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Much research has been conducted on the use of sketch maps to search in spatial databases, nevertheless, they have faced challenges, such as modeling of the data abstraction level, aggregated features in sketches, modeling of semantic aspects of data, data redundancy, and evaluation of the results. Considering these challenges, in this article a new solution is presented for searching in databases based on data matching. The main difference between this solution and the other approaches lies in the parameters introduced to match data and how to solve the matching problem. Using geometrical, topological, and semantic parameters in the matching, as well as performing the matching process in the two phases of partial and global, has resulted in an of about 78%. The evaluation process is performed based on the matching parameters and the matching procedure; finally, the result is acceptable compared to previous implementations. 相似文献
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In this article we present a heuristic map simplification algorithm based on a novel topology‐inferred graph model. Compared with the existing algorithms, which only focus either on geometry simplification or on topological consistency, our algorithm simplifies the map composed of series of polylines and constraint points while maintaining the topological relationships in the map, maximizing the number of removal points, and minimizing error distance efficiently. Unlike some traditional geometry simplification algorithms, such as Douglas and Peucker's, which add points incrementally, we remove points sequentially based on a priority determined by heuristic functions. In the first stage, we build a graph to model the topology of points in the map from which we determine whether a point is removable or not. As map generalization is needed in different applications with different requirements, we present two heuristic functions to determine the priority of points removal for two different purposes: to save storage space and to reduce computation time. The time complexity of our algorithm is which is efficient enough to be considered for real‐time applications. Experiments on real maps were conducted and the results indicate that our algorithm produces high quality results; one heuristic function results in higher removal points saving storage space and the other improves the time performance significantly. 相似文献
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从空间数据场的角度,借鉴高斯势函数发展了一种新的空间异常度度量指标。进而,提出了一种基于场论的空间异常探测方法。该方法通过空间聚类获得局部相关性较强的空间簇,并构建合理、稳定的空间邻近域。在此基础上,采用专题属性变化梯度修复策略减弱空间邻近域中潜在异常的影响,并利用空间异常度度量指标计算实体的异常度,从而探测空间异常。实验结果及实例证明了此方法的正确性。 相似文献
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基于等效残差积探测粗差的方差-协方差分量估计 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
已有方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)的粗差探测是对残差检验,而VCE的本质是利用残差的二阶量来估计它的二阶中心矩,因此更合理的方法应该对残差二阶量检验.由最小二乘残差估值导出了一组服从标准正态分布的等效残差;然后从等效残差的VCE基本方程出发,分别采用χ2统计量和正态积Np统计量检验等效残差的平方及其乘积.结果表明,采用... 相似文献
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A Multiscale Approach for Spatio-Temporal Outlier Detection 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A spatial outlier is a spatially referenced object whose thematic attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially referenced objects in its spatial neighborhood. It represents an object that is significantly different from its neighbourhoods even though it may not be significantly different from the entire population. Here we extend this concept to the spatio‐temporal domain and define a spatial‐temporal outlier (ST‐outlier) to be a spatial‐temporal object whose thematic attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially and temporally referenced objects in its spatial or/and temporal neighbourhoods. Identification of ST‐outliers can lead to the discovery of unexpected, interesting, and implicit knowledge, such as local instability or deformation. Many methods have been recently proposed to detect spatial outliers, but how to detect the temporal outliers or spatial‐temporal outliers has been seldom discussed. In this paper we propose a multiscale approach to detect ST‐outliers by evaluating the change between consecutive spatial and temporal scales. A four‐step procedure consisting of classification, aggregation, comparison and verification is put forward to address the semantic and dynamic properties of geographic phenomena for ST‐outlier detection. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by a practical coastal geomorphic study. 相似文献
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Urban event detection with big data of taxi OD trips: A time series decomposition approach 
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下载免费PDF全文 Big urban mobility data, such as taxi trips, cell phone records, and geo‐social media check‐ins, offer great opportunities for analyzing the dynamics, events, and spatiotemporal trends of the urban social landscape. In this article, we present a new approach to the detection of urban events based on location‐specific time series decomposition and outlier detection. The approach first extracts long‐term temporal trends and seasonal periodicity patterns. Events are defined as anomalies that deviate significantly from the prediction with the discovered temporal patterns, i.e., trend and periodicity. Specifically, we adopt the STL approach, i.e., seasonal and trend decomposition using LOESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), to decompose the time series for each location into three components: long‐term trend, seasonal periodicity, and the remainder. Events are extracted from the remainder component for each location with an outlier detection method. We analyze over a billion taxi trips for over seven years in Manhattan (New York City) to detect and map urban events at different temporal resolutions. Results show that the approach is effective and robust in detecting events and revealing urban dynamics with both holistic understandings and location‐specific interpretations. 相似文献
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在遥感影像结合矢量数据先验信息的变化检测中,需要从分割后的影像对象中抽取一定数量、具有相同类别属性的样本,其中不可避免地抽到类别属性不一致的样本,如何剔除这些样本是抽样过程中必须解决的重点问题,在目前已有的方法中,一般是通过人工目视判别完成的。样本的自动提取是实现自动变化检测的关键环节,本文提出一种变化检测样本自动抽样方法,主要包括样本的空间布设和异常样本自动检测两个环节。该方法首先利用矢量数据提取抽样图层,用抽样图层分割遥感影像,获取影像对象。其次是根据抽样区域范围、影像对象分布特征和地形特征布设变化检测样本。然后根据样本的先验类别属性构建特征空间向量,计算样本在特征空间的局部可达密度,由局部可达密度计算样本的异常度指数,并根据特征空间密度异常指数剔除异常样本,完成变化检测样本自动提取。最后以耕地、林地和居民地为例进行了抽样试验。结果表明,邻域参数k按样本布设总数的1/5—1/3取值、异常度阈值设定为80%时,可以实现异常样本0漏检率,能够准确、高效实现变化检测样本的自动提取。 相似文献
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LS估计对粗差非常敏感。在粗差的探测与识别理论体系中,通常采用正态检验、学生氏t检验以及τ检验等,笔者对此进行比较分析。标准化局部敏感度指标与标准化LS残差均可用来作正态检验,但研究表明,当观测量相关时,前者的检验功效大于后者。先验单位权方差因子未知时,可依据内部学生化残差及外部学生化残差分别进行τ检验和学生氏t检验。... 相似文献
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一种顾及邻近域内实体间距离的空间异常检测新方法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
空间异常检测已成为空间数据挖掘和知识发现的一个重要研究内容.空间异常蕴含着许多意想不到的知识,现有的空间异常检测方法大多依据空间邻近域的非空间属性差异来计算偏离因子,忽略了邻近域内空间实体间距离的影响.本文首先讨论了空间邻近域内实体间距离对空间异常检测的影响,在此基础上,提出了一种顾及邻近域内实体间距离的空间异常度量方法--SOM法,并分析了它的复杂度.由于该方法是利用实体非空间属性的加权内插值与实测值的差值作为度量空间异常程度的参数,从而顾及了邻近域内所有实体相互间距离对非空间属性偏离的影响,并且克服了现有检测方法在不均匀分布空间实体集内寻找空间异常的缺陷.最后,通过一个实际算例验证了所提方法的可行性和正确性. 相似文献
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警力的快速响应能够有效地打击和震慑违法犯罪行为,提升公民生活的安全感。随着我国城市规模的快速扩大,公安机构、移动警务室等警力资源的空间布局对于快速响应机制的影响也在日益增大。合理的空间布局,不仅可以保证警力资源的快速响应,还可以降低出警成本,优化警力资源配置。以由道路网和建成区组成的模拟城市作为数据源,借助相关GIS软件,依据最大覆盖模型初步确定公安机构的选址,结合中心地服务范围和空间位置评价指标,对公安机构的选址进行优化,同时在规定时间内无法达到的区域设置移动警务室,完成警力资源部署,确保警力空间布局最优,快速响应范围最大。 相似文献
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粗差检测与抗差估计相结合的方法在动态相对定位中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析了粗差对GPS动态相对定位的影响,给出了相应的影响函数和抗差估计方法。建议采用粗差探测与抗差估计相结合的方法来处理GPS动态定位中的粗差问题。抗差估计中的等价权分别采用了IGG3方案和双因子等价权函数,对两种方案的效果进行比较和分析,并利用实测数据对所提方法的实际效果进行了检验。结果表明,基于粗差探测和抗差估计相结合的粗差处理方法可有效控制和抵御粗差的影响;分别采用IGG3方案和双因子等价权函数的定位结果差异较小。 相似文献
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针对现有空间离群点挖掘算法无法适应大规模空间数据挖掘的需求,该文提出了一种分布式条件下的空间离群点挖掘算法。首先,该文针对集群上分布式计算和存储的特点提出使用空间填充曲线来划分数据集,加速寻找目标点的近似空间最近邻居。其次,使用信息熵的理论来定义空间离群系数,考虑到多维数据中不同属性对离群系数的影响具有差异性,该算法能够自动根据数据原有特点,计算各属性的权重;同时使用反距离权定义空间因素对离群系数的影响。最后,实验结果表明该算法在大规模的空间数据集中挖掘离群点的效率远高于传统算法,离群点的挖掘精度在90%以上。 相似文献
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针对测量数据处理中常用的条件平差模型,该文介绍了条件平差模型按残差进行粗差探测的方法和实施步骤,导出了条件平差模型按观测值偏差进行粗差探测的公式,证明了当观测误差独立时,这两种检验方法对于检验单个粗差的等价性。并通过算例证实了直接利用偏差估值构建的检验单个独立观测值的统计量与按残差构建的统计量完全相同。 相似文献
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Mingxi Zhang Bin Wang De Li Liu Jiandong Liu Hong Zhang Puyu Feng Dongdong Kong James Cleverly Xihua Yang Qiang Yu 《Transactions in GIS》2020,24(2):423-441
Solar radiation has been a major input to agricultural, hydrological, and ecological modeling. However, solar radiation is usually influenced by three groups of dynamic factors: sun–earth position, terrain, and atmospheric effects. Therefore, an integrated approach to accurately consider the impacts of those dynamic factors on solar radiation is essential to estimate solar radiation over rugged terrain. In this study, a spatial and temporal gap‐filling algorithm was proposed to obtain a seamless daily MODIS albedo dataset. A 1 km‐resolution digital elevation model was used to model the impact of local topography and shading by surrounding terrain on solar radiation. A sunshine‐based model was adopted to simulate radiation under the influence of clouds. A GIS‐based solar radiation model that incorporates albedo, shading by surrounding terrain, and variations in cloudiness was used to address the spatial variability of these factors in mountainous terrain. Compared with other independent solar radiation products, our model generated a more reliable solar radiation product over rugged terrain, with an R2 of 0.88 and an RMSE of 2.55 MJ m?2 day?1. The improved solar radiation products and open source app can be used further in practice or scientific research. 相似文献
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Outlier separability analysis is a fundamental component of modern geodetic measurement analysis, positioning, navigation, and many other applications. The current theory of outlier separability is based on using two alternative hypotheses—an assumption that may not necessarily be valid. In this paper, the current theory of outlier separability is statistically analysed and then extended to the general case, where there are multiple alternative hypotheses. Taking into consideration the complexity of the critical region and the probability density function of the outlier test, the bounds of the associated statistical decision probabilities are then developed. With this theory, the probabilities of committing type I, II, and III errors can be controlled so that the probability of successful identification of an outlier can be guaranteed when performing data snooping. The theoretical findings are then demonstrated using a simulated GPS point positioning example. Detailed analysis shows that the larger the correlation coefficient, between the outlier statistics, the smaller the probability of committing a type II error and the greater the probability of committing a type III error. When the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8, there is a far greater chance of committing a type III error than committing a type II error. In addition, to guarantee successful identification of an outlier with a set probability, the minimal detectable size of the outlier (often called the Minimal Detectable Bias or MDB) should dramatically increase with the correlation coefficient. 相似文献
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在地面车载组合导航中,全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）的观测值容易受地面复杂环境的干扰,导致其定位结果出现异常,严重影响GNSS/捷联惯性导航系统（strap-down inertial navigation system,SINS）组合的滤波解算。从惯导系统误差特性的角度,研究了一种基于加表零偏稳定性的组合导航异常探测新方法。该方法从加表零偏解算的异常来发现GNSS位置、速度等观测值中的粗差,并采取剔除和降权的抗差方法抵御粗差影响。通过一组车载数据的分析表明,观测粗差对加表零偏解算的影响十分显著,以此为判别条件能够准确地发现观测粗差。采用该方法后,位置误差、速度误差和姿态误差的均方根分别减小了70.8%、87.9%和77.7%,显著提高了组合导航的解算精度和鲁棒性,为组合导航数据的抗差处理提供了一种新思路。 相似文献
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显著性权重RX高光谱异常点检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高光谱图像异常点检测中,传统RX异常点检测算法忽略了空间相关性,背景估计不准确。本文提出了一种基于图像局部邻域光谱显著性分析的加权RX算法。该算法通过引入图像显著性分析,对基于概率密度为权重的图像背景建模进行改进,建立光谱显著性权重图,重新定义RX算法中的均值向量和协方差矩阵,并给不同的目标赋予不同的权值,达到优化背景估计的目的。利用合成高光谱数据和真实高光谱数据进行异常点检测实验,结果表明,对于同一组数据,本文算法检测到的异常点数比传统算法多,虚警率较低,有效地提高了检测率。 相似文献