共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 703 毫秒
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边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
自由大气中,大气运动的基本状态是地转风,近年来发展的地转动量近似,是为了进一步研究非均匀地转流的动力学问题,然而,在边界层大气中,运动的基本状态是经典的Ekman流,所以对边界层运动来说,地转动量近似是不合适的,需作一推广。本文提出了一种所谓Ekman动量近似,它相似于自由大气中的地转动量近似,并讨论了Ekman动量近似的物理基础,对边界层的风场结构及边界屋顶部的垂直速度也作了详细分析。 相似文献
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在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。 相似文献
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A range of large-eddy simulations, with differing free atmosphere stratification and zero or slightly positive surface heat flux, is investigated to improve understanding of the neutral and near-neutral, inversion-capped, horizontally homogeneous, barotropic atmospheric boundary layer with emphasis on the upper region. We find that an adjustment time of at least 16 h is needed for the simulated flow to reach a quasi-steady state. The boundary layer continues to grow, but at a slow rate that changes little after 8 h of simulation time. A common feature of the neutral simulations is the development of a super-geostrophic jet near the top of the boundary layer. The analytical wind-shear models included do not account for such a jet, and the best agreement with simulated wind shear is seen in cases with weak stratification above the boundary layer. Increasing the surface heat flux decreases the magnitude and vertical extent of the jet and leads to better agreement between analytical and simulated wind-speed profiles. Over a range of different inversion strengths and surface heat fluxes, we also find good agreement between the performed simulations and models of the equilibrium boundary-layer height, and of the budget of turbulent kinetic energy integrated across the boundary layer. 相似文献
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Hongrong SHI Hongbin CHEN Xiang&# ao XIA Xuehua FAN Jinqiang ZHANG Jun LI Chao LING 《大气科学进展》2017,34(6):783-790
Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus(SCu) clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km.Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion(~2.9℃). Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio(high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux), which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus. 相似文献
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定常态副热带高压与垂直运动的关系 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
文中利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料研究了定常条件下二维和三维空间上副热带高压与垂直运动的关系 ;比较了Hadley环流和副热带高压动力学的差异。结果显示由于地球自转 ,在副热带地区出现了最大的经向质量通量的辐合 ,导致了纬向平均副热带高压的形成。在热成风关系的制约下 ,除了在北半球夏季 ,通常副热带高压脊线随高度增加向赤道倾斜。Hadley环流的下沉支从对流层顶垂直地延伸到行星边界层。因此副热带高压脊线与该下沉支在自由大气中位置分离 ,年际变化反相 ;在行星边界层中摩擦耗散作用使两者重合 ,年际变化同相 ,但垂直运动对副热带高压的形成不起作用。三维空间上 ,沿行星边界层的副热带高压脊线处为下沉运动 ,副热带大洋东部强烈的下沉运动对应着强烈的向赤道气流。自由大气中 ,垂直下沉运动的分布与副热带高压的分布不同。大洋上副热带高压东部大气下沉 ,副热带高压西部大气上升。这一方面与等熵面的北高南低的倾斜分布在动力学上是一致的 ;另一方面还表明副热带高压的形成也与非绝热加热密切相关。总之 ,不论是在自由大气还是在边界层中 ,不能简单地把下沉运动看成是副热带高压形成的原因。 相似文献
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R.L. Raddatz 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):399-419
Abstract This paper describes a 1‐D agroclimatic model of the atmosphere/crop‐soil interface. Vertical profiles of wind, potential temperature and water vapour are constructed twice daily for the overnight‐low and maximum temperature times by combining 1200 and 0000 UTC upper‐air standard‐level grid‐point data with climatological observations. The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer has a surface constant‐flux layer that is usually topped by a mixed layer by day but not at night. The crop‐soil boundary layer consists of a shallow top‐zone and a growing root‐zone. Vegetation cover and root depth depend upon crop type and phenological stage. Water‐balance accounting tracks the moisture contents of both the top‐ and root‐zones. Evapotranspiration or the vertical flux of water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer is tied to the evolution of the crop‐soil boundary layer. The model was calibrated using field data from the Regional Evaporation Study's primary site in an agricultural area of central Saskatchewan. The evolution of 1991's wheat‐soil boundary layer from the crop's heading to ripe stages was then successfully simulated at two additional sites in the same geographical area. 相似文献
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The analytical results of the previous paper(Wu,1989)are used to study the properties of vertical veloc-ity distribution at the top of the boundary layer.The relative position of a jet like geostrophic flow and el-lipse-shaped orography will affect the characteristic feature of vertical motion at the top of the boundary layerwhen the contributions of friction and orography are taken into consideration simultaneously. 相似文献
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Wu Rongsheng 《大气科学进展》1985,2(1):1-7
In this paper, the influences of orography on the boundary layer flow with the approximation of geostrophic momentum are studied. The wind velocity at the lower boundary will not always be zero when the orography exists. So the structure of the boundary layer flow, as well as the vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer, is affected. There are three factors affecting the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer: lifting due to orography; divergence due to Ekman flow, and advection of the geostrophic momentum. These effects and the features of the flow within the boundary layer are discussed in detail. 相似文献
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In considering the weak non-linear effect, and using the small parameter expansion method, the analyt-ical expressions of the wind distribution within PBL (planetary boundary layer) and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained when the PBL is divided into three layers and different eddy transfer coefficients K are adopted for the three layers. The conditions of barotropy and neutrality for the PBL are extended to that of baroclinity and non-neutral stratification. An example of a steady circular vortex is used to display the characteristics of the horizontal wind within the PBL and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL. Some new results have been obtained, indicating that the magnitude of the speed in the lower height calculated by the present model is larger than that by the model in which k is a constant within the whole boundary layer, for example, in the classical Ekman boundary layer model and the model by Wu (1984). The angle between the wind at the top of the PBL and the wind near the surface calculated by the present model is less than that calculated by the single K model. These results are in agreement with the observations. 相似文献
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北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：17
给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素. 相似文献
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Observations of temperature microstructure in the atmosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to provide data of atmospheric temperature microstructure for the investigation of light prop-agation we measured fluctuations of atmospheric temperature below the height of 300 m with a platinum wire thermometer in Tianjin in May and September, 1980. The results measured in daytime revealed some properties of the temperature structure parameter and spectrum. It has been confirmed that there is a max-imum in the profile of the structure parameter produced probably by the entrainment in the interfacial layer at the top of convective boundary layer. The average of C2t in the interfacial layer and its Wyngaard calculating method are discussed, and the thickness of the interfacial layer is obtained.It is shown by spectrum analysis that a wide inertial subrange exists in the convective boundary layer and the strong turbulent zone in the free atmosphere. The spectral law with the power of -2.5 was measured within the upper half of boundary layer over the sea in vicinity of Tanggu. 相似文献
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Yves Delage 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,43(4):365-381
Two formulations of the stable atmospheric boundary layer are proposed for use in weather forecasting or climate models. They feature the log-linear profile near the surface, but are free from the associated critical Richardson number. The diffusion coefficients in the Ekman layer are a natural extension of the surface layer. They are locally determined using wind shear in one case and turbulent kinetic energy in the other. The parameterizations are tested in a one-dimensional model simulating the evolution of the nocturnal boundary layer with and without radiative cooling. Both formulations give very similar results, except near the top of the boundary layer where the transition to the free atmosphere is smoother with the wind shear formulation. A distinctive feature of these schemes is that they retain their simulating skill when resolution is reduced. This is verified for a wide range of situations. In practice, this means that there is no need for a large-scale model to have a level below 50 m or so. 相似文献
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The analytical results of the previous paper(Wu,1989)are used to study the properties of vertical veloc-ity distribution at the top of the boundary layer.The relative position of a jet like geostrophic flow and el-lipse-shaped orography will affect the characteristic feature of vertical motion at the top of the boundary layerwhen the contributions of friction and orography are taken into consideration simultaneously. 相似文献
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The effect of a vertical diffusion scheme over a stratocumulus topped boundary layer (STBL) was investigated using the YONU AGCM (Yonsei University Atmospheric General Circulation Model). To consider the impact of clouds on the turbulence production, the turbulence mixing term, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top, is implemented as an extended non-local diffiusion scheme. In the model with this new scheme, the STBL parameterization significantly influences the lower atmosphere over the tropical and... 相似文献
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Using the new high-frequency measurement equipment of the research aircraft DO 128, which is described in detail, turbulent vertical fluxes of ozone and nitric oxide have been calculated from data sampled during the ESCOMPTE program in the south of France. Based on airborne turbulence measurements, radiosonde data and surface energy balance measurements, the convective boundary layer (CBL) is examined under two different aspects. The analysis covers boundary-layer convection with respect to (i) the control of CBL depth by surface heating and synoptic scale influences, and (ii) the structure of convective plumes and their vertical transport of ozone and nitric oxides. The orographic structure of the terrain causes significant differences between planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights, which are found to exceed those of terrain height variations on average. A comparison of boundary-layer flux profiles as well as mean quantities over flat and complex terrain and also under different pollution situations and weather conditions shows relationships between vertical gradients and corresponding turbulent fluxes. Generally, NOx transports are directed upward independent of the terrain, since primary emission sources are located near the ground. For ozone, negative fluxes are common in the lower CBL in accordance with the deposition of O3 at the surface.The detailed structure of thermals, which largely carry out vertical transports in the boundary layer, are examined with a conditional sampling technique. Updrafts mostly contain warm, moist and NOx loaded air, while the ozone transport by thermals alternates with the background ozone gradient. Evidence for handover processes of trace gases to the free atmosphere can be found in the case of existing gradients across the boundary-layer top. An analysis of the size of eddies suggests the possibility of some influence of the heterogeneous terrain in mountainous area on the length scales of eddies. 相似文献
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A simple routine has been implemented to deduce the 24-hourevolution of the height of the atmospheric boundary layer. This uses a reduced data set of surface-layer parameters, as obtained for examplefrom surface automatic stations.The routine is based on the combination and fitting of the three alreadyexistent models for the evolution of the convectiveboundary layer, the stable boundary layer, and the surface inversionlayer.Hourly values of temperature, friction velocity and potentialtemperature scale (or sensible heat flux) in the surface layer need onlyto be supplied as input data. The lapse rate at the top of the daytime mixed layer is derived fromthe calculated surface inversion profile at sunrise, so that only a roughevaluation of the lapse rate in the free atmosphere remains to be given.The sensitivity of the mixed-layer height is expected to be not verystrong with respect to this last parameter (final part of the growth). The routine has shown satisfactory performances when compared withsodar measurements, working with only a rough average estimate of thefree atmosphere lapse rate. 相似文献
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With the Ekman momentum approximation,the influence of atmospheric baroclinity on the dynamics of boundarylayer is studied.Some new results are obtained.These results show that the atmospheric baroclinity plays an importantrole in altering the horizontal velocity of Ekman boundary layer and its angle with the horizontal wind velocity compo-nent near the surface.There are three different physical factors affecting the nonlinear Ekman suction,the vertical mo-tion at the top of boundary layer:first,barotropic geostrophic relative vorticity at the ground;second,the thermal windvorticity induced by the baroclinity;and third,the nonlinear interaction between the barotropic geostrophic relativevorticity and the baroclinic thermal wind vorticity.These results may provide a better physical basis for theparameterization of boundary layer and the interpretation of the numerical modeling results. 相似文献
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Sensitivity of simulated wintertime Arctic atmosphere to vertical resolution in the ARPEGE/IFS model
The current state-of-the-art general circulation models, including several of those used by the IPCC, show considerable biases
in the simulated present day high-latitude climate compared to observations and reanalysis data. These biases are most pronounced
during the winter season. We here employ ideal vertical profiles of temperature and wind from turbulence-resolving simulations
to perform a priori studies of the first-order eddy-viscosity closure scheme employed in the ARPEGE/IFS model. This reveals
that the coarse vertical resolution (31 layers) of the model cannot be expected to realistically resolve the Arctic stable
boundary layer. The curvature of the Arctic inversion and thus also the vertical turbulent-exchange processes cannot be reproduced
by the coarse vertical mesh employed. To investigate how turbulent vertical exchange processes in the Arctic boundary layer
are represented by the model parameterization, a simulation with high vertical resolution (90 layers in total) in the lower
troposphere is performed. Results from the model simulations are validated against data from the ERA-40 reanalysis. The dependence
of the surface air temperature on surface winds, surface energy fluxes, free atmosphere stability and boundary layer height
is investigated. The coarse-resolution run reveals considerable biases in these parameters, and in their physical relations
to surface air temperature. In the simulation with fine vertical resolution, these biases are clearly reduced. The physical
relation between governing parameters for the vertical turbulent-exchange processes improves in comparison with ERA-40 data. 相似文献