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1.
黄河包头段不同粒级沉积物中重金属形态分布特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以黄河包头段为研究对象,探讨了该河段不同粒级沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征,并估算了各粒级沉积物对各形态重金属的贡献率。结果表明,铁锰氧化物结合态是黄河干流各粒级沉积物中Cu、Pb和Zn非稳定态的主导形态;总体上,黄河干支流沉积物中3种重金属各形态含量均随粒级增大而减小,表现明显的粒度效应;重金属形态分布的粒度效应是沉积...  相似文献   

2.
Microscopic morphology and elemental composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in 13 different size fractions from 0.01 to 10 μm were studied using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (FESEM–EDX). The relative mass fractions exhibited a bimodal distribution with a major mode in the fine range (0.18–1 μm) and a minor mode in the coarse range (>1 μm), suggesting that the major pollution of PM is fine particles in this area of Urumqi atmosphere. The PM could be classified as follows: aluminosilicate/silica mineral, Si–Al rich fly ash, Fe oxide particle, Ti dominant particle, sulfate/carbonate crystal, carbonaceous aerosols (including soot, organic carbon, tar ball and irregularly shaped carbon). The soot and organic carbon with anthropogenic sources are dominant types in fine range samples (<1 μm). The natural source minerals and secondary synthesized sulfate/carbonate crystals were accumulated in the coarse range (>1 μm). Elemental composition of various types of particles (0.056–5.6 μm) was also analyzed by EDX. C, S, O, N, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cl, F, Hg were detected in most samples. Si, Al and Ca accumulated in coarse fractions, while S and Hg mainly accumulated in fine fractions. Concentrations of 15 metallic elements in size range from 0.1 μm to 5.6 μm were divided into three groups based on their possible sources. (1) The crustal elements (Al, Mg, Fe, Mn and V), mainly present in coarse particles (>1 μm); and (2) the anthropogenic source elements (Ca, Ni, As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg). The concentrations of Ca and Ni increased with increasing particle size, while As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg showed opposite trends. As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg accumulated mainly in fine fraction (<1 μm). (3) The multi sources elements (Cr, Co and Se) possibly come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. High levels of heavy metals, especially Hg in nanosize particles, may pose great risk to human health.  相似文献   

3.
Road dust collected from India’s richest and oldest coal mining belt of Dhanbad and Bokaro regions was analysed for particle size characteristics and elemental composition. The particle size distribution pattern shows dominance of 500–250 μm and 250–125 μm size fractions, constituting 45–58% of the mass size spectrum. Si is the most dominant element and its concentration varied between 29.3 and 36.4% with the average value 34.3%. Fe, Ti and Mn are the dominant heavy metals followed by Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co. No significant differences concentration of metals between sampling sites was apparent; however, some sites tend to accommodate relatively higher metals due to its proximity to industrial and mining sites. In general, finer fraction (<63 μm) tend to contain 1–3 times higher metals as compared with the bulk composition. Except Pb and Mn all the measured metals are generally lie below grade zero, suggesting that there is no pollution threat with respect to these metals in roadway dust from the studied sites. Geochemical speciation study shows that the lithogenic phase is the major sink for heavy metals. Fe–Mn oxide and organic are the major non-lithogenic phases and Pb and Zn are the major elements of the non-lithogenic phase.  相似文献   

4.
The microbial catalysis of Mn(II) oxidation is believed to be a dominant source of abundant sorption- and redox-active Mn oxides in marine, freshwater, and subsurface aquatic environments. In spite of their importance, environmental oxides of known biogenic origin have generally not been characterized in detail from a structural perspective. Hyporheic zone Mn oxide grain coatings at Pinal Creek, Arizona, a metals-contaminated stream, have been identified as being dominantly microbial in origin and are well studied from bulk chemistry and contaminant hydrology perspectives. This site thus presents an excellent opportunity to study the structures of terrestrial microbial Mn oxides in detail. XRD and EXAFS measurements performed in this study indicate that the hydrated Pinal Creek Mn oxide grain coatings are layer-type Mn oxides with dominantly hexagonal or pseudo-hexagonal layer symmetry. XRD and TEM measurements suggest the oxides to be nanoparticulate plates with average dimensions on the order of 11 nm thick × 35 nm diameter, but with individual particles exhibiting thickness as small as a single layer and sheets as wide as 500 nm. The hydrated oxides exhibit a 10-Å basal-plane spacing and turbostratic disorder. EXAFS analyses suggest the oxides contain layer Mn(IV) site vacancy defects, and layer Mn(III) is inferred to be present, as deduced from Jahn-Teller distortion of the local structure. The physical geometry and structural details of the coatings suggest formation within microbial biofilms. The biogenic Mn oxides are stable with respect to transformation into thermodynamically more stable phases over a time scale of at least 5 months. The nanoparticulate layered structural motif, also observed in pure culture laboratory studies, appears to be characteristic of biogenic Mn oxides and may explain the common occurrence of this mineral habit in soils and sediments.  相似文献   

5.
Soils of loamy sand on weathered, sandy dolomite were cored from six holes up to 70 ft beneath a municipal waste landfill in central Pennsylvania. Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ag were determined in exchangeable and non-exchangeable forms in total and < 15 μm soil samples. Most of these metals were bound in Mn oxides, non-exchangeable with 0.5 M CaCl2. The Mn oxides (often X-ray amorphous) identified when crystalline as todorokite occurred chiefly as coatings on quartz grains.Somewhat higher amounts of acid leachable trace metals were found in the < 15 μm size fraction than in the total soil samples; however, trace metal/Mn ratios were similar in both. In general, the initial mild soil leaching, which dissolved chiefly Mn oxides, gave MnFeX>Co>Ni>Pb>Zn> Cu>Cd>Ag. The final leaching, which dissolved chiefly ferric oxides, gave Fe>Mn>Ni>Zn>Co> Cu>Pb>Cd>Ag. Samples taken from an unpolluted site and from the same soils affected for seven years by leachate from the refuse had similar metal contents.Soil extractable Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn could be predicted from the Mn extracted. Based in part on factor analysis of the data, Mn-rich oxides had at least tenfold higher heavy metal percentages than Fe-rich oxides (crystalline component goethite), reflecting their greater coprecipitation potential. Because of this potential and because of the generally higher solubility of Mn than Fe oxides, more heavy metals may be released from Mn-rich than from Fe-rich soils by disposal of organic-bearing wastes. However, leaching of the moisture-unsaturated soils in situ is rarely severe enough to completely dissolve both Mn and Fe oxides. Based on the Mn content, Cd, Cu, and Pb were depleted in soil moisture beneath the landfill relative to their amounts in the soil. This depletion may reflect factors including heterogeneity in metal content of the soil oxides; preferential resorption of these metals; and removal of the Cd, Cu, and Pb as organic precipitates or as inorganic precipitates such as carbonates.  相似文献   

6.
The distribution patterns, the index of geo-accumulations (MIgeo), and the enrichment ratios (ER n ) of the contaminant metals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni were studied in gravel, sand, mud, coarse, medium, and fine sediment fractions of the uppermost layer of the bottom sediments collected from 12 stations covering the northern part of Safaga Bay. The distribution levels of these metals were increasing with grain size decreasing toward the central axis of the bay that extends NE–SW and southward to Safaga Harbour indicating that these metals concentrated mainly in the fine, very fine, and particulate fractions of sediments and to many anthropogenic sources. The geo-accumulation factor of Zn was more significant (MIgeo?≈?0.62–4.23) relative to the other metals. The bay was classified as moderately to strongly polluted by Zn while it is unpolluted to moderately polluted with the other metals with accumulation sequence of: Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn≥Pb. Zn and Ni recorded the highest enrichment ratios (average ERZn?≈?3.07 to 8.89; average ERNi?≈?0.84 to 3.63) in the different sediment fractions relative the other metals. These enrichment ratios classified the bay as minimal enrichment, suggestive of no or minimal pollution, to significant enrichment, suggestive of a significant pollution signals with metals sequence of: Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Mn.  相似文献   

7.
Iron–manganese oxide coatings form on a wide range of geologic samples where they have the ability to adsorb elements and potentially act as a mineral exploration/environmental monitoring tool. In this study, Fe–Mn oxide coatings on stream pebbles were collected from streams in four study areas located across the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The study locations were in areas of former copper mines (Tilt Cove and Betts Cove), carbonate geology (Robinsons River), and a metropolitan area (Rennies River). Collected pebbles underwent a simple sample preparation procedure and were then analyzed for a wide range of elements by LA-ICP-MS after optimization of the operating conditions. Water samples accompanied the pebbles, and these were analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and a large selection of elements by ICP-MS. Multivariate statistics, in the form of Principal Component Factor Analysis (PCFA) was performed on both data sets. Graphs of the factor scores from the PCFA produced groupings of the samples that were related to geologic/environmental inputs. The loading of variables in each factor was related to the adsorption of the element either to the MnO2 or Fe2O3 phase with most elements except Cr and Cu displaying preferential adsorption to MnO2. Elemental Fe–Mn oxide coating concentrations were a result of the element's affinity (chalcophile, lithophile, or siderophile), pH of the environment, stream water concentration, and amount of each oxide phase present. Even with these complications, LA-ICP-MS analysis of Fe–Mn oxides was able to identify areas of heavy metal pollution and locate geologic inputs.  相似文献   

8.
Sediment samples were collected from streambeds in an undisturbed watershed in eastern Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula). Two sampling sites were located on a stream draining an area of known mineralization (Cu, Pb, Zn) and two on a control stream. The sediment samples were separated into 8 distinct size classes in the 850 μm to <1 μm size range by wet sieving, gravity sedimentation or centrifugation. Each sediment subsample was then subjected to a sequential extraction procedure designed to partition the particulate heavy metals into five fractions: (1) exchangeable; (2) specifically adsorbed or bound to carbonates; (3) bound to Fe-Mn oxides; (4) bound to organic matter; (5) residual. The following metals were analyzed in each extract: Cu, Pb, Zn; Fe, Mn.Comparison of samples from the mineralized area with control samples revealed the expected increase in total concentrations for Cu, Pb and Zn. Non-detrital metals were mainly associated with Fe oxides (specifically adsorbed; occluded) and with organic matter or resistant sulfides. For a given sample, variation of trace metal levels in fractions 2 and 3 with grain size reflected changes in the available quantities of the inorganic scavenging phase (FeOx/MnOx); normalization with respect to Fe and Mn content in fraction 3 greatly reduced the apparent dependency on grain size.The results of this study suggest that a single reducing extraction (NH2OH.HCl) could be used advantageously to detect anomalies in routine geochemical surveys. A second leaching step with acidified H2O2 could also be included, as the trace metal concentrations in fraction 4, normalized with respect to organic carbon content, also showed high {anomaly/background} ratios.  相似文献   

9.
 The distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in different grain-size fractions and geochemical association of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn with <63-μm size fraction of bed sediments of Damodar River has been studied. In general, concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the size fractions get finer. However at two sites, near mining areas, the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones. The higher residence time and/or presence of coarser particles from mining wastes are possibly responsible for higher metal content in the coarser size fractions. The chemical fractionation study shows that lithogenic is the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Fe and Mn are the major elements of the lithogenic lattice, constituting 34–63% and 22–59%, respectively, of total concentrations. Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound fractions are significant phases in the non-lithogenic fraction. The carbonate fraction is less significant for heavy metal scavenging in the present environment and shows the following order of abundance Zn>Cu>Mn>Fe. The exchangeable fraction of the Damodar sediments contains very low amounts of heavy metals suggesting poor bioavailability of metals. Received: 18 August 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998  相似文献   

10.
Soils from historical Pb mining and smelting areas in Derbyshire, England have been analysed by a 5-step sequential extraction procedure, with multielement determination on extraction solutions at each step by ICP-AES. Each of the chemical fractions is operationally defined as: (i) exchangeable; (ii) bound to carbonates or specifically adsorbed; (iii) bound to Fe–Mn oxides; (iv) bound to organic matter and sulphides; (v) residual. The precision was estimated to be about 5%, and the overall recovery rates were between 85 and 110%. The carbonate/specifically adsorbed and Fe–Mn oxide phases are the largest fractions for Pb in soils contaminated by both mining and smelting. Most of the Zn is associated with Fe–Mn oxide and the residual fractions. Cadmium is concentrated in the first 3 extraction steps, particularly in the exchangeable phase. The most marked difference found between soils from the mining and smelting sites is the much higher concentrations and proportions of metals in the exchangeable fraction at the latter sites. This indicates greater mobility and potential bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils at the smelting sites than in those in the mining area. The most important fraction for Fe and Al is the residual phase, followed by the Fe–Mn oxide forms. In contrast, the Fe–Mn oxide fraction is the dominant phase for Mn in these soils. In the mining area, most of the Ca is in the carbonate fraction (CaCO3), while the exchangeable and residual phases are the main fractions for Ca at the smelting sites. Phosphorus is mainly in the residual and organic fractions in both areas. The exchangeable fractions of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils were found to be significantly related to the concentrations of these metals in pasture herbage.  相似文献   

11.
Heavy metal contamination and their distribution in different size fractions of the surficial sediment in Haihe River, China have been investigated. These results reveal that the heavy metal contamination of Haihe River is closely related to the contaminating sources along the river and has the order: Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr. The contents of these heavy metals in the sediment of Haihe River are at least two times higher than their background values and the highest contaminating metal, Cd, is 15.5 times higher than its background value and determined in the urban area of Tianjin city. The surficial sediments of Haihe River, with 70% particles smaller than 20 μm, belong to sandy clay containing about 28% clay and 42% silt. Electron micrographs and x-ray analysis show that the concentrations of heavy metals depend on the particle size of sediments. The highest concentrations for most metals exist in fine-grained sediments, which are mainly composed of silicates, oxides, and hydroxides of Si, Fe, and Al. In contrast, lower levels of heavy metals are usually found in the coarse sandy sediments, which are composed of quartz, feldspar, and other rocky substances. Based on the results in the present study of the surficial sediments of Haihe River, the contents of Cr, Cu, Pd, and Cd in finer sediments are 2.4, 3.9, 2.8, and 3.6 times higher than those in coarse sandy sediments, respectively. Obviously, because of rapid industrial development in this area during the last few decades, the surficial sediments of Haihe River, especially those finer fractions, have been seriously contaminated by heavy metals.  相似文献   

12.
《Applied Geochemistry》1994,9(3):245-254
This study provides empirical validation of current trace metal sorption theory in a small urban river. We demonstrate that trace metal complexation reactions occur predominantly at the suspended particulate surface involving surface layers of Fe oxides and organic matter. Associated surface areas of these geochemical fractions were calculated where possible, using the total surface area (TSA) of the suspended particulate matter pool (SPM) in conjunction with estimates of suspended iculate Fe and Mn oxides (SPOX) and organic matter (SPOM) concentrations. Iron and Mn oxides concentrations were estimated using an extraction scheme. For two samples where no SPOM or Mn oxides were present, estimates of Fe oxides associated surface area were determined which compared favourably to literature estimates, providing further evidence for acceptance selectivity of extraction schemes. The utility of literature estimates of surface areas for single component sediments in heterogeneous sediments was also assessed. In mixed sediment samples, exposed surface areas of discrete phases are probably reduced due to mixed layering effects of the coatings, and the use of constants to estimate the surface areas of individual fractions does not work, since the relationship between the concentration of a given sedimentary fraction and its exposed surface area is no longer predictable.  相似文献   

13.
A sediment core collected from coastal zone near the Qiao Island in the Pearl River Estuary was analyzed for total metal concentrations, chemical partitioning, and physico-chemical properties. Three vertical distribution patterns of the heavy metals in the sediment core were identified, respectively. The dominant binding phases for Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn were the residual and Fe/Mn oxides fractions. Cd in all sediments was mainly associated with exchangeable fraction. Influences of total organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity on the total concentrations and fractions of almost all the metals were not evident, whereas sand content might play an important role in the distributions of residual phases of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. In addition, sediment pH had also an important influence on the Fe/Mn oxides, organic/sulfide and residual fractions of Cr, Cu, and Zn. Contamination assessment on the heavy metals in the sediment core adopting Index of Geoaccumulation showed that Cr, V, Be, Se, Sn, and Tl were unpolluted, while Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co were polluted in different degrees throughout the core. It was remarkable that the various pollution levels of the metals from moderate (for Cu, Pb, and Zn) to strong (for Cd) were observed in the top 45 cm of the profiles. The relative decrease of the residual fraction in the upper 45 cm of the core is striking, especially for Zn and Cu, and, also for Pb, and Cr. The change in fraction distribution in the upper 45 cm, which is very much contrasting to the one at larger depths, confirms that the residual fraction is related to the natural origin of these metals, whereas in the upper part, the non-residual fractions (mainly the Fe/Mn oxides fraction) are increased due to pollution in the last decade. The possible sources for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd contaminations were attributed to the increasing municipal and industrial wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, atmospheric inputs, and runoff from upstream mining or smelting activities, which may be associated with an accelerating growth of economy in the Pearl River Delta region in the past decade.  相似文献   

14.
Urban roadside soils are important environmental media for assessing heavy metal concentrations in urban environment. However, among other things, heavy metal concentrations are controlled by soil particle grain size fractions. In this study, two roadside sites were chosen within the city of Xuzhou (China) to reflect differences in land use. Bulk soil samples were collected and then divided by particle diameter into five physical size fractions, 500–250, 250–125, 125–74, 74–45, < 45 μm. Concentrations of metals (Ti, Cr, Al, Ga, Pb, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Zn, Mo, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Bi, Ag) were determined for each individual fraction. These metals could be roughly classified into two groups: anthropogenic element (Pb, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mo, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Bi, Ag) and lithophile element (Ti, Cr, Al, Ga, Co, Mn, Ni, V) in terms of values of enrichment factor. As expected, higher concentrations of anthropogenic heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mo, As, Hg, Bi, Ag) are observed in the finest particle grain size fraction (i.e. < 45 μm). However, heavy metals Se, Sb and Ba behave independently of selected grain size fractions. From the viewpoint of mass loading, more than 30% of the concentrations for all anthropogenic heavy metals are contributed by the particle grain size fractions of 45–74 μm at site 1 and more than 70% of the concentrations for all heavy metals are contributed by the particle grain size fractions of 45–74 and 74–125 μm at site 2. These results are important for transport of soil-bound heavy metals and pollution control by various remedial options.  相似文献   

15.
Analyses of ferromanganese oxides from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans for the elements Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ca, AI, Ti, Cr and Cd have helped to elucidate some of the controls on their geochemistry. In most samples virtually all of the Mn and much of the Fe are present as acid-reducible phyllomanganates and Fe oxyhydroxides respectively. By contrast, in samples in which goethite was identified, much of the Fe and significant amounts of the Mn. are not acid-reducible. The partition patterns of the minor elements reflect to varying extents the mineralogy of the hydrous Mn and Fe oxide phases. In δ-Mn-O2-rich samples the ratio of adsorbed to crystallographically-bound Ni. Cu and Zn, is higher than in todorokite-rich samples, but in each case these metals are virtually entirely phyllomanganate-associated. In goethite-rich samples, however, significant amounts of Ni. Cu and Zn may be associated with the goethite itself rather than with phyllomanganate minerals. Cobalt shows very close association with the phyllomanganates irrespective of the specific mineralogy, but Pb behaves in a way which cannot yet be fully characterised. The non-reducible fractions of the samples contain most of the Ca, Al. Ti and Cr. Some Ca however is also present in the phyllomanganates.  相似文献   

16.
A sequential extraction of Cu and Zn was completed on 8 samples of black coatings on coarse stream alluvium before and after immersion in prepared metal-rich solutions. Such immersion resulted in a substantial change in the partitioning of the metals among the various phases present.Most of the samples were collected from small streams in areas of the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces of north-central Virginia without known mineral deposits, and partitioning relationships were determined by a five-step selective extraction procedure. The following order of partitioning was determined in the samples:  相似文献   

17.
Sediment samples were collected from six springs draining the karst aquifer at Fort Campbell, Kentucky/Tennessee. These were analyzed by ICP-MS following an extraction procedure that separates the metals into exchangeable, carbonate, oxide, organic and residual fractions. Aluminum and iron are primarily present in the residual fraction while manganese may be dominantly in either the oxide or carbonate fraction. The redox-sensitive metals (Fe and Mn) have the greatest fractional distribution in the spring with the thickest sediments. Trace metals detected include Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the range of a few to 200 mg/kg. In Beaver Spring, nickel is distributed between the exchangeable, carbonate and organic fractions, while in Gordon Spring, nickel is largely residual. Chromium is almost entirely associated with the organic fraction in Beaver Spring while it is largely residual in Gordon Spring.  相似文献   

18.
岩溶地质高背景区土壤中普遍存在的铁锰结核对重金属的赋存状态和有效性有重要影响。选择广西贵港覃塘岩溶地质高背景区富含铁锰结核的表层土壤(0~20 cm)为研究对象,筛分出不同粒径的铁锰结核(10~120目)和细粒径土壤(<120目)样品进行化学分析,针对以下三个方面开展研究:(1)重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)在铁锰结核和细粒径土壤中的分布分配规律和铁氧化物矿物的组成;(2)铁氧化物矿物对富含铁锰结核的土壤中Cd等重金属富集的影响;(3)重金属在富含铁锰结核的土壤中的赋存机制。研究发现,铁锰结核中的Fe和Mn以及Cd等重金属含量随着粒径的增大而不断增加,说明Cd等重金属元素更倾向于在大粒径铁锰结核中富集;土壤中Cd等重金属总量的约90%赋存在结核中,表明研究区土壤中重金属主要以结核形式赋存;富含铁锰结核的土壤中赤铁矿和针铁矿的平均含量分别为0.61%和4.94%,且结核粒径越大,针铁矿和赤铁矿含量越高;除Hg外,Cd等重金属含量与针铁矿和赤铁矿的含量均呈现极显著正相关,与赤铁矿的相关性稍优于针铁矿,表明铁氧化物矿物与富含铁锰结核土壤中的Cd等重金属元素富集密切相关。铁锰结核的存在既能促进Cd等重金属在土壤中的富集,又能降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性,研究结果为解释岩溶地质高背景区土壤Cd等重金属元素高含量、低生物有效性提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

19.
以嘉峪关市为研究靶区,系统采集城区表土样品58件,对其进行环境磁学和重金属元素（Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V、Zn、Fe）质量分数分析。结果表明：嘉峪关市表土以低矫顽力磁铁矿为主导,磁晶粒度以较粗的假单畴（PSD）和多畴（MD）颗粒为主;城区表土亚铁磁性矿物浓度和磁性颗粒大小远高于国内综合型大城市表土;市区反映磁性矿物含量的参数呈现出以酒钢厂和废渣场为中心的高值区域,并随着污染源距离的增加向周围递减;嘉峪关市表土重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V、Zn、Fe质量分数与反映磁性矿物含量的参数具有显著共变性,二者的高值分布与反映磁晶粒度参数的高值分布成盈缺呼应关系。然而嘉峪关市土壤母质磁性颗粒本底值较粗,与污染土壤特征相似,因此对西北地区而言,亚铁磁性矿物浓度相对磁晶粒度可以更好地指示钢铁厂周边土壤重金属的污染程度。  相似文献   

20.
A total of 49 elements have been identified in 338 coastal sea sediment samples collected from an area situated off the Ise-Tokai region of Japan for a nationwide marine geochemical mapping project. The spatial distribution patterns of the elemental concentrations in coastal seas along with the existing geochemical maps in terrestrial areas were used to define the natural geochemical background variation, mass transport, and contamination processes. The elemental concentrations of coastal sea sediments are determined primarily by particle size and regional differences. Most elemental concentrations increase with a decrease in particle size. Some elements such as Ca, Mn, and Yb are found to exist in large quantities in coarse particles containing calcareous shells, Fe–Mn oxides, and felsic volcanic sediments. Regional differences reflect the mass transfer process from terrestrial areas to coastal seas and the influence of the local marine geology. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that for many elements, the particle size effect is predominant over regional difference. The mean chemical compositions of coastal sea sediments are similar to those of stream sediments in adjacent terrestrial areas and in the upper crust of Japan. This observation supports the fact that coastal sea sediments have certainly originated from terrestrial materials. However, the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations are not always continuous between the land and coastal seas. The scale of mass movement observed in marine geochemical maps occurs at a distance of 20 km from the river mouth. A detailed examination of the spatial distribution patterns of K (K2O) and Cr concentrations suggests that terrestrial materials supplied through rivers are deposited near the shore initially, and then gravity-driven processes shift the sediments deeper into the basin. Contamination with heavy metals such as Zn, Cd and Pb was observed in coastal bays surrounded by urban and industrial areas. It is noteworthy that the areas with the highest concentration of these elements usually do not occur near the shore (not near the contamination source) but at the center of the bay. Unexpected low concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb near shore may either be due to a decreased anthropogenic load in the most recent sediments or to dilution by unpolluted flood sediments.  相似文献   

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