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1.
刘新春 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(3):68-74
沙尘气溶胶对全球气候变化的影响是当前国内外研究的热点问题。我国学者对沙尘气溶胶也开展了广泛的研究,尤其是在近10年,科研工作者对沙尘气溶胶的物理化学特性及其对气候的影响进行了重点研究。本文主要对沙尘气溶胶的物理特性（浓度、粒径谱分布、垂直分布特征及光学特性）、化学特性以及气候效应等方面的研究进行了综述,并对今后沙尘气溶胶研究中所面临的科学问题进行了展望。 相似文献
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沙尘气溶胶是地球上分布最广的自然气溶胶类型之一,也是气候系统中的重要成分。沙尘天气严重影响人类生产、生活和居住环境,对气候变化也存在显著作用。近年来,沙尘气溶胶的气候效应得到越来越多的关注和研究,但人们的工作主要集中在对现代沙尘气溶胶的研究,而对过去沙尘气溶胶气候效应的研究不多。本研究利用黄土粒度及沉积特征,根据现代沙尘暴的沉降特点,研究了60 kaB.P以来中国黄土高原南部地区沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应,结果表明：1）沙尘气溶胶产生的辐射效应主要表现在造成行星系统太阳辐射反射量的普遍增加,即沙尘过程具有明显的降温效应。2）气候效应上主要表现为对气候的负反馈。由沙尘粒度引起的行星反照率在全新世适宜期达最大值,而在冰期有最小值出现;在气候降温事件中,沙尘气溶胶造成行星反照率降低;每一次降温事件发生时气溶胶的降温效应会相应减弱。约60 kaB.P以来沙尘气溶胶给年均温度带来的影响是使其平均降幅在－0.8 K左右。3）利用黄土的粒度分布,结合现代气溶胶的观测可以估算地质时期沙尘气溶胶的气候效应。 相似文献
3.
沙尘气溶胶对气候的影响效应是目前全球气候变化研究的热点之一.在简单综述近10 a我国西北地区科研人员在沙尘源区的研究、起沙机制、沙尘气溶胶的光、化学特性和辐射气候效应等方面科研成果的基础上,对今后沙尘气溶胶研究中所面临的一些科学问题进行了展望. 相似文献
4.
中国沙尘气溶胶研究新进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
由于人类活动和气候变化的影响,沙尘气溶胶已成为一个重要的地球环境问题.近10年来,中国学者对沙尘气溶胶物理化学特性和气候效应的研究有了新的进展.前者偏重于对单次观测的研究,后者包括阳伞效应、冰核效应、铁肥料效应3个方面的研究,同时还开展了沙尘气溶胶的生态环境效应研究.上述研究虽取得一定成果,但由于沙尘气溶胶研究的极大不确定性,特别是缺乏对沙尘气溶胶长期、系统的观测,仍存在一些亟待解决的问题. 相似文献
5.
沙尘气溶胶在全球及区域尺度气候和环境变化中起着十分重要的作用,大气中的沙尘可通过"阳伞效应"、"冰核效应"和"铁肥料效应"影响全球气候。本文对沙尘气溶胶的气候效应及观测方法进行了介绍。 相似文献
6.
大气气溶胶研究的前沿问题 总被引：60，自引：3，他引：57
从4个方面对大气气溶胶研究的前沿问题作了总结和分析：气溶胶的基本特征、气溶胶的气候效应、沙尘气溶胶以及气溶胶对健康环境的影响。介绍了当前国际上有关的大气气溶胶研究计划,讨论了未来大气气溶胶研究的主要领域及研究方向。 相似文献
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浑善达克沙地沙尘气溶胶的粒谱特征 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
浑善达克沙地是我国主要沙尘气溶胶源地之一,但对其沙尘气溶胶特征一直缺乏研究.2001年4月末到5月初,在内蒙古浑善达克沙地利用PMS Fssp-100型激光粒谱仪进行了大气气溶胶的外场观测,取得了晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘粒子的数浓度采样资料,通过统计分析研究,总结出浑善达克沙地在不同天气条件下近地面沙尘气溶胶的粒谱分布规律.所得统计结果表明了与其他源地沙尘气溶胶的共同点、差异之处及其原因.这一结果也为沙尘气溶胶辐射气候效应的数值模拟提供了新的实测依据. 相似文献
9.
HABIB Ammara CHEN Bin SHI Guangyu IWASAKA Yasunobu NATH Debashis KHALID Bushra TAN Saichun MAHMOOD Tariq JIAO Reguang NTWALI Didier 《大气和海洋科学快报》2019,(1):12-20
塔克拉玛干沙漠是亚洲沙尘气溶胶的重要源地。为探讨塔克拉玛干地区沙尘气溶胶的理化特性与时空变化,研究其环境与气候效应,本文分析了四个季节在中国敦煌(塔克拉玛干沙漠内)取得的探空气球观测数据,包括气溶胶的数浓度、粒径分布、质量浓度及在西风主导下的水平输送通量。气溶胶数浓度的垂直廓线显示,来自沙漠地区的矿物粒子对局地环境与气候有重要影响,且所有季节都存在长距离输送。粒子谱分布显示局地有大量粗粒子输入。结果说明,源于塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘气溶胶的背景输送有着重要的科学意义,需进一步研究其对东亚和西太平洋地区环境与气候的影响。 相似文献
10.
中国北方沙尘气溶胶对云和降水影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
已有的研究表明中国北方千旱半干旱地区是对流层沙尘气溶胶的主要来源之一,对当地乃至全球气候都有重要的意义.利用数值模拟研究方法探讨不同干燥程度的大气背景环境下,沙尘气溶胶数浓度对混合云形成和发展的可能影响,并采用析因试验讨论了主次影响因素.结果表明:沙尘气溶胶的增加导致降水减少、延长了云在空中存在的时间,改变了云的空间结构和微观结构.析因分析表明干旱半干旱气候背景条件下,混合云的累计降水量对沙尘气溶胶数浓度变化的敏感性要高于对大气环境湿度的敏感性;沙尘气溶胶数浓度增加导致云累计降水量的减少;沙尘气溶胶数浓度和大气环境湿度对云的累计降水量的影响是复杂的,研究结果可以用于指导降水预报业务. 相似文献
11.
The authors used a high-resolution regional climate model(RegCM3) coupled with a chemistry/aerosol module to simulate East Asian climate in 2006 and to test the climatic impacts of aerosols on regionalscale climate.The direct radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosols(dust,sulfate,black carbon,and organic carbon) were discussed.The results indicated that aerosols generally produced negative radiative forcing at the top-of-the-atmosphere(TOA) over most areas of East Asia.The radiative forcing induced by aerosols exhibited significant seasonal and regional variations,with the strongest forcing occurring in summer.The aerosol feedbacks on surface air temperature and precipitation were clear.Surface cooling dominated features over the East Asian continental areas,which varied in the approximate range of-0.5 to-2°C with the maximum up to-3-C in summer over the deserts of West China.The aerosols induced complicated variations of precipitation.Except in summer,the rainfall generally varied in the range of-1 to 1 mm d-1 over most areas of China. 相似文献
12.
A semi-empirical model has been developed to reproduce glacial–interglacial changes of continental dust and marine sodium concentrations (factor of ∼50 and ∼5, respectively) observed in inland Antarctic ice cores. The model uses conceptual pathways of aerosols within the high troposphere; assumes the dry deposition of impurities on the Antarctic surface; uses estimates of aerosol transit times taken independent of climate; assumes a temperature-dependent removal process during aerosol pathways from the mid-latitudes. The model is fitted to the data over the last four climate cycles from Vostok and EPICA Dome C Antarctic sites. As temperature is cooling, the aerosol response suggests different modes of climate couplings between latitudes, which can be continuous or below temperature thresholds for sodium and dust, respectively. The model estimates a southern South America dust source activity two to three times higher for glacial periods than for the Holocene and a glacial temperature over the Southern Ocean 3–5 °C cooler. Both estimates appear consistent with independent observations. After removal of temperature effects, dust and sodium residuals for both sites show orbital frequencies in opposite phase at the precession timescale. Such long-term insolation-related modulation of terrestrial and marine aerosol input, could provide a chemical pacemaker useful for refining ice core chronologies. 相似文献
13.
The importance of specifying realistic lateral boundary conditions in the regional modeling of mineral aerosols has not been examined previously. This study examines the impact of assigning values for mineral aerosol (dust) concentrations at the lateral boundaries of Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) and its aerosol model over Southwest Asia. Currently, the dust emission module of RegCM3 operates over the interior of the domain, allowing dust to be transported to the boundaries, but neglecting any dust emitted at these points or from outside the domain. To account for possible dust occurring at, or entering from the boundaries, mixing ratios of dust concentrations from a larger domain RegCM3 simulation are specified at the boundaries of a smaller domain over Southwest Asia. The lateral boundary conditions are monthly averaged concentration values (μg of dust per kg of dry air) resolved in the vertical for all four dust bin sizes within RegCM3’s aerosol model. RegCM3 simulations with the aerosol/dust model including lateral boundary conditions for dust are performed for a five year period and compared to model simulations without prescribed dust concentrations at the boundaries. Results indicate that specifying boundary conditions has a significant impact on dust loading across the entire domain over Southwest Asia. More specifically, a nearly 30% increase in aerosol optical depth occurs during the summer months from specifying realistic dust boundary conditions, bringing model results closer to observations such as MISR. In addition, smaller dust particles at the boundaries have a more important impact than large particles in affecting the dust loading within the interior of this domain. Moreover, increases in aerosol optical depth and dust concentrations within the interior domain are not entirely caused by inflow from the boundaries; results indicate that an increase in the gradient of concentration at the boundaries causes an increase of diffusion from the boundaries. Lastly, experiments performed using a climatology of dust concentrations yield similar results to those using actual monthly values. Therefore, using a climatology of dust mixing ratios is sufficient in implementing lateral boundary conditions for mineral aerosols. In short, this work concludes that realistic specification of lateral boundary conditions for mineral aerosols can be important in modeling the dust loading over arid regional climates such as Southwest Asia. 相似文献
14.
By N. KAADEN A. MASSLING A. SCHLADITZ T. MÜLLER K. KANDLER L. SCHÜTZ B. WEINZIERL A. PETZOLD M. TESCHE S. LEINERT C. DEUTSCHER M. EBERT S. WEINBRUCH A. WIEDENSOHLER 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(1):51-63
The Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) was conducted in May and June 2006 in Tinfou, Morocco. A H-TDMA system and a H-DMA-APS system were used to obtain hygroscopic properties of mineral dust particles at 85% RH. Dynamic shape factors of 1.11, 1.19 and 1.25 were determined for the volume equivalent diameters 720, 840 and 960 nm, respectively.
During a dust event, the hydrophobic number fraction of 250 and 350 nm particles increased significantly from 30 and 65% to 53 and 75%, respectively, indicating that mineral dust particles can be as small as 200 nm in diameter. Log-normal functions for mineral dust number size distributions were obtained from total particle number size distributions and fractions of hydrophobic particles. The geometric mean diameter for Saharan dust particles was 715 nm during the dust event and 570 nm for the Saharan background aerosol.
Measurements of hygroscopic growth showed that the Saharan aerosol consists of an anthropogenic fraction (predominantly non natural sulphate and carbonaceous particles) and of mineral dust particles. Hygroscopic growth and hysteresis curve measurements of the 'more' hygroscopic particle fraction indicated ammonium sulphate as a main component of the anthropogenic aerosol. Particles larger than 720 nm in diameter were completely hydrophobic meaning that mineral dust particles are not hygroscopic. 相似文献
During a dust event, the hydrophobic number fraction of 250 and 350 nm particles increased significantly from 30 and 65% to 53 and 75%, respectively, indicating that mineral dust particles can be as small as 200 nm in diameter. Log-normal functions for mineral dust number size distributions were obtained from total particle number size distributions and fractions of hydrophobic particles. The geometric mean diameter for Saharan dust particles was 715 nm during the dust event and 570 nm for the Saharan background aerosol.
Measurements of hygroscopic growth showed that the Saharan aerosol consists of an anthropogenic fraction (predominantly non natural sulphate and carbonaceous particles) and of mineral dust particles. Hygroscopic growth and hysteresis curve measurements of the 'more' hygroscopic particle fraction indicated ammonium sulphate as a main component of the anthropogenic aerosol. Particles larger than 720 nm in diameter were completely hydrophobic meaning that mineral dust particles are not hygroscopic. 相似文献
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By RALPH KAHN REAS PETZOLD MANFRED WENDISCH EIKE BIERWIRTH TILMAN DINTER MICHAEL ESSELBORN MARCUS FIEBIG BIRGIT HEESE PETER KNIPPERTZ DETLEF MÜLLER ALEXANDER SCHLADITZ WOLFGANG VON HOYNINGEN-HUENE 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(1):239-251
Coincident observations made over the Moroccan desert during the Sahara mineral dust experiment (SAMUM) 2006 field campaign are used both to validate aerosol amount and type retrieved from multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) observations, and to place the suborbital aerosol measurements into the satellite's larger regional context. On three moderately dusty days during which coincident observations were made, MISR mid-visible aerosol optical thickness (AOT) agrees with field measurements point-by-point to within 0.05–0.1. This is about as well as can be expected given spatial sampling differences; the space-based observations capture AOT trends and variability over an extended region. The field data also validate MISR's ability to distinguish and to map aerosol air masses, from the combination of retrieved constraints on particle size, shape and single-scattering albedo. For the three study days, the satellite observations (1) highlight regional gradients in the mix of dust and background spherical particles, (2) identify a dust plume most likely part of a density flow and (3) show an aerosol air mass containing a higher proportion of small, spherical particles than the surroundings, that appears to be aerosol pollution transported from several thousand kilometres away. 相似文献
16.
通过比较EMAC模式模拟结果和卫星观测结果证实了模式的可信性,进而利用模拟结果分析研究了2010～2012年青藏高原上空气溶胶光学厚度及其直接辐射强迫的时空分布规律。结果表明:所有气溶胶组分中,沙尘、水溶性气溶胶和气溶胶中液态水是高原的主要消光物质,三者年平均消光占比分别为0.27、0.20和0.49。2011年夏季纳布罗火山爆发,高空气溶胶消光在海拔14 km以上显著增强。青藏高原气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布总体上由北向南递减,沙尘气溶胶在高原北部边缘大气顶产生正辐射强迫,气溶胶大气层直接辐射强迫对大气有增温效应,主要出现在沙尘含量高的地区。此外,受纳布罗火山爆发的影响,平流层气溶胶在2011年秋、冬季产生了明显较强的负辐射强迫,相比于无火山爆发的2010年和 2012年,青藏高原上空平流层气溶胶负辐射强迫在2011年秋季和冬季分别增加了55.50%和52.38%。 相似文献
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基于对五道梁大气气溶胶来源的分析结果和青藏高原及其附近地区环流和天气特征，根据各源气溶胶的浓度变化与单站气象要素变化的关系，讨论了气溶胶的源区和输送。五道梁有两个稳定的污染排放源，全年均对该地低层大气有影响。 相似文献
18.
Partial control of climate by the biosphere may be possible through a chain of processes that ultimately links marine plankton production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) with changes in cloud albedo (Charlson et al., 1987). Changes in cloud optical properties can have profound impacts on atmospheric radiation transfer and, hence, the surface environment. In this study, we have developed a simple model that incorporates empirically based parameterizations to account for the biological control of cloud droplet concentration in a first attempt to estimate the strength of the DMS-cloud albedo feedback mechanism. We find that the feedback reduces the global climatic response to imposed perturbations in solar insolation by less than 7%. Likewise, it modifies the strength of other feedbacks affecting surface insolation over oceans by roughly the same amount. This suggests that the DMS-cloud albedo mechanism will be unable to substantially reduce climate sensitivity, although these results should be confirmed with less idealized models when more is known about the net production of DMS by the marine biosphere and its relation to aerosol/cloud microphysics and climate. 相似文献
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In this study, a combination of satellite observations and reanalysis datasets is used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution, classification and source of pollutants over the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau(ESTP). The aerosol optical depth(AOD) over the ESTP is extremely large and even larger than some important industrialized regions and deserts. The main aerosol component over the ESTP is sulfate, followed by carbonaceous and dust aerosols. Local emissions related to human activity directly contribute to the accumulation of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols over the Sichuan Basin. In addition, in spring, abundant carbonaceous aerosols emitted from forest, grassland and savanna fires in Southeast Asia can be transported by the prevailing southwesterly wind to southern China and the ESTP. The dust AOD over the ESTP peaks in spring because of the transport from the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts. Additionally, the high aerosol loading over the ESTP is also directly related to the meteorological background. Due to the special topography, the terrain-driven circulation can trap aerosols in the Sichuan Basin and these aerosols can climb along the ESTP due to the perennial updraft. The aerosol loading is lowest in summer because of effective wet deposition induced by the strong precipitation and better dispersion conditions due to the larger vertical temperature gradients and ascending air movement enhanced by the plateau heat pump effect. In contrast,the aerosol loading is greatest in winter. Abundant anthropogenic aerosols over the ESTP may generate some climatic and environmental risks and consequently greatly influence the downstream regions. 相似文献
20.
Assuming spheroidal and spherical particle shapes for mineral dust aerosols, the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals, and subsequently on instantaneous shortwave direct radiative forcing (SWDRF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), is assessed based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for a case study. Specifically, a simplified aerosol retrieval algorithm based on the principle of the Deep Blue aerosol retrieval method is employed to retrieve dust aerosol optical depths, and the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model is used to derive the instantaneous SWDRF of dust at the TOA for cloud-free conditions. Without considering the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals, the effect of particle shape on the scattering properties of dust aerosols (e.g., extinction efficiency, single scattering albedo and asymmetry factor) is negligible, which can lead to a relative difference of at most 5% for the SWDRF at the TOA. However, the effect of particle shape on the SWDRF cannot be neglected provided that the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals is also taken into account for SWDRF calculations. The corresponding results in an instantaneous case study show that the relative differences of the SWDRF at the TOA between spheroids and spheres depend critically on the scattering angles at which dust aerosol optical depths are retrieved, and can be up to 40% for low dust-loading conditions. 相似文献