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1.
1605年7月13日海南琼山发生7.5级强震,造成东寨港一带陆陷成海,72个村庄被海水淹没,万顷良田变沧海,各类建筑物倒毁殆尽,3300余人死亡。此次地震震中烈度Ⅹ度强,是迄今为止华南地区毁坏性最大的地震,留下了中国唯一陆陷成海的古地震遗址,形成了世界罕见的大规模“海底村庄”景观。2004年12月26日在印尼苏门答腊西北近海发生8.7级地震引发的海啸波及了亚洲和非洲至少10个国家和地区,近30万人死亡,造成了人类历史上空前的灾难和数百亿美元的经济损失。随着社会的进步、经济的快速发展,工业化、城镇化进程的不断加快,地震灾害对社会的经济影响… 相似文献
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2021年2月13日日本福岛县东部海域(Off-Fukushima)发生的MW7.1地震是目前世界最大的海底观测系统——日本海沟地震和海啸海底观测网(S-net)——迄今为止记录到最大的俯冲带地震.为认识海底地震动并探究海陆差异,本文介绍了S-net海域台网及其数据处理的特殊性和必要性,分析了Off-Fukushima地震的地震动幅值、频谱和持时特征,比较了海底与陆地震动衰减特性的异同,对比了近海岸埋置台站、近海沟未埋台站及陆地台站地震动的差异,并与俯冲带地震动模型(GMM)进行了比较.结果表明：Off-Fukushima地震海底水平向PGV和周期大于0.5 s的加速度反应谱值显著大于陆地记录;相比陆地,海底动力放大系数谱向长周期方向偏移,表明海底记录长周期成分更丰富;受到海水的抑制作用,海底记录V/H反应谱比值小于陆地记录;由于海底记录与陆地GMM在路径和场地方面存在差异,水平向PGA及反应谱的残差分布出现明显偏移;海底近海岸埋置台站与近海沟未埋台站的地震动特征存在系统性差异,水平向差异很可能与海底地形有关,而竖向可能受到布设方式对台站与海底耦合程度的影响.本文... 相似文献
3.
经统计与研究,多数地震是不引发海啸的,故地震与海啸不存在直接的因果关系。这是因为引发地震海啸(特别是大的地震海啸)的直接原因,主要是海底地震所造成的次生的巨大体积的海底滑坡和崩塌,而不是海底地震时海底地面的同震错断与变形。因此,若未来震中附近存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,只要发生地震,不论震级大小与震源深浅,也不论震源类型(即倾滑或走滑)都可引起海底滑坡和崩塌,进而引发海啸。若未来震中附近不存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,再大震级的地震,即使是倾滑型地震也不能引发海啸 相似文献
4.
检查地质记录中的现代、历史和海底滑坡发现,活跃大陆边缘的滑坡可导致海啸。海啸可破坏海岸及海底设施,而且由于其对社会的潜在重大影响,也是海洋地质灾害研究的要素。在此类环境中,海啸被认为主要由地震活动触发;然而,也有一些假说认为海底滑坡可导致海啸。本文简要综述了活跃陆缘可致海啸的海底滑坡地质特征和触发机制。可致海啸的大型海底滑坡大都发生在无增生的陆缘。这些观测结果对海啸预警系统有一定的借鉴意义,因为日本的海啸预警系统尚未考虑海底滑坡触发海啸的情形。 相似文献
5.
2007年4月1日,一次大海啸地震(MW8.1)使得所罗门群岛俯冲带在一个三联点处破裂。在这个三联点上,澳大利亚板块、所罗门海-伍德拉克盆地板块在不同滑动方向上同时向太平洋板块俯冲。大地震过程中,相关的滑动方向突变使得太平洋板块上部收敛滞弹性变形,这就产生了Simbo俯冲断层之上弧前的局部隆起,潜在地放大了局地海啸振幅。地震周期过程中的弹性形变似乎主要通过上冲的太平洋弧前来调节。这次地震显示了极其年轻的俯冲大洋岩石圈的孕震潜力和横贯坚实地质边界的破裂能力,也显示了引起隆起和海啸的复杂同震滑动的后果。 相似文献
6.
1605年琼州地震,是迄今发生在我国海南岛地区仅有的一次大地震.对该次地震震害特征和发震构造的深入研究,将有助于正确评定该地区的地震危险性;对研究南海北部陆缘地带的地震特征和发震构造,具有重要意义. 本文作者在雷琼地区进行了详细的实地考察,发现了大批记载本次大震情景和震害状况的家谱、族谱和碑记;发现并证实了该次地震所造成的大规模陆陷成海的遗墟.本项研究结果认为,1605年琼州大地震的震中烈度达ⅩⅠ度;震级为7 1/2——8级;震中位于琼山县塔市附近(北纬20,东经110.5). 对震源区地质构造和地球物理场的研究结果表明,该次大地震的发震断裂为NEE走向的光村——铺前深断裂和NNW走向的塔市——演丰断裂(以前者为主);该次大地震是水平构造应力(主压应力轴方向为NWW300左右)和垂直构造应力共同作用的结果;垂直向构造应力在大震发生和造成大规模陆陷成海过程中起着主要作用. 重、磁等地球物理场特征研究结果还表明,1605年琼州大地震的发生,不是单纯地壳构造断裂的结果,而是深部地球物理场在此震源区的特殊构造部位,由于主要震源断裂两盘重力场特征不同的构造块体物质密度,即重力场源的差异,在重力均衡补偿调整的过程中,上地幔的隆起与拗陷的差异升降、岩浆物质的差异运动,以及热动力的差异运动的复合结果. 相似文献
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8.
1主震2011年3月11日日本当地时间14时46分,发生了以宫城县近海为震中的M9.0东北地方太平洋近海地震。其后,特大海啸袭击了东北地方太平洋沿岸。根据震源区和机制解等的分析确定,这次地震是在俯冲的太平洋板块和陆地板块边界发生的板间地 相似文献
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10.
根据构造相似条件分析,琉球海沟与日本海沟、智利海沟、印尼巽他海沟一样具备发生9级罕遇超巨大地震的可能。在对近几年来全球发生的超巨大地震参数及构造对比分析的基础上,设定琉球海沟9.0级地震参数,并将其引发的海啸进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,该地震可引发初始波高为8m的海啸,台湾东北部半小时后遭受10m以上海啸,3~4小时左右传至浙南、闽北沿岸,近岸各处波高在1~2m;5小时左右传至浙北、粤北沿岸,浙江近岸各处波高在2m左右,广东沿海、台湾海峡由于台湾岛的正面阻挡,海啸波高低于50cm;8小时后靠近上海海岸线,最大波高约1m。海啸的上岸高度与海岸附近的海深和海岸线的形态密切相关,我国东南海域地形变化复杂、海湾众多,对海啸波有放大作用,模拟结果可能比实际海啸偏小。我国沿海地区分布着不少已建和在建的核电厂,在核电设计时未考虑海啸,一旦发生这种罕遇地震海啸则影响不可忽视,尤其是若与风暴潮、天文大潮叠加则可能出现严重后果。由于核电安全要求万无一失,故须制订有效预警和应对措施。 相似文献
11.
2004年12月26日苏门答腊岛安达曼海附近海域发生的9．0级地震和2005年3月28日苏门答腊岛明打威群岛北附近海域的8．7级地震,在构造环境、震级、震源深度、地震类型都相似的情况下,为何前者引发海啸,后者不引发的海啸？对此进行了对比分析,认为9．0级地震发生时,在其震源体附近的两板块相交的海沟两侧陡坡蕴育着滑坡体或和崩塌体（或者两者都有）,9．0级地震发生时,强烈的地震波,促使滑坡体的滑动或崩塌体的崩塌,推压和扰动海水,引发诲啸。而8．7级地震发生时、在其震源体附近的两板块相交的海沟两侧陡坡无滑坡体或和崩塌体,或先存滑坡体或崩塌体在9．0级地震发生时已滑坡或崩塌殆尽,当8.7地震发生时,无滑坡体滑动或崩塌体崩塌,不可能对海水有较大的扰动,故不可能引发海啸。 相似文献
12.
从概念上区分风暴潮和地震海啸,讨论风暴潮和地震海啸的形成、分布;通过对中国大陆沿海地震海啸和大陆架情况的分析,认为山东日照地区沿海既不具备形成地震海啸的条件,也不可能受非本地地震海啸的影响。日照沿海遭受的海洋灾害主要是风暴潮。 相似文献
13.
Tsunami induced by earthquake is an interaction problem between liquid and solid.Shallow-water wave equation is often used to modeling the tsunami,and the boundary or initial condition of the problem is determined by the displacement or velocity field from the earthquake under sea floor,usually no interaction between them is consid-ered in pure liquid model.In this study,the potential flow theory and the finite element method with the interaction between liquid and solid are employed to model the dynamic processes of the earthquake and tsunami.For model-ing the earthquake,firstly the initial stress field to generate the earthquake is set up,and then the occurrence of the earthquake is simulated by suddenly reducing the elastic material parameters inside the earthquake fault.It is dif-ferent from seismic dislocation theory in which the relative slip on the fault is specified in advance.The modeling results reveal that P,SP and the surface wave can be found at the sea surface besides the tsunami wave.The surface wave arrives at the distance of 600 km from the epicenter earlier than the tsunami 48 minutes,and its maximum amplitude is 0.55 m,which is 2 times as large as that of the sea floor.Tsunami warning information can be taken from the surface wave on the sea surface,which is much earlier than that obtained from the seismograph stations on land.The tsunami speed on the open sea with 3 km depth is 175.8 m/s,which is a little greater than that pre-dicted by long wave theory,(gh)1/2=171.5 m,and its wavelength and amplitude in average are 32 km and 2 m,respectively.After the tsunami propagates to the continental shelf,its speed and wavelength is reduced,but its amplitude become greater,especially,it can elevate up to 10 m and run 55 m forward in vertical and horizontal directions at sea shore,respectively.The maximum vertical accelerations at the epicenter on the sea surface and on the earthquake fault are 5.9 m/s2 and 16.5 m/s2,respectively,the later is 2.8 times the former,and therefore,sea water is a good shock 相似文献
14.
The giant Tohoku-Oki earthquake of 11 March 2011 in offshore Japan did not only generate tsunami waves in the ocean but also
infrasound (or acoustic–gravity) waves in the atmosphere. We identified ultra-long-period signals (>500 s) in the recordings
of infrasound stations in northeast Asia, the northwest Pacific, and Alaska. Their source was found close to the earthquake
epicenter. Therefore, we conclude that in general, infrasound observations after a large offshore earthquake are evidence
that the surface and the floor of the sea have been significantly vertically displaced by the earthquake and that a tsunami
must be expected. Since infrasound is traveling faster than the tsunami, such information may be used for tsunami early warnings. 相似文献
15.
On 11 March 2011 a subsea earthquake off the north-eastern coast of Honshu Island, Japan generated a huge tsunami which was felt throughout the Pacific. At the opposite end of the Pacific Ocean, on the south-east coast of Australia, multiple reflections, scatterings and alternate pathways lead to a prolonged and complicated response. This response was largely unaltered in crossing the continental shelf but was then transformed by bay resonances and admittances. These effects are described using data from tide recorders sparsely spread over 1,000 km of the coast. Some new adaptations and applications of time-series analysis are applied to separate tsunami waves that have followed different pathways but contain the same spectral components. The possible types of harbour response are classified and illustrated. Despite its small height in this region, the tsunami put several swimmers at serious risk and generated strong harbour oscillations, which should be considered when generating future warnings. 相似文献
16.
Georgy Shevchenko Alexander Shishkin Grigory Bogdanov Artem Loskutov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(11):2011-2021
Bottom pressure gauges deployed in bays of Shikotan Island (South Kuril Islands) recently recorded two tsunamis: the Simushir
(Kuril Islands) tsunami of January 13, 2007 generated by a local earthquake with magnitude M
w = 8.1 and the Peruvian tsunami of August 15, 2007 generated by a distant earthquake, M
w = 8.0. The records enabled us to investigate the properties of these two tsunamis and to estimate the effect of the regional
and nearshore topography on arriving tsunami waves. Eigen periods and spatial structure of resonant oscillations in particular
bays were examined based on results of numerical modeling. Significant amplification of the fundamental (Helmholtz) resonant
modes in Malokurilskaya Bay (19 min) and in Krabovaya Inlet (29 min) and some secondary modes was caused by the Simushir tsunami.
The considerably different geometry and bottom topography of these bays, located on the inner coast of the island, determine
the differences in their eigen periods; the only mutual peak, which was found in both basins, had a period of 5 min and was
probably related to the source features. The Peruvian tsunami was clearly recorded by the bottom pressure gauge in Tserkovnaya
Bay on the outer (oceanic) coast of the island. Three dominant periods in the tsunami spectrum at this bay were 60, 30 and
19 min; the latter period was found to be related to the fundamental mode of the bay, while the other two periods appear to
be associated with the shelf resonant amplification of tsunami waves arriving in the region of the South Kuril Islands. The
prevalence of low-frequency components in the observed tsunami spectrum is probably associated with the large extension of
the initial source area and faster decay of short period waves during the long trans-oceanic tsunami propagation. 相似文献
17.
Y. Tanioka 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2000,157(6-8):977-988
—The 1994 great Kuril earthquake generated an unusual tsunami that was observed at five tide gauges on the Hokkaido coast of the Okhotsk Sea. The tsunami arrived at tide gauges considerably earlier than the expected time, calculated on the assumption that the tsunami source area coincides with the aftershock area. Numerical simulation of the tsunami shows that the first wave of the tsunami in the Okhotsk Sea was generated by the significant subsidence north of the Kuril Islands. It is assumed that this subsidence is due to the earthquake. The coseismic deformation area of the ocean bottom extended over a vastly larger area than the aftershock area or the rupture area for the Kuril earthquake. The numerical simulation also shows that the tsunami observed at Utoro during the first hour after the origin time of the earthquake was mainly generated by the horizontal movement of the sloping ocean bottom near the Shiretoko Peninsula. 相似文献
18.
Toshitaka Baba Phil R. Cummins Hong Kie Thio Hiroaki Tsushima 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(1-2):55-76
The importance of accurate tsunami simulation has increased since the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami that followed it, because it is an important tool for inundation mapping and, potentially, tsunami warning. An important source of uncertainty in tsunami simulations is the source model, which is often estimated from some combination of seismic, geodetic or geological data. A magnitude 8.3 earthquake that occurred in the Kuril subduction zone on 15 November, 2006 resulted in the first teletsunami to be widely recorded by bottom pressure recorders deployed in the northern Pacific Ocean. Because these recordings were unaffected by shallow complicated bathymetry near the coast, this provides a unique opportunity to investigate whether seismic rupture models can be inferred from teleseismic waves with sufficient accuracy to be used to forecast teletsunami. In this study, we estimated the rupture model of the 2006 Kuril earthquake by inverting the teleseimic waves and used that to model the tsunami source. The tsunami propagation was then calculated by solving the linear long-wave equations. We found that the simulated 2006 Kuril tsunami compared very well to the ocean bottom recordings when simultaneously using P and long-period surface waves in the earthquake source process inversion. 相似文献
19.
1604年泉州海外大地震及其海啸影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于史料记载的模糊和局限性, 1604年泉州海外8级大地震是否引发地震海啸灾难, 一直是有争议的。 该文从这次地震历史资料的辨别、 考证和分析研究认为, 泉州海外大地震并未引发地震海啸产生的显著灾害。 在相关的史料与台湾海峡发震构造的分析基础上, 通过潜在海啸源的鉴别以及海啸源参数的确定, 对泉州滨海断裂和台湾海峡浅滩南缘海啸源进行数值模拟计算。 在计算过程中, 利用了1994年台湾海峡浅滩南缘地震的海啸波验潮站资料, 对计算模型和方法进行了检验。 1604年泉州海外大地震的潜在海啸源(滨海断裂)的数值计算结果表明, 海啸波对泉州湾沿岸的增减水效应不足以造成灾难性的影响, 因此也为1604年泉州海外大地震未引发灾难性的海啸提供了新的证据。 相似文献
20.
Yoshinobu Tsuji Fumihiko Imamura Hideo Matsutomi Costas E. Synolakis Puspito T. Nanang Jumadi Satoshi Harada Se Sub Han Ken'ichi Arai Benjamin Cook 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):839-854
A field survey of the June 3, 1994 East Java earthquake tsunami was conducted within three weeks, and the distributions of the seismic intensities, tsunami heights, and human and house damages were surveyed. The seismic intensities on the south coasts of Java and Bali Islands were small for an earthquake with magnitudeM 7.6. The earthquake caused no land damage. About 40 minutes after the main shock, a huge tsunami attacked the coasts, several villages in East Java Province were damaged severely, and 223 persons perished. At Pancer Village about 70 percent of the houses were swept away and 121 persons were killed by the tsunami. The relationship between tsunami heights and distances from the source shows that the Hatori's tsunami magnitude wasm=3, which seems to be larger for the earthquake magnitude. But we should not consider this an extraordinary event because it was pointed out byHatori (1994) that the magnitudes of tsunamis in the Indonesia-Philippine region generally exceed 1–2 grade larger than those of other regions. 相似文献