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1.
Precipitation infiltration is one of the most significant triggering factors for slope failure occurrence in many places around the world. Knowledge of the mechanisms leading to precipitation-induced slope failures is of great importance to the management of landslide hazard. In this study, a soil water balance model is developed to estimate soil water flux during the process of infiltration from rainfall data, with consideration of storm periods and non-storm periods. Two important assumptions in this study are given: (1) instantaneous uniform distribution of the degree of saturation and (2) a linear relationship between evapotranspiration and the related degree of saturation. For storm periods, the Brooks and Corey model estimates both the soil water retention curve and soil water parameters. The infiltration partition is employed by an infinite-series solution of Philip in conjunction with the time compression approximation. For none-storm periods, evapotranspiration can be derived for the moisture depletion of soil water. This study presents a procedure for calculating the safety factor for an unsaturated slope suffering from precipitation infiltration. The process of infiltration into a slope due to rainfall and its effect on soil slope behavior are examined using modified Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion in conjunction with a soil water balance model. The results indicate that the matric suction, which is closely related to slope stability, is affected by the degree of saturation controlled by rainfall events. 相似文献
2.
冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义. 相似文献
3.
S. O. Grinevskii 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2011,66(3):189-201
This paper considers models of the transpiration root water uptake and principles for substantiating their parameters when
calculating unsaturated flow in the vadose zone and estimating infiltration groundwater recharge. The possible use of generalized
parameters for different landscape and soil conditions is substantiated based on analyzing the natural patterns of water balance
formation in the vadose zone and the sensitivity of transpiration models. Recommendations are given for selecting the models
of transpiration water uptake and substantiating their parameters, which enables one to minimize the errors in estimating
infiltration groundwater recharge. 相似文献
4.
Tadashi Tanaka 《Environmental Geology》1992,19(3):179-191
A brief review was made of storm runoff processes and the mechanisms of its generation in relation to subsurface water behaviors in a small forested drainage basin located in the western suburbs of Tokyo, Japan. The results of field investigations showed that the main source of storm runoff was groundwater flow and that the rapid and large amounts of groundwater discharge during a storm event could not be explained solely by the traditional concept of Darcian matrix flow. Several mechanisms such as pipe flow, air pressure effect, and capillary barrier effect were recognized that would induce a rapid response of groundwater to storm events depending on differences in local hydrologic conditions. All of these mechanisms were chiefly attributed to inhomogeneities of the soil deposits. The importance of dynamic behaviors of subsurface water during a storm event was emphasized in considering the mechanism of storm runoff generation. 相似文献
5.
中国海绵城市研究的热点主要有海绵城市的内涵、目标、内容和效果,而对可能产生的不利影响缺乏研究。近几年雨水径流集中入渗类设施在中国海绵城市建设中得到广泛应用,但对集中入渗的影响及风险研究严重滞后,不利于中国海绵城市建设的健康发展。因此,从海绵城市雨水径流集中入渗与传统入渗的差异切入,分别从集中入渗对土壤污染与地下水水量水质的影响、集中入渗对土壤与地下水影响的数值模拟、集中入渗污染物的累积效应与风险评价研究等方面,综合评述国内外的研究进展与不足。建议今后从以下4个方面开展进一步研究:①土壤污染风险及其影响因素;②雨水径流集中入渗的土壤污染累积效应;③地下水污染风险预测;④降低地下水污染风险的措施。 相似文献
6.
华北平原地下水浅埋区水循环主要以垂直方向上的入渗、蒸发和蒸腾的方式存在,同位素可以作为一种有效"示踪剂"揭示降水入渗补给地下水的过程。选择华北平原中、东部地下水浅埋区的衡水和沧州为典型实验点,研究不同降水特征、土壤质地和植被条件下入渗过程的差异性。结果表明,土壤非均质条件下(沧州),降水入渗补给过程中伴随着蒸发、植被蒸腾作用以及与土壤前期水分的强烈混合作用,活塞流入渗的同时土壤100 cm深度可能还存在大孔隙优先流;土壤均质条件下(衡水),降水向下均匀入渗,入渗速度较快,土壤水运动以新水基本代替老水的活塞流为主要形式,并经过强烈的蒸发浓缩作用补给地下水。 相似文献
7.
Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering 总被引：25，自引：4，他引：25
Herman Bouwer 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(1):121-142
Artificial recharge of groundwater is achieved by putting surface water in basins, furrows, ditches, or other facilities
where it infiltrates into the soil and moves downward to recharge aquifers. Artificial recharge is increasingly used for short-
or long-term underground storage, where it has several advantages over surface storage, and in water reuse. Artificial recharge
requires permeable surface soils. Where these are not available, trenches or shafts in the unsaturated zone can be used, or
water can be directly injected into aquifers through wells. To design a system for artificial recharge of groundwater, infiltration
rates of the soil must be determined and the unsaturated zone between land surface and the aquifer must be checked for adequate
permeability and absence of polluted areas. The aquifer should be sufficiently transmissive to avoid excessive buildup of
groundwater mounds. Knowledge of these conditions requires field investigations and, if no fatal flaws are detected, test
basins to predict system performance. Water-quality issues must be evaluated, especially with respect to formation of clogging
layers on basin bottoms or other infiltration surfaces, and to geochemical reactions in the aquifer. Clogging layers are managed
by desilting or other pretreatment of the water, and by remedial techniques in the infiltration system, such as drying, scraping,
disking, ripping, or other tillage. Recharge wells should be pumped periodically to backwash clogging layers. Electronic supplementary
material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
8.
Groundwater plays a critical and important role in many landslides. Heavy precipitation can raise the groundwater level within a hillslope and lead to instability. The purpose of this paper is to present a model by means of continuity equation to predict groundwater level fluctuations in hillslope in response to hourly precipitation rates. The linear reservoir method is employed to describe the travel time distribution of infiltration, and Darcy??s law is then used to establish the groundwater flux rate of control volume. The governing equation shows that the changing rate of groundwater level fluctuation can be interpreted by two new defined variables (Sink Number and Rise Number) in this study. The application of the model is demonstrated using the rainfall-induced landslide at Lu-Shan, Nantou County, Taiwan. Data from one storm event are used to calibrate the model and estimate parameters by using the heuristic algorithm. Post-storm rainfall data from another storm event are employed to verify the calibrated parameters. The contribution of this study shows that a small Sink Number results in a fast recession and a large Rise Number yields a fast rise of groundwater level. This method may be practical to have better understanding on the rainfall-induced landslide. 相似文献
9.
河北邯邢铁矿区矿山环境生态地球化学评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在河北邯邢西石门及周边铁矿区系统地采集了各类生态环境地球化学样品,包括土壤(n=242)、玉米(n=110)、地表水(n=37)、地下水(n=31)和水系沉积物(n=81)。通过对矿区各样品元素含量特征和元素富集程度的研究,利用区域地球化学基准值和地质累积指数定量评价了矿山污染扰动程度。研究表明,矿区土壤、玉米、地表水、地下水、水系沉积物中相对富集较高的与成矿作用有关的元素及主要的伴生元素,部分重金属元素超标,土壤和水系沉积物中Se、As、Cd、Cu、As、Cd、Cu、Co元素超标,玉米中F、Cr、Cd元素接近食品卫生限值,地表水和地下水部分指标浓度接近三类水质限值。研究表明,造成污染的主要来源是铁矿尾矿沙和煤矸石中的硫化物发生氧化作用,导致重金属淋滤转移,另一来源是燃煤降尘的积聚。 相似文献
10.
Ma Bin Liang Xing Liu Shaohua Jin Menggui Nimmo John R. Li Jing 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(3):675-688
Subsurface-water flow pathways in three different land-use areas (non-irrigated grassland, poplar forest, and irrigated arable land) in the central North China Plain were investigated using oxygen (18O) and hydrogen (2H) isotopes in samples of precipitation, soils, and groundwater. Soil water in the top 10 cm was significantly affected by both evaporation and infiltration. Water at 10–40 cm depth in the grassland and arable land, and 10–60 cm in poplar forest, showed a relatively short residence time, as a substantial proportion of antecedent soil water was mixed with a 92-mm storm infiltration event, whereas below those depths (down to 150 cm), depleted δ18O spikes suggested that some storm water bypassed the shallow soil layers. Significant differences, in soil-water content and δ18O values, within a small area, suggested that the proportion of immobile soil water and water flowing in subsurface pathways varies depending on local vegetation cover, soil characteristics and irrigation applications. Soil-water δ18O values revealed that preferential flow and diffuse flow coexist. Preferential flow was active within the root zone, independent of antecedent soil-water content, in both poplar forest and arable land, whereas diffuse flow was observed in grassland. The depleted δ18O spikes at 20–50 cm depth in the arable land suggested the infiltration of irrigation water during the dry season. Temporal isotopic variations in precipitation were subdued in the shallow groundwater, suggesting more complete mixing of different input waters in the unsaturated zone before reaching the shallow groundwater.
相似文献11.
Sara M. Abuzied 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(7):501
The exploration of new locations for possible groundwater potentiality is required to support the needs of urban and agricultural activities in arid regions such as Wadi Watir basin. The aim of this study is to locate new groundwater wells that can help overcome the water shortage. In order to define favorable zones for groundwater potentiality, several essential factors contributing to groundwater potentiality were identified. These factors include textural classification of alluvial deposits, lithological units, surface and subsurface structures, topographic parameters, geomorphological features and land use/land cover. A hydrogeological prospective model was developed using spatial data which represent these factors. For final groundwater potential map, all factors were converted to raster data to integrate spatially as important thematic layers based on weightage analysis. The groundwater potential map was classified to five classes including very poor to very good potential. The classes of groundwater potential map were checked against the distribution of the groundwater wells, Bedouin communities and agriculture areas, which present a general knowledge of groundwater potential in the study area. 相似文献
12.
Application of HYDRUS-1D in understanding soil water movement at two typical sites in the North China Plain 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recharge and discharge, such as rainfall infiltration and evapotranspiration in vertical direction, are major processes of water cycle in the shallow groundwater area of the North China Plain. During these processes, soil water movement in the unsaturated zone plays an important role in the transformation from rainfall infiltration to groundwater. The soil water movement models were developed by using HYDRUS-1D software at two typical experimental sites in Cangzhou (CZ) and Hengshui (HS) with different soil, vegetation and similar climate conditions. As shown in the results, the comparison in precipitation infiltration features between the two sites is distinct. The soil water experiences strong evaporation after precipitation infiltration, which accounts for 63% of the total infiltration at the HS site where the soil is homogenous. It is this strong evaporation effect that leads to slight increase of soil water storage. At the CZ site, where the soil is heterogeneous, the evaporation effect exists from July to October of the simulation period. The total evaporation accounts for 33% of the total infiltration, and the evaporation rate is slow. At the end of the simulation period, the soil water storage increases and the water table decreases, indicating a strong storage capacity at this site. 相似文献
13.
20世纪80年代零通量面方法在我国应用中解决了"四水"转化研究中参数不确定性带来的问题,发现在降水入渗补给地下水过程中土壤总水势梯度大于1.0cm H2O/cm,且逐渐降低,流入、流出被监测土层的水量相等时土壤总水势梯度趋近于1.0cm H2O/cm。20世纪90年代,利用土壤水势与含水量之间量化关系,指导了农业节水灌溉,提出在灌溉过程中土壤水势梯度等于1.0cm H2O/cm的时间持续愈长,表明过剩灌溉而浪费的水量愈多的认识。进入21世纪以来,水势理论较广泛地用来解决土壤水盐分运移数值模拟与入渗模型中水文地质参数问题和降水入渗土壤水势运移微观机理研究,并发现表聚型、中聚型和底聚型土壤盐分剖面的水动力学特征。通过土壤水动力场调控改变土壤水盐(养分或污染物)运移是未来重要研究方向。 相似文献
14.
淮北平原降雨入渗补给系数随地下水埋深变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水文地质参数对地下水资源评价起着至关重要的作用。其中,降雨入渗补给系数是影响浅层地下水水量、水质的重要参数。它对研究区域水量转化和水量平衡也十分重要。但是由于受降雨量、土壤类型、植被、地下水埋深等诸多因素的影响,准确判断降雨入渗补给系数存在很大困难。如果没有考虑这些因素的影响,尤其是降雨量和地下水埋深的影响,所推求的降雨入渗补给系数就会存在较大误差。结合安徽省淮北平原区五道沟水文实验站观测的降雨量、地下水补给量、地下水水位资料,利用两种不同的方法推求了不同降雨量等级的次降雨入渗补给系数。根据统计学理论研究了不同降雨量条件下,次降雨入渗补给系数随地下水埋深变化的分布规律,建立了次降雨入渗补给系数与地下水埋深的回归模型,并进行了相应的检验。研究表明,在控制地下水埋深的条件下,次降雨入渗补给系数随地下水埋深的变化符合指数分布;在地下水位自由变动的条件下符合伽玛分布。 相似文献
15.
Donald R. Cahoon 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(6):889-898
Storms have long been recognized as agents of geomorphic change to coastal wetlands. A review of recent data on soil elevation
dynamics before and after storms revealed that storms affected wetland elevations by storm surge, high winds, and freshwater
flushing of the estuary (inferred). The data also indicate that measures of sediment deposition and erosion can often misrepresent
the amount and even direction of elevation change because of storm influences on subsurface processes. Simultaneous influence
on both surface and subsurface processe by storms means that soil elevation cannot always be accurately estimated from surface
process data alone. Eight processes are identified as potentially influencing soil elevation: sediment deposition, sediment
erosion, sediment compaction, soil shrinkage, root decomposition (following tree mortality from high winds), root growth (following
flushing with freshwater, inferred), soil swelling, and lateral folding of the marsh root mat. Local wetland condition (e.g.,
marsh health, tide height, groundwater level) and the physical characteristics of the storm (e.g., angle of approach, proximity,
amount of rain, wind speed, and storm surge height) were apparently important factors determining the storm's effect on soil
elevation. Storm effect on elevation were both permanent (on an ecological time scale) and short-lived, but event short-term
changes have potentially important ecological consequences. Shallow soil subsidence or expansion caused by a storm must be
considered when calculating local rates of relative sea level rise and evaluating storm effects on wetland stability. 相似文献
16.
Assessment of soil salinization based on a low-cost method and its influencing factors in a semi-arid agricultural area,northwest China 总被引：13，自引：9，他引：4
An investigation of soil salinization was carried out in the Nanshantaizi area (Northwest China) with WET Sensor. This device can measure such soil parameters as bulk soil electrical conductivity, water content, and the pore water electrical conductivity that are important for soil salinization assessments. A distribution map of soil salinization was produced, and the factors influencing soil salinization and its processes were discussed in detail. The study shows that moderately salinized to salt soils are mainly observed in the alluvial plain, where groundwater level is high and lateral recharge water contains high salinity. Nanshantaizi is covered by slightly salinized soils. The soil salinization distribution estimated by WET Sensor is generally consistent with the actual levels of salinization. Soil salinity in Nanshantaizi is mostly of natural origin and accumulated salts could leach to deeper soils or aquifers by water percolation during irrigation. Groundwater evaporation, groundwater level depth and quality of recharge water are important factors influencing soil salinization in the alluvial plain. 相似文献
17.
一维土壤水分运动模拟在土壤水分特征研究中的应用——以华北平原衡水实验站为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
受地形特征以及人类活动的影响,华北平原地下水浅埋区水循环主要以垂直方向上的入渗和蒸发为主,其中,非饱和带对降水和地下水之间的转化具有重要作用。本文选择衡水作为华北平原地下水浅埋区的典型代表点,利用HYDRUS-1D建立了一维数值模型,以平水年2005年夏季作为模拟期,通过计算降水入渗量、蒸散发量、土壤水储存量的变化及地下水补给量等,揭示了该实验点的土壤水分运动特征以及土壤水在降水和地下水转化之间的作用。结果表明降水后土壤水和地下水都得到补给,土壤水储量增加,但由于强烈的蒸发和蒸腾作用(分别占降水补给量的63%和12%),水分消耗较快,因此总的入渗补给量为25%,土壤总储量增加不大;此外,土壤水和地下水联系密切,土壤深层水分在饱和和非饱和状态之间频繁转换,其间没有明确的界面分割,由此说明土壤水在"三水转化"过程中的重要性。 相似文献
18.
应用模糊综合评判方法对太原,晋中阳泉地区地质环境质量评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
曹金亮 《华北地质矿产杂志》1998,13(3):268-275
本文以滑坡,崩塌,矿区地质灾害,地面沉降,活动断裂,地震,岩溶陷落柱,地下水位降落漏斗,地下水污染,地表水污染,水土流失等环境地质环境作为评判因子,应用综合评判原理与方法,通过模型运算和隶属度分析,将研究地质环境质量划分为良好,较好。较差,差４个区１２个亚区,并就各区影响地质环境质量的各环境地质事件发育特征及危害程度进行了评述。 相似文献
19.
在分析砂沟滴灌土壤入渗规律的基础上,根据水量平衡原理建立了求解砂沟滴灌技术参数(沟宽、沟高、透水边壁高度、滴头流量)的模型,并将恒定水头积水入渗试验和Philip模型用于求解模型中的土壤入渗性能。以该模型计算的技术参数为基础,通过砂沟滴灌试验验证了模型的可行性,并对影响模型精度的因素做出了分析。试验结果表明,该模型能够较精确地设计砂沟滴灌技术参数。二维恒定水头积水入渗试验中,土壤吸渗率和渗透率是灌水时间的函数,砂沟滴灌中变化的积水深度和湿周是影响模型精度的另一个因素。 相似文献
20.
种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。 相似文献