blackburn rew Curtis Frances Currin Mujica Farrell Jones Patricia Dorn Rosamond Coates 《Transactions in GIS》2008,12(2):249-265
This article describes a web‐based data entry and GIS‐driven mapping system designed for an ethnographic and entomological survey of Chagas’ disease, an emerging zoonotic disease, and Triatoma dimidiata, a primary vector, in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, Mexico. To better understand this disease in the region, a collaborative, multi‐disciplinary study was initiated to conduct a spatial investigation of T. dimidiata and a community‐by‐community survey of local perceptions of the disease. In order to facilitate such a collaborative effort the CODES‐GIS was developed. This system allows for (near) real‐time mapping, analyses, disease reporting, and results sharing. CODES‐GIS provides a framework for a research team working in a remote area with limited technology, software, or GIS expertise to benefit from (near) real‐time spatial analyses performed at collaborating institutions. The system is bi‐directional, where field personnel can upload data to the system for field‐based map production. Likewise, laboratory personnel can upload diagnostics data for viewing by field personnel. In this way, the system provides a virtual link between the field and the laboratory to increase the speed at which results are returned to the local community. The CODES‐GIS is described along with a selection of study results. 相似文献
3.
在GIS应用中,涉及到大量的模型应用,这些模型包括了利用GIS进行空间信息处理的大部分阶段中所用到的模型.模型处理以及分析结果往往是进行下一步应用的基础,因此模型处理结果的误差和不确定性制约了实际的GIS应用.影响空间数据处理模型的误差和不确定性的因素主要包括:定位和特征信息,制图,空间分析,空间数据库以及空间数据处理模型等所具有的误差和不确定性.主要分析了空间数据处理模型误差和不确定性的表达、来源以及分析方法. 相似文献
4.
GIS时空分析系统的Clifford代数设计与实现 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以Clifford代数为理论基础与数学工具,构建了时空分析原型系统：①在兼容多类常用GIS数据格式的基础上,根据Clifford代数空间构建的思想,对现有时空数据模型进行扩展,实现了时间、空间与属性的一体化表达;②定义了可支撑多维度时空分析的几何、度量等Clifford代数算子库;③基于插件的时空分析模型算法构建及集成框架,实现了高维邻域分析、网络分析以及时空栅格数据分析等地学分析算法。实验结果显示,根据Clifford代数所构建的时空分析系统可有效支撑多维时空分析。 相似文献
5.
Using geographic information systems to link administrative databases with demographic, social, and environmental data allows researchers to use spatial approaches to explore relationships between exposures and health. Traditionally, spatial analysis in public health has focused on the county, ZIP code, or tract level because of limitations to geocoding at highly resolved scales. Using 2005 birth and death data from North Carolina, we examine our ability to geocode population‐level datasets at three spatial resolutions – zip code, street, and parcel. We achieve high geocoding rates at all three resolutions, with statewide street geocoding rates of 88.0% for births and 93.2% for deaths. We observe differences in geocoding rates across demographics and health outcomes, with lower geocoding rates in disadvantaged populations and the most dramatic differences occurring across the urban‐rural spectrum. Our results suggest that highly resolved spatial data architectures for population‐level datasets are viable through geocoding individual street addresses. We recommend routinely geocoding administrative datasets to the highest spatial resolution feasible, allowing public health researchers to choose the spatial resolution used in analysis based on an understanding of the spatial dimensions of the health outcomes and exposures being investigated. Such research, however, must acknowledge how disparate geocoding success across subpopulations may affect findings. 相似文献
6.
本文介绍基于FME空间数据转换系统。以基础地理信息数据为例,在AutoCAD格式数据与GIS格式数据之间构建映射关系文件,实现CAD数据到GIS数据转换的过程和方法。 相似文献
7.
基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策及应用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
提出了一种基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策方法 ,该方法扩展了常规的GIS空间分析功能 ,使其建立在GIS空间分析与领域知识基础上。认为GIS空间分析与领域知识利用的结合需要建立统一的知识表达概念模型 ,通过将常规决策知识设计为决策知识类 ,将决策事实作为事实知识类处理 ,并由知识类的消息机制进行内部通讯 ,实现空间推理决策的智能化。在进行领域知识分析与知识分类的基础上 ,给出了领域知识类的层次结构组织图和知识类定义以及决策知识及事实知识的面向对象表达 ,最后给出了空间知识类的形成及空间推理决策过程。方法的实用性在实践中得到验证 相似文献
8.
Spatial discretisation plays an important role in many numerical environmental models. This paper studies the control of spatial discretisation in coastal oil spill modelling with a view to assure the quality of modelling outputs for given spatial data inputs. Spatial data analysis techniques are effective for investigating and improving the spatial discretisation in different phases of the modelling. Proposed methods are implemented and tested with experimental models. A new “Automatic Search” method based on GIS zone design principles is shown to significantly improve discretisation of bathymetric data and hydrodynamic modelling outputs. The concepts and methods developed in the study are expected to have general relevance for a range of applications in numerical environmental modelling. 相似文献
9.
Manfred Ehlers Monika Ghler Ronald Janowsky 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2003,57(5-6):315
The advent of very high-resolution satellite programs and digital airborne cameras with ultra high resolution offers new possibilities for very accurate mapping of the environment. With these sensors of improved spatial resolution, however, the user community faces a new problem in the analysis of this type of image data. Standard classification techniques have to be augmented with appropriate analysis procedures because the required homogeneity of landuse/landcover classes can no longer be achieved by the integration effect of large pixel sizes (e.g., 20–80 m). New intelligent techniques will have to be developed that make use of multisensor approaches, geographic information system (GIS) integration and context-based interpretation schemes.The ideal goal should be that GIS ‘intelligence’ (e.g., object and analysis models) should be used to automate the classification process. In return, GIS objects can be extracted from a remote sensing image to update the GIS database. This paper presents the development of an automated procedure for biotope type mapping from ultra high-resolution airborne scanner data (HRSC-A). The hierarchical procedure incorporates a priori GIS information, a digital surface model (DSM) and multispectral image data. The results of this study will serve as a basis for a continuous environmental monitoring process in the tidally influenced region of the Elbe River, Germany. 相似文献
10.
GIS平台下分形维数计算的设计开发和应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
GIS作为一种新兴的技术在空间数据处理和解析方面具有强大的扩展功能,已经在测绘领域得到了广泛的应用。本文针对分形维数计算的问题,在GIS平台下基于空间数据模型提出了该问题的解决方案,并利用通用COM技术设计和开发了分形维数计算系统。该系统成功地应用于工程实践,对今后GIS在相关专业领域更深层次的应用具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
Sea ice data has significant scientific value for climate, environmental impact and engineering studies leading to the construction of facilities in Arctic waters, as well as to support tourism and fishing planning. Large collections of such data are acquired, compiled, produced and maintained by national and international agencies such as the Canadian Ice Service (CIS). Some of these data collections have been made available online. However, current Internet‐based sea ice data dissemination practices do not foster easy access to and use of the data, especially given the amount of the archived sea ice data and the nature of their spatial changes and high temporal variations. This article reports a research effort in developing a web‐based geographical information system (GIS) that facilitates the access and use of the historical sea ice data. The system provides online access, exploration, visualization, and analysis of the archived data, mostly in the form of ice charts, within a web‐based GIS. The results from a prototype development indicate that web GIS, developed using Rich Internet Application (RIA) technologies, provides added values in serving sea ice data and suggests that such a system can better accommodate more advanced sea ice data access and analysis tools. 相似文献
12.
A Review of Sampling Effects and Response Bias in Internet Participatory Mapping (PPGIS/PGIS/VGI) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Greg Brown 《Transactions in GIS》2017,21(1):39-56
Global interest in participatory mapping described as public participation GIS (PPGIS), participatory GIS (PGIS), and volunteered geographic information (VGI) continues to grow, but systematic study of spatial data quality and sampling effects is limited. This article provides a review and meta‐analysis of Internet‐based PPGIS studies conducted during the period 2006–2015 (n=26) to answer the following research questions: (1) How does mapping effort, as a proxy measure for spatial data quality, differ by sampling group? (2) Does the purpose and context of PPGIS influence mapping results? (3) What is the potential for mapping bias through sampling design? (4) Given the results, what should be the focus of future PPGIS research? Mapping effort was highest in sampling groups whose livelihoods were closely related to the purpose of the study, there was greater mapping effort in household sampling groups compared to volunteer groups, and participant domicile had strong effects on mapped results through spatial discounting. The use of online Internet panels provides higher response rates but lower spatial data quality. Future research should focus on increasing sampling response rates, assessing social trade‐offs using alternative spatial weighting schemes, and examining the capacity of the public to select land use alternatives as a complement to traditional expert‐driven planning systems. 相似文献
13.
Simon Moncrieff Geoff West James Cosford Narelle Mullan Andrew Jardine 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2014,7(4):294-315
In this paper, we detail the design and the implementation of an open source, server-side web mapping framework for the analysis of health data. The framework forms part of a larger project, the goal of which is to provide an analytical web geographical information system (GIS) that enables health experts to analyse spatial aspects of health data. The aim of the framework is to provide a method for the dynamic and flexible spatial visualisation of health data to facilitate data exploration and analysis. Consequently, a dynamic thematic web mapping technique, an extension to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web map service standard, was developed. The technique combines a data query, processing technique and styling methodology on the fly to generate a thematic map. The resulting thematic map represents a virtual map layer that enables a user to rapidly visually summarise properties of a data-set. A test web interface was developed to assess the efficacy of the web mapping technique. As the dynamic web mapping method builds on existing OGC web mapping standards, it can be readily integrated with the existing lightweight slippy map web clients and virtual globes. 相似文献
14.
Interactive analysis of the spatial distribution of disease using a geographic information systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a variety of tools for the manipulation and display of public health data. Few,
however, enable users to interactively evaluate hypotheses on spatial trends in disease risk that may be suggested by maps
of measures of disease impact. We addressed this limitation by developing a seamless interface between a commercial GIS and
a suite of spatial analysis algorithms. Users of the system can utilize the GIS's capability to interactively select and manipulate
geographically referenced data and, through a series of pull-down menus, apply a variety of exploratory analysis methods to
this information. In the presented application, we illustrate this capability by including algorithms for the reduction of
random noise in observed incidence rates, for the detection of unusual aggregations of disease events, and for the statistical
evaluation of inferences drawn from spatial trends. We demonstrate this application by examining lung cancer mortality in
the state of Ohio.
Received: 22 September 1999 / Accepted: 8 March 2000 相似文献
15.
A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Data Model and Structure (HST-DMS) for Efficient Storage and Retrieval of Land Use Information 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
While the incorporation of geographical and environmental modeling with GIS requires software support for storage and retrieval of spatial information that changes over time, it continues to be an unresolved issue with modern GIS software. Two complementary approaches have been used to manage the spatial and temporal heterogeneity within datasets that use a field‐based representation of the world. Some researchers have proposed new data models that partition space into discrete elements on an as‐needed basis following each temporal event, while others have focused on eliminating duplication of repeated data elements present in spatio‐temporal information. It is proposed in this paper that both approaches have merit and can be combined to create a Hybrid Spatio‐Temporal Data Model and Structure (HST‐DMS) that efficiently supports spatio‐temporal data storage and querying. Specifically, Peuquet and Duan's (1995) Event‐based Spatio‐Temporal Data Model (ESTDM) and the Overlapping R‐tree (Guttman 1984, Tzourmanis et al. 2000) are utilized to create a prototype used to store information about urban expansion for the town of Carbondale, Illinois. 相似文献
16.
17.
测绘与国土资源管理就是服务与被服务、保障与被保障的关系,因此,把测绘与国土管理紧密结合,才能更好地发挥测绘的作用。本文提出利用GIS技术的空间信息管理、存储、表达、分析功能,高效地对各类测绘成果进行管理、维护和更新,并发挥GIS技术的专题制图功能,根据用户需要生成各种分析图件,便于土地系统的各种业务应用。论文基于ArcGIS平台,利用AE组件GIS模块,采用VS.net开发环境下的C#开发语言,对系统功能进行了实现。 相似文献
18.
A feasibility study in progress to integrate health and air quality information is presented. The methods of using integrated GIS and air quality dispersion modelling tools to assess the effect of the environment on health are discussed. The main aim is to model human personal exposure to air pollutants and compare the predictions to respiratory health data for asthmatics in a health telematics project. The MEDICATE project develops and tests the feasibility of using a health telematic system for asthmatics. Key to this is the determination of the real-time health (lung function) response to the ambient environment. For this, air quality information is related to respiratory measurements by modelling personal exposure through a GIS. The methods of integrating environmental modelling and assessment tools (GIS) in this case are examined. ESRI's ArcView is used to locate and compile environmental information about the patients' locations and lifestyles in the study areas (London and Barcelona). A dispersion modelling extension to ArcView, ADMS Urban, is used to interrogate the spatial environmental databases (e.g. emission inventories) to model air pollution concentrations. Patients' personal exposure is modelled by time-weighted estimates of their exposure to ambient air quality at each defined location. Lung function data can be compared on a time-wise basis with these air quality indicators to see if there is a relationship on an hourly, daily or lagged-day basis. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology and discuss the integration and practicalities of using air quality assessment tools (inventories, dispersion modelling and a GIS) in assessing the impacts of the environment on human health. 相似文献
19.
Yongxin Deng 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2016,18(3):229-248
This paper examines complications in neighborhood mapping and corresponding challenges for the GIS community, taking both a conceptual and a methodological perspective. It focuses on the social and spatial dimensions of the neighborhood concept and highlights their relationship in neighborhood mapping. Following a brief summary of neighborhood definitions, five interwoven factors are identified to be origins of neighborhood mapping difficulties: conceptual vagueness, uncertainty of various sources, GIS representation, scale, and neighborhood homogeneity or continuity. Existing neighborhood mapping methods are grouped into six categories to be assessed: perception based, physically based, inference based, preexisting, aggregated, and automated. Mapping practices in various neighborhood-related disciplines and applications are cited as examples to demonstrate how the methods work, as well as how they should be evaluated. A few mapping strategies for the improvement of neighborhood mapping are prescribed from a GIS perspective: documenting simplifications employed in the mapping procedure, addressing uncertainty sources, developing new data solutions, and integrating complementary mapping methods. Incorporation of high-resolution data and introduction of more GIS ideas and methods (such as fuzzy logic) are identified to be future opportunities. 相似文献
20.
针对GIS生成的地图产品脱离GIS地理空间数据,割裂地理要素与地图对象完整性,导致输出地图产品更新困难。结合制图单位实际生成需求,研究GIS静态图式表达和GIS制图表达;基于GIS制图模板和GIS符号库,采用C#+ArcEngine编程技术,实现GIS专题制图系统。系统具有GIS静态图式渲染功能和GIS制图表达功能,并以某区域专题制图项目为例,对比分析不同方式专题制图效果。结果表明基于地理空间数据规则的地图制图表达技术能够兼顾GIS和地图制图对数据的不同要求,可快速完成地图制作,部分解决传统上必须通过大量人工编辑才能够完成的制图任务,一定程度提高工作效率。 相似文献