共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 937 毫秒
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基于自然灾害风险理论,综合考虑自然环境和社会经济状况以及暴雨洪涝灾害风险的危险性、敏感性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力,利用模糊综合评价法、AHP熵权法、GIS空间分析技术和网格GIS技术,建立宁波市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划模型,绘制宁波市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图。结果表明,宁波、北仑、宁海和象山城区以及鄞州中南部、余姚中部和北部具有更高的暴雨洪涝灾害风险;而慈溪北部、奉化西部、鄞州和北仑东部的暴雨洪涝灾害风险相对较低。灾级指数与暴雨洪涝风险指数的相关性较好,相关系数达到0.821 7,且通过了0.01显著性水平检验。 相似文献
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关中东部暴雨灾害风险区划研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用关中东部11个气象站1961—2007年的逐日降水资料、同期暴雨洪涝灾害和经济发展资料,在ARCGIS平台上,从暴雨的孕灾环境敏感性、致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力等4方面综合分析,形成关中东部暴雨风险灾害区划。结果表明：关中东部孕灾环境的高敏感区主要在秦岭北部渭河支流较多的二华地区和沿黄河的韩城市;韩城和潼关的雨涝致灾危险性最高,蒲城、大荔致灾危险性相对较小;临渭区为高易损区;关中东部的临渭区、大荔、韩城对暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力最强,其次为蒲城和华县。暴雨洪灾的高风险区在韩城和潼关。暴雨灾害风险区面积相对较小,防灾减灾相对较强,暴雨致灾危险性范围小,但受地形和地貌影响,孕灾环境敏感性较高。 相似文献
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利用潍坊各区县2008—2017年的气象观测资料、地理空间数据和社会经济数据，基于GIS技术和自然灾害风险指数模型，考虑短时强降雨对潍坊市城市内涝造成的影响，对潍坊市强降雨洪涝风险的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力多个因子定量分析，构建了潍坊市强降雨洪涝灾害风险评价模型，并编制了潍坊市强降雨洪涝灾害风险区划。结果表明：灾害发生的高风险区主要位于高密、诸城等地区，潍坊北部地区孕灾环境敏感性指数较大，市中心区域则因人口、经济地位显著而易损性风险较大。该风险区划结果基本反映了潍坊市强降雨洪涝灾害的潜在风险，为潍坊市的洪涝灾害防灾减灾提供技术支持和决策依据。 相似文献
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基于GIS的南宁市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与区划 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用南宁市气象数据、自然地理数据和社会经济数据,组成自然致灾因子易发性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个指标,借助GIS的空间分析和叠加分析功能,构建南宁市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估指标体系,得出南宁市1000m×1000 m为单元的暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险区划图.结果表明,南宁市范围内发生洪涝灾害风险最高的处于宾阳,其中危险性最高的地区处于宾阳县的东部和北部,脆弱性最高的地区则处于宾阳县的中部和横县的东南部地区.该风险区划结果基本反映了南宁市暴雨灾害的潜在风险.暴雨洪涝灾害防御的重点区域应放在风险较高的区域. 相似文献
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宿迁地区水稻暴雨洪涝灾害保险气象理赔指数开发 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用宿迁地区104个乡镇2003—2013年水稻产量资料和2008—2013年保险理赔资料,计算水稻遭受暴雨洪涝灾害的灾害损失率;在自定义暴雨洪涝灾害指数的基础上,分析水稻灾损率与暴雨洪涝灾害指数的相关关系,建立各水稻种植区的气象理赔指数面板随机效应模型。结果得出:宿迁地区水稻遭受暴雨洪涝灾害影响的平均灾损率为-1.83%,达到理赔标准的乡镇比率为37.5%;受暴雨洪涝灾害影响最重的是III区,其次是I区,VII区和II区位居第三,其他几个区相对较轻;暴雨洪涝灾害主要影响水稻的孕穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期,对孕穗扬花期以前的生育期影响较小;暴雨洪涝灾害指数对水稻遭受暴雨洪涝灾害影响有较好的指示意义,利用这一指数制作水稻在灾损率预报准确率较高,达到90%以上;利用气象理赔指数,能较好的预报和模拟宿迁地区水稻遭受暴雨洪涝灾害的灾损率分布,对降低理赔风险,减少理赔费用有较强的指导意义。 相似文献
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杭州市台风暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划与评价 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
根据1960—2009年杭州市7个县市区的台风降水资料,结合杭州市的社会经济与自然地理要素,构建一个集致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体及防灾能力为一体的区域台风暴雨洪涝灾害风险评价模型。通过GIS空间分析技术实现各评价指标的栅格化,并利用模糊综合评价方法。编制以100 m×100 m栅格为基本评价单元的杭州市台风暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图。将杭州市域划分为高、次高、中等、次低和低的5级风险。区划结果表明：杭州市台风暴雨洪涝灾害风险从西南至东北呈递增趋势。萧山区、余杭市及杭州主城区等沿海平原区,风险等级相对较高;而建德市、淳安县等中西部山地丘陵区,风险等级略低。 相似文献
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廊坊市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与区划 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《干旱气象》2010,(4)
2008年廊坊市气象灾情普查资料显示,暴雨洪涝灾害是气象灾害中造成损失最为严重的气象灾害,1949～2007年廊坊市由暴雨洪涝灾害造成的直接经济损失总计达1986.73亿元,占所有气象灾害造成直接经济损失的82.2%,严重影响着国家和地方经济的可持续发展。依据自然灾害系统理论和灾害风险评估原理,计算出廊坊市地理地貌状况指数(H)、暴雨洪涝发生强度指数(C)、暴雨洪涝灾害频率指数(R)、承灾体经济承灾能力指数(E)、经济损失指数(E')、生命易损指数(L)、生命损伤指数(L'),抗灾能力指数(K)等8个风险指数,并对其进行评估与分析的基础上,综合评价了廊坊市暴雨洪涝灾害风险程度的地域差异,得出各县市区的综合风险指数,并按极高、高、中、低等4级分区法对廊坊市暴雨洪涝灾害的综合风险指数进行区划。研究所形成的暴雨洪涝灾害风险度区划对本地防御暴雨洪涝和降低灾害损失,以及对暴雨洪涝灾害采取有效管理提供了比较客观的科学依据。 相似文献
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根据天津市静海区18个乡镇2009—2018年逐时降水量,以及社会经济、地理地形、水利设施等数据,结合历史受灾信息,分别对静海区的暴雨致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性及防灾减灾能力进行分析,采用GIS技术和统计方法多因子叠加,综合得出静海地区暴雨灾害风险精细化评估和区划。研究发现,静海区北部区域以及南部中旺镇及其周边风险较高,而静海地区中部的风险较低;暴雨灾害高风险区主要分布在致灾因子敏感性、承灾体易损性较高而防灾减灾能力较低的静海镇和梁头镇及其周边,应加强防灾减灾设施建设。 相似文献
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基于区域气候模式RegCM4东亚地区25 km分辨率气候变化试验模拟结果,在分析华北区域基准期(1986—2005年)洪涝灾害致灾危险度以及人口和GDP承灾体易损度基础上,建立区域灾害风险评估模型;应用建立的模型预估华北区域RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下近期(2020—2035年)、中期(2046—2065年)和远期(2080—2098年)洪涝灾害风险的变化。结果表明：(1)RegCM4对华北区域基准期洪涝灾害危险度评估指标R20 mm和Rx5 day模拟能力较好,基准期洪涝灾害风险Ⅲ级及以上的区域位于北京、天津、河北南部和东部以及山西南部等地。(2)RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,未来3个不同时期华北区域大部分地区R20 mm和Rx5 day、洪涝致灾危险度以及风险增加,RCP8.5情景下增加更明显。风险等级Ⅲ级及以上范围在两种情景下均在中期最大。 相似文献
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Paprika pepper, as one of the main vegetable crops, is originated in the tropics and now widely planted in the world for its dietary therapy and medicinal functions. For its typical physiological properties referring to low tolerances to flood, drought and cold, paprika pepper often suffers from one or several disasters during its growing period, especially under tropical climate. Paprika pepper in Hainan, as a typical region of tropical climate in China, sustains flood, chilling and drought disaster risks induced by varied weather systems. This study was to develop and employ appropriate indices to assess hazard, sensitivity, vulnerability and prevention capability for major disasters during paprika pepper growth period, using long-term meteorological data from 1998 to 2011, actual disasters record from 1999 to 2011, production and socioeconomic statistics from 2002 to 2011 at 18 weather stations. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy method, the combined weight was given to each disaster factor, thus an integrated disaster risk assessment model was developed and applied at regional level. High flood hazard mainly occurred in eastern Hainan, high chilling hazard in north and central mountain areas, and high drought hazard in the western part of Hainan. Drought and chilling sensitivity had a similar spatial distribution which decreased from central to coastal regions while flood sensitivity was the opposite. High vulnerability of the disasters mainly occurred in central regions, similar to low prevention capability. Eastern Hainan suffered from high integrated damage risk. The predicted damage occurrence showed a good agreement with the occurrence of actual disasters. We concluded that an integrated damage risk assessment model could provide a new tool to assess major meteorological disasters and help farmers and policy makers to alleviate the risks of major meteorological disasters for paprika pepper, which seems also suitable for other crops. 相似文献
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Under global warming, the risk of heat injury for crops increases, which leads to increasing instability in agricultural production. In this study, based on phenological observation data and yield data during 1981-2011 and daily meteorological data during 1961-2011 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR), the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice in this area and its response to climate change were assessed and analyzed. The risk was decomposed into such elements as hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity, in accordance with natural disaster risk assessment theory and the formation mechanisms of agrometeorological disasters.First, a hazard assessment model was established to identify spatiotemporal variations of the heat injury in the MLRYR during 1961-2011, and the relationship between heat injury hazard and air temperature was analyzed to identify the response of hazard to climate change. It was found that the heat injury hazard of single-cropping rice was positively correlated with the mean and maximum temperatures during the rice heading period of 20 days, with the hazard increasing sharply when the mean temperature exceeded 26.5°C and the maximum temperature exceeded 31°C. Then, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity were also quantitatively examined. The results show that vulnerability and hazard were the two most important factors in the heat injury risk assessment for single-cropping rice at most stations in the MLRYR.The risk assessment considering only the first three natural elements produced high-risk values (> 0.46) mainly in the northeast of the study area. By adding the regional capability in disaster prevention/mitigation into account, the risk assessment produced high-risk values in a much smaller area in the northeast but some-what larger areas in the southwest of the study domain. In general, the risk of heat injury differed greatly within the MLRYR. Particular rice varieties should be adopted for specific regions, according to the local risk features quantified by this study. Under the warming climate, the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice is likely to continue to increase. 相似文献
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Flooding is the most costly natural hazard in Europe. Climatic and socioeconomic change are expected to further increase the amount of loss in the future. To counteract this development, policymaking, and adaptation planning need reliable large-scale risk assessments and an improved understanding of potential risk drivers.In this study, recent datasets for hazard and flood protection standards are combined with high resolution exposure projections and attributes of vulnerability derived from open data sources. The independent and combined influence of exposure change and climate scenarios rcp45 and rcp85 on fluvial flood risk are evaluated for three future periods centered around 2025, 2055 and 2085. Scenarios with improved and neglected private precaution are examined for their influence on flood risk using a probabilistic, multivariable flood loss model — BN-FLEMOps — to estimate fluvial flood losses for residential buildings in Europe.The results on NUTS-3 level reveal that urban centers and their surrounding regions are the hotspots of flood risk in Europe. Flood risk is projected to increase in the British Isles and Central Europe throughout the 21st century, while risk in many regions of Scandinavia and the Mediterranean will stagnate or decline. Under the combined effects of exposure change and climate scenarios rcp45, rcp85, fluvial flood risk in Europe is estimated to increase seven-fold and ten-fold respectively until the end of the century. Our results confirm the dominance of socioeconomic change over climate change on increasing risk. Improved private precautionary measures would reduce flood risk in Europe on an average by 15%. The quantification of future flood risk in Europe by integrating climate, socioeconomic and private precaution scenarios provides an overview of risk drivers, trends, and hotspots. This large-scale comprehensive assessment at a regional level resolution is valuable for multi-scale risk-based adaptation planning. 相似文献
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基于CMIP5模式的中国地区未来洪涝灾害风险变化预估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用22个CMIP5全球气候模式模拟结果,结合社会经济以及地形高度数据,分析了RCP8.5温室气体排放情景下21世纪近期（2016-2035年）、中期（2046-2065年）和后期（2080-2099年）中国洪涝致灾危险性、承灾体易损性以及洪涝灾害风险。结果表明,洪涝灾害危险等级较高的地区集中在中国的东南部,洪涝承灾体易损度高值区位于中国的东部地区。在RCP8.5情景下,未来我国洪涝灾害高风险区主要出现在四川东部、华东的大部分地区、华北的京津冀地区、陕西和山西的部分地区以及东南沿海部分地区。东北地区的各大省会城市面临洪涝灾害的风险也很高。与基准期（1986-2005年）相比,21世纪后期,虽然发生洪涝灾害的区域变化不大,但高风险区域有所增加。鉴于模式较粗的分辨率以及确定权重系数的方法学等问题,洪涝灾害风险的预估还存在较大的不确定性。 相似文献
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基于GIS的河南省洪涝灾害风险评估与区划研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
在分析洪灾形成的各主要因子的基础上,提出了基于地理信息系统(GIS)的洪灾风险评估指标模型。在对指标体系赋予权重的基础上结合GIS进行洪涝灾害风险评估和区划分析,结合河南省具体情况,以降雨、地形和区域社会经济易损性为主要指标,得出河南省洪灾风险综合区划图,既有赋予权重后的准确性又有GIS区划图的一目了然,具有一定的理论和实践意义。从所得到的洪涝灾害风险区划图可以看出,信阳、驻马店、周口大部分地区由于降水较多和社会易损性影响度较大,发生洪涝的风险最大,焦作、郑州、开封和安阳、濮阳的部分地区,由于处于黄河流域发生洪涝的可能也较大,其他地区发生洪涝可能性不大。 相似文献
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Tobias Lung Carlo Lavalle Roland Hiederer Alessandro Dosio Laurens M. Bouwer 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(2):522-536
To better prioritise adaptation strategies to a changing climate that are currently being developed, there is a need for quantitative regional level assessments that are systematic and comparable across multiple weather hazards. This study presents an indicator-based impact assessment framework at NUTS-2 level for the European Union that quantifies potential regional changes in weather-related hazards: heat stress in relation to human health, river flood risk, and forest fire risk. This is done by comparing the current (baseline) situation with two future time periods, 2011–2040 and 2041–2070. The indicator values for the baseline period are validated against observed impact data. For each hazard, the method integrates outcomes of a set of coherent high-resolution regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project based on the SRES A1B emission scenario, with current and projected non-climatic drivers of risk, such as land use and socio-economic change. An index of regional adaptive capacity has been developed and compared with overall hazard impact in order to identify the potentially most vulnerable regions in Europe. The results show strongest increases in impacts for heat stress, followed by forest fire risk, while for flood risk the sign and magnitude of change vary across regions. A major difference with previous studies is that heat stress risk could increase most in central Europe, which is due to the ageing population there. An overall assessment combining the three hazards shows a clear trend towards increasing impact from climaterelated natural hazards for most parts of Europe, but hotspot regions are found in eastern and southern Europe due to their low adaptive capacities. This spatially explicit assessment can serve as a basis for discussing climate adaptation mainstreaming, and priorities for regional development in the EU. 相似文献
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利用潍坊市气象数据以及统计年鉴资料、基础地理信息数据、土地利用类型数据和历史灾情数据,基于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估模型,结合GIS技术,对潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害进行风险评估,并绘制出潍坊市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图.结果表明：诸城市中北部、高密市的西南部及安丘的东南部属于高风险区,安丘的东北部、昌邑的南部属于较高风险区,昌乐的大部分、青州的东部、临朐的东北部、安丘的西部属于中风险区,青州西南部、临朐西南部、寿光东北部、昌邑东北部属于低风险区.评价结果与潍坊市的实际情况基本吻合. 相似文献
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Flood damage modelling has traditionally been limited to the local, regional or national scale. Recent flood events, population growth and climate change concerns have increased the need for global methods with both spatial and temporal dynamics. This paper presents a first estimation of global economic exposure to both river and coastal flooding for the period 1970–2050, using two different methods for damage assessment. One method is based on population and the second is based on land-use within areas subject to 1/100 year flood events. On the basis of population density and GDP per capita, we estimate a total global exposure to river and coastal flooding of 46 trillion USD in 2010. By 2050, these numbers are projected to increase to 158 trillion USD. Using a land-use based assessment, we estimated a total flood exposure of 27 trillion USD in 2010. For 2050 we simulate a total exposure of 80 trillion USD. The largest absolute exposure changes between 1970 and 2050 are simulated in North America and Asia. In relative terms we project the largest increases in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. The models also show systematically larger growth in the population living within hazard zones compared to total population growth. While the methods unveil similar overall trends in flood exposure, there are significant differences in the estimates and geographical distribution. These differences result from inherent model characteristics and the varying relationship between population density and the total urban area in the regions of analysis. We propose further research on the modelling of inundation characteristics and flood protection standards, which can complement the methodologies presented in this paper to enable the development of a global flood risk framework. 相似文献