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1.
祁连山疏勒河上游基流变化及其影响因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基流是河川径流的重要组成部分,也是干旱半干旱地区最重要的枯季水文特征之一. 基流在维持河川径流和维护河流湖泊生态等方面具有重要意义. 基于祁连山疏勒河上游出山口控制水文站昌马堡站1954-2009年的日径流资料,采用递归数字滤波法和平滑最小值法对日径流进行基流分割,对比分析基流和基流指数BFI的变化特征,并从气温和降水两方面探讨基流变化的主要影响因素. 结果表明：两种方法的计算结果有差异,但平滑最小值法更适用于研究区. 疏勒河上游多年平均基流量为6.07×108m3,基流变化总体上呈上升趋势,进入21世纪以后基流量增加最为显著. 研究区多年平均基流指数为0.66,基流指数的年际变化相对比较稳定,但年内波动幅度较大. 在长时间尺度上,降水是基流变化的主要影响因素,降水量的增加在一定程度上影响了基流和基流指数的变化. 在全球变暖的背景下,气温升高导致冰雪融水的增加和冻土的退化,间接的影响了基流的变化. 相似文献
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基于2009年5月至2011年10月科其喀尔冰川的花杆观测资料,对其消融区的表面运动特征进行分析. 结果表明：冰川消融区的年水平运动速度最大值为86.69 m·a-1,年垂直运动速度最大值为15.34 m·a-1,均出现在冰川海拔4 000~4 200 m的消融区上部;在靠近冰川末端的冰舌下部,受冰量补给减弱、厚层表碛覆盖等影响,冰川运动缓慢,年水平运动速度小于5 m·a-1,而垂直运动速度值小于2 m·a-1. 大多数横剖面的水平运动速度具有从中部向边缘逐渐减小的特征,而有的剖面却出现局部速度增大的区域. 整体而言,冰川水平及垂直运动速度随海拔降低而减小,符合冰川运动的一般规律,但主要受地形作用的影响,垂直运动速度随海拔的变化会出现波动. 消融期月水平运动速度与同期气温和降水的变化具有一定的相关性,可能反映出气候快速变化对冰川运动的影响. 相似文献
3.
通过辽西某厂泥石流灾害的实地调查,阐述了泥石流发生的条件,介绍了泥石流危害,分析了泥石流的现状并预测了发展趋势,提出了防治措施。 相似文献
4.
南水北调西线工程泥石流灾害及危险区划 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
南水北调西线工程是拟议中的国家重大建设工程,通过"五坝七洞一渠"共计260km的引水线路,引长江上游雅砻江和大渡河水入黄河。泥石流在工程区多有分布,现已查明,工程区共有不同危险度等级的泥石流沟103条。泥石流危险区划结果表明,研究区内没有泥石流极高危险区;泥石流高度危险区总面积为73km2,主要集中分布在杜柯河流域,达曲和泥曲流域有零星分布;泥石流中度危险区总面积114·75km2,各流域均有分布,其中杜柯河和达曲流域分布较多;泥石流低度危险区是分布最广的区域,总面积156·75km2,各流域均有分布,以杜柯河流域分布略多。研究表明,用单沟泥石流危险度值作为综合指标,以具有不同泥石流危险度等级的泥石流沟流域面积作为权重的加权平均方法,采用网格作为泥石流危险区划的基本单元,能够直接而真实地获得泥石流危险区划的成果。用本文提出的方法进行地质灾害的危险区划,无疑比用间接方法和替代指标得出的危险区划结果具有更高的可靠性。 相似文献
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Heat generation produced by radioactive decay of long-lived isotopes in the Earth’s crust (radiogenic heat flow) within the Paleozoic provinces of the Central Asian Fold Belt is considered. Heat flow from the mantle is calculated as the difference between the observed heat flow and the radiogenic flow. The major cause of this heat flow is the transition of potential energy of gravity differentiation into heat; in this respect, mantle heat flow is called gravigenic. Calculation shows that the fractions of radiogenic and gravigenic heat flows in the Paleozoides studied are nearly equal. 相似文献
6.
黄河源区基流量的变化规律及影响因素 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选用改进的加里宁方法计算出源区的基流量,利用小波变换、小系数方差等方法分析了1955—1999年基流量周期变化规律,同时利用显著周期振幅的不稳定性,计算同周期基流量与气象要素的小波系数的相关系数,判定了基流量变化趋势及显著周期的气象成因,确定了三次断流的原因。计算结果表明:源区基流量存在一个强趋势项、7~8a与3~4a两个显著周期。强趋势项决定了基流量的总体变化规律。受其影响,20世纪50年代以来,源区基流量呈现枯—丰—枯的变化规律。强趋势项与两个显著周期的叠加是基流丰枯变化的本质,是历史上三次断流的根本原因。计算结果还表明,基流量的强趋势项为气温所致,两个显著周期为降水所致。源区植被覆盖率与基流指数成负相关关系,当植被覆盖率增加20%时,基流指数将减少10%以上。 相似文献
7.
理想的沉积盆地地下水动力场模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种，其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为4种类型：①泥岩压榨水离心流；②大气水下渗向心流；③越流、越流－蒸发泄水；④滞留。地下水动力场演化具有旋回性，每个旋回可以分为两个阶段：①盆地沉降接受沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段；②盆地抬升剥蚀阶段的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随着沉积盆地的形成与演化，水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性：盆地北部和东部大气水不对称下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区压榨水形成离心流和越流；盆地南部以越流－蒸发浓缩为特征。在纵向上地下水动力的强度具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。 相似文献
8.
Specific conductance and concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium were measured daily in the Sacramento River flow to northern San Francisco Bay during the rainfall seasons of 1983 and 1984 (high flow) and during late summer and early fall of 1984 (low flow). Flow and concentrations of chemical species varied in response to storm events during high flow, but flow was more variable than concentrations of chemical species. Runoff from agriculturally developed areas appeared to increase specific conductance and concentrations of alkalinity during high flow. During low flow, inputs of agricultural tailwaters caused variations in concentrations of alkalinity and dissolved silica. Dilution of municipal waste by river flow caused variability in concentrations of ammonium during both high flow and low flow. Distributions of alkalinity, dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium were measured in northern San Francisco Bay during late summer and fall of 1984. Changes in distributions of alkalinity in the estuary were caused by variations in alkalinity in the Sacramento River. Changes in distributions of dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium appeared to be primarily related to variations in supply by the river and removal by phytoplankton. Effects of removal by phytoplankton were large for ammonium and dissolved silica, but appeared relatively small for nitrate. 相似文献
9.
A. Y. Sidorchuk A. V. Panin O. K. Borisova S. A. Elias J. P. Syvistki 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(3):541-549
The relicts of large meandering palaeochannels are found throughout the territory of the periglacial zone of the Last (Valdai=Weichselian) Glaciation on the Russian Plain. Channel widths of macromeanders can be 15 times larger than the recent meanders of the same rivers. Palaeolandscape and palaeohydrological reconstructions show that these periglacial river channels were formed under conditions of high spring water flow, up to eight times greater than the modern discharges, when the flow coefficient was close to 0.9-1.0 due to presence of permafrost, summers were dry and streams lacked ground water supply. Permafrost degradation increased soil permeability in spring and increased ground water flow in summer, causing a decrease of annual flow (due mainly to the flood flow decrease in spring). As a result, large periglacial channels were abandoned and transformed into lakes and bogs. Late Holocene channels have much smaller channel widths and meander lengths. These were formed under conditions of lower annual flows and much steadier flow regime. 相似文献
10.
根据雅砻江下游梯级水库水电站的布置和河道生态环境要求,分别设置了两个流量控制断面:锦屏二级电站引水闸址下减水河段、二滩电站坝址下游河段.针对这两个控制断面河道流量的要求,提出了25组生态流量控泄方案,建立了以梯级水电站群发电量最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用动态规划法进行求解,获得各个方案下梯级水电站群多年平均发电量及水库调度出流过程.比较分析了减水河段生态流量及二滩水库泄流控制方案对发电量的影响,定义并计算了生态需水电能损失指标.对梯级水库调度出流过程进行了初步评价.结果表明:二滩水库出流维持天然径流模式,将限制水库调节能力和减少梯级电站发电效益. 相似文献
11.
The structures of plasma flows in close binary systems whose accretors have strong intrinsic magnetic fields are studied. A close binary system with the parameters of a typical polar is considered. The results of three-dimensional numerical simulations of the matter flow from the donor into the accretor Roche lobe are presented. Special attention is given to the flow structure in the vicinity of the inner Lagrangian point, where the accretion flow is formed. The interaction of the accretion-flow material from the donor’s envelope with the magnetic field of the accretor results in the formation of a hierarchical structure of the magnetosphere, because less dense areas of the accretion flow are stopped by the magnetic field of the white dwarf earlier than more dense regions. Taking into account this kind of magnetosphere structure can affect analysis results and interpretation of the observations. 相似文献
12.
都江堰市八一沟泥石流形成条件与动力学特征分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
八一沟泥石流位于汶川"5.12"大地震极重灾区四川省都江堰市,是一条典型的沟谷型泥石流。本文在分析八一沟泥石流沟流域和泥石流基本特征的基础上,首先对形成泥石流的地形、水源、物源三个基本条件进行了深入论述,接着详细计算了泥石流的重质、流速、流量、冲出量等动力学参数,然后分析了泥石流的发展趋势,最后根据泥石流危险性和被保护对象的重要性,并提出了防治建议。 相似文献
13.
Frequent flow cutoff has a serious effect on the eco-environment of the region along the Lower Yellow River. The authors study
the impact on lateral seepage quantity and groundwater cycling caused by cutoff of the Yellow River and compare it with that
of the year 1999 through the numerical simulation model of groundwater flow system of the affected zone. The lateral seepage
quantity decreased 53.8% on flow cutoff stage from Huayuankou to the river entrance and breaking time of 300 d. The lateral
seepage quantity will decrease 46.3% if flow cutoff is from Jiahetan to the river entrance and breaking time is 300 d, and
it will decrease 75.2% if flow cutoff occurs throughout the year. The lateral seepage quantity will decrease 19.8% if flow
cutoff is from Luokou to the river entrance and breaking time is 300 d, and it will decrease 25.1% if flow cutoff occurs throughout
the year. The lateral seepage quantity will decrease 4.7% if flow cutoff is from Lijin to the river entrance and flow cutoff
occurs throughout the year. Flow cutoff of the Yellow River has a minor effect on the shape of groundwater flow domain of
the affected zone. Thus, the boundary condition of the shallow groundwater system will not change. Although flow cutoff has
a major influence on the riverside source fields in the Lower Yellow River, it will not have a significant effect on groundwater
resources macroscopically in the affected zone of the Yellow River due to its large storage capacity.
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Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2007, 37(5): 937–942 [译自: 吉林大学学报(地球科学版)] 相似文献
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低渗透介质中的水流会影响水文地质系统和地球化学系统的演化,影响石油和矿藏的形成。低渗透介质在废弃物的处置和填埋、工程安全以及环境变化方面都是非常重要的。长期以来,人们在分析中一直以达西定律为基础,却没有在符合实际的低压力梯度下对其进行验证。由于低渗透介质中的水文地质条件的复杂性以及在测量水头和孔隙流体取样上的难度,分析比较困难。通过对低渗透介质饱和渗流研究的回顾,就非达西流、多因素作用下的耦合渗流以及渗透和超滤现象进行了讨论,对影响和阻碍低渗透渗流研究的因素进行探讨,并就开展进一步研究提出了相应的建议。 相似文献
17.
In the Great Basin, USA, bedrock interbasin flow is conceptualized as the mechanism by which large groundwater fluxes flow through multiple basins and intervening mountains. Interbasin flow is propounded based on: (1) water budget imbalances, (2) potential differences between basins, (3) stable isotope evidence, and (4) modeling studies. However, water budgets are too imprecise to discern interbasin transfers and potential differences may exist with or without interbasin fluxes. Potentiometric maps are dependent on conceptual underpinnings, leading to possible false inferences regarding interbasin transfers. Isotopic evidence is prone to non-unique interpretation and may be confounded by the effects of climate change. Structural and stratigraphic considerations in a geologically complex region like the Great Basin should produce compartmentalization, where increasing aquifer size increases the odds of segmentation along a given flow path. Initial conceptual hypotheses should explain flow with local recharge and short flow paths. Where bedrock interbasin flow is suspected, it is most likely controlled by diversion of water into the damage zones of normal faults, where fault cores act as barriers. Large-scale bedrock interbasin flow where fluxes must transect multiple basins, ranges, and faults at high angles should be the conceptual model of last resort. 相似文献
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云南省德钦县曾多次暴发较大规模的泥石流,是云南遭受地质灾害最严重的地区之一。根据直溪河泥石流的分区、物源、流体和堆积等特征,首先确定了直溪河泥石流的5种成灾模式:崩塌-碎屑流、岩质滑坡-碎屑流、土石混合体滑坡-碎屑流、松散堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡-碎屑流和松散堆积层内滑坡-碎屑流;其次,采用FLO-2D模型对直溪河在10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨周期下发生泥石流时的运动情况进行模拟,定量分析了不同降雨重现期的最大流速、最大堆积深度、冲出沟口堆积距离和体积规模。结果表明:该泥石流暴发时具有启动加速度大、流速快、破坏力强、流通区长的特点;当100年一遇的泥石流发生时,其最大流速达到了3.07 m/s;最大泥深为2.27 m;泥石流冲出方量为84419 m3;致灾面积达到91600 m2。研究结果可为直溪河泥石流灾害防治与治理提供数据参考,为德钦县防灾减灾工程设计提供依据。 相似文献
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浅水湖泊等有限风吹程及水深水域的风浪多处于发展阶段，风拖曳表层水体产生的滑移流会对风浪传播特性产生影响，风浪的波速、波长等参数难以通过线性波的理论频散关系获取。为准确预测湖泊风浪参数，在考虑浅水湖泊的有限吹程和水深特征的基础上，利用风洞水槽模拟研究了滑移流对风浪传播特性的影响。结果表明：滑移流、斯托克斯流及表面流均与风速正相关，滑移流与表面流比值随着风速的增加逐渐降低并稳定于75%；滑移流对波速和波长有促进作用，对小尺度波浪的促进作用尤其显著；波浪非线性会抑制滑移流对波速及波长的促进作用；建立了考虑滑移流影响的风浪经验频散关系式以及风浪主频波速经验关系式。 相似文献
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通过留山盆地上三叠统概率累积曲线、粒度参数和C-M图解等分析,沉积物粒度特征主要反映了扇三角洲泥石流、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积。下部太山庙组显示了水流由强至弱,搬运能力逐渐减小的过程;上部太子山组显示出水流不稳,流速交替多变的特点。粒度特征也显示了紊流作用的强烈影响,而紊流作用的产生可能与快速水流以及较高的悬浮颗粒含量有关。 相似文献