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1.
— We quantify the effects of complex fault geometry on low-frequency (<1 Hz) strong ground motion using numerical modeling of dynamic rupture. Our tests include the computation of synthetic seismograms for several simple rupture scenarios with planar and curved fault approximations of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. We use the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) to compute the dynamic rupture process, which includes the normal stress effects along the curved fault geometries. The wave propagation and computation of synthetic seismograms are modeled using a fourth-order finite-difference method (FDM). The near-field ground motion is significantly affected by the acceleration, deceleration and arrest of rupture due to the curvature of the faults, as well as the variation in directivity of the rupture. For example, a 6-km-long hanging-wall or footwall splay with a maximum offset of 1 km can change 1-Hz peak velocities by up to a factor of 2-3 near the fault. Our tests suggest that the differences in waveform are larger on the hanging wall compared to those on the footwall, although the differences in amplitude are larger in the forward rupture direction (footwall). The results imply that kinematic ground motion estimates may be biased by the omission of dynamic rupture effects and even relatively gentle variation in fault geometry, and even for long-period waves. 相似文献
2.
The ray formulae for the radiation from point sources in unbounded inhomogeneous isotropic as well as anisotropic media consist of two factors. The first one depends fully on the type and orientation of the source and on the parameters of the medium at the source. We call this factor the directivity function. The second factor depends on the parameters of the medium surrounding the source and this factor is the well-known geometrical spreading. The displacement vector and the radiation pattern defined as a modulus of the amplitude of the displacement vector measured on a unit sphere around the source are both proportional to the ratio of the directivity function and the geometrical spreading.For several reasons it is desirable to separate the two mentioned factors. For example, there are methods in exploration seismics, which separate the effects of the geometrical spreading from the observed wave field (so-called true amplitude concept) and thus require the proposed separation. The separation also has an important impact on computer time savings in modeling seismic wave fields generated by point sources by the ray method. For a given position in a given model, it is sufficient to calculate the geometrical spreading only once. A multitude of various types of point sources with a different orientation can then be calculated at negligible additional cost.In numerical examples we show the effects of anisotropy on the geometrical spreading, the directivity and the radiation pattern. Ray synthetic seismograms due to a point source positioned in an anisotropic medium are also presented and compared with seismograms for an isotropic medium. 相似文献
3.
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in an active earthquake zone, i.e., Longmenshan tectonic zone. Seismic waves triggered
by this earthquake can be used to explore the characteristics of the fault rupture process and the hierarchical structure
of the Earth’s interior. We employ spectral element method incorporated with large-scale parallel computing technology, to
investigate the characteristics of seismic wave propagation excited by Wenchuan earthquake. We calculate synthetic seismograms
with one-point source model and three-point source model respectively. The AK135 model is employed as a prototype of our numerical
global Earth model. The Earth’s ellipticity, Earth’s medium attenuation, and topography data are taken into consideration.
These wave propagation processes are simulated by solving three-dimensional elastic wave governing equations. Three-dimensional
visualization of our numerical results displays the profile of the seismic wave propagation. The three-point source, which
is proposed from the latest investigations through field observation and reverse estimation, can better demonstrate the spatial
and temporal characteristics of the source rupture process than the one-point source. We take comparison of synthetic seismograms
with observational data recorded at 16 observatory stations. Primary results show that the synthetic seismograms calculated
from three-point source agree well with the observations. This can further reveal that the source rupture process of Wenchuan
earthquake is a multi-rupture process, which is composed by at least three or more stages of rupture processes.
Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418406), National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant Nos. 40774049 and 40474038), and Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. INF105-SCE-02-12) 相似文献
4.
XIAOHONG XU 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(2):139-168
A multichannel lattice filter structure is utilized to represent seismic waves propagating in adjacent layers in an elastic medium. Using this model, an explicit time-domain solution for arbitrary source and receiver locations is obtained as an ARMA (AutoRegressive and Moving-Average) process. The lattice and ARMA structures have given rise to an effective algorithm for the calculation of offset/downhole synthetic seismograms. A large range of recently developed offset/downhole seismic survey geometries, such as the ‘Yo-Yo’ arrangement, can thus be simulated. In addition, the explicit solutions for upgoing and downgoing waves provide new insight into the properties of general downhole seismic signals, including wave-mode conversion effects and multiple reflections. Furthermore, offset/downhole seismograms generated by a line source (i.e. 2D point source) can also be constructed by superposition of plane waves with different incidence angles. Synthetic seismograms generated using a different source-receiver arrangement indicate that the properties especially associated with offset/downhole seismic signals can be predicted by this modelling method. These properties include arrival times, amplitude attenuation and wave-mode conversion effects. Finally, utilizing this numerical modelling method to a real downhole survey with Yo-Yo geometry may lead to a proper data acquisition and processing procedure, and improves the interpretation confidence of the field section. 相似文献
5.
本文首先较为系统地回顾了终止相研究的历史、进展,对震源破裂过程产生终止震相的物理机制进行了讨论,并详细讨论了主事件分析法以及合成包含终止相的理论图的方法。在此基础上应用主事件分析法处理了唐山地震的实际资料,给出唐山地震的震源破裂过程的大致时空图象,同时计算了包括终止事件的合成图。结果表明,考虑破裂过程的终止事件可以较好地拟合P波观测图,从而进一步确认唐山地震震源破裂过程包括两次终止事件的可能性。此外本文还对唐山地震的震源环境以及调整单元的让位情况进行了讨论。 相似文献
6.
Many investigations of the propagation elastic waves within the earth require a technique for producing synthetic seismograms which is capable of modelling 3D propagation effects. Ray methods are an excellent option for these problems, because they can be made fully 3D and allow a relatively quick and flexible computation of synthetic seismograms. However, the two point problem of finding the ray which connects exactly a specific source and receiver, may still be difficult and time consuming. Therefore, application of the paraxial method, which allows extrapolation of the information on a given ray to nearby receiver locations, is very valuable. With this approach, great savings in computation time and significant simplification of computer codes are possible. We investigate the application of the paraxial ray method to two problems in which the effects of 3D seismic wave propagation are important. The first is a model of a reef structure. In this case, we consider synthetic seismograms for a VSP experimental configuration. When the SV source and well are located along the axis of the reef, only 2D propagation effects are observed. If the source-receiver plane is located to the side of the reef, however, the 3D shape of the reef causes significant amplitudes to be predicted for shear-wave arrivals on the transverse component of the synthetic seismograms. The second example is a ID, layered earth model, but it includes two layers which are azimuthally anisotropic due to the presence of aligned, vertical fractures. This anisotropy leads to 3D raypaths. Synthetic seismographs are presented for a cross-hole geometry both for an equivalent isotropic model and for the direction parallel to the fractures and at an angle of 45° to the fractures in the anisotropic case. These synthetics show that the differences between the isotropic case and the case for source and receivers aligned with the plane of the fractures are small and subtle. On the other hand, the predictions for the direction at 45° to the cracks show shear-wave splitting and significant transverse component signal. These results have important implications for both modelling and for applications such as tomography. It is clear that for some of the cases considered, a 2D algorithm will lead to errors in interpretation of data. In addition, ray-based tomographic techniques will have great difficulty in obtaining a well-defined 2D planar image when the signals are propagating in regions outside the image plane. 相似文献
7.
Directivity effects are a characteristic of seismic source finiteness and are a consequence of the rupture spread in preferential
directions. These effects are manifested through seismic spectral deviations as a function of the observation location. The
directivity by Doppler effect method permits estimation of the directions and rupture velocities, beginning from the duration
of common pulses, which are identified in waveforms or relative source time functions. The general model of directivity that
supports the method presented here is a Doppler analysis based on a kinematic source model of rupture (Haskell, Bull Seismol
Soc Am 54:1811–1841, 1964) and a structural medium with spherical symmetry. To evaluate its performance, we subjected the method to a series of tests
with synthetic data obtained from ten typical seismic ruptures. The experimental conditions studied correspond with scenarios
of simple and complex, unilaterally and bilaterally extended ruptures with different mechanisms and datasets with different
levels of azimuthal coverage. The obtained results generally agree with the expected values. We also present four real case
studies, applying the method to the following earthquakes: Arequipa, Peru (M
w = 8.4, June 23, 2001); Denali, AK, USA (M
w = 7.8; November 3, 2002); Zemmouri–Boumerdes, Algeria (M
w = 6.8, May 21, 2003); and Sumatra, Indonesia (M
w = 9.3, December 26, 2004). The results obtained from the dataset of the four earthquakes agreed, in general, with the values
presented by other authors using different methods and data. 相似文献
8.
9.
Summary A method of determining simultaneously the moment tensor and source time function in the point source approximation is presented. For trial values of the moment tensor components and of the source time function, parametrized by the sum of overlapping triangles delayed in time, theoretical seismograms can be synthetized and compared with the recorded ones. The iterative procedure determines the adjustment of source parameters until a good correlation of both synthetic and observed records is reached. The Green functions in a horizontally stratified medium are constructed with the use of a modal summation method.The limits of applicability of the algorithm are illustrated by the inversion of four synthetic seismograms constructed for two horizontally stratified models of the structure in Friuli area, Italy. The records constructed for the same structural model as for which the Green functions were computed can be inverted even in the high-frequency range. In the opposite case, when the records and Green functions used corresponded to different structural models, a good correlation of the input records with the final synthetics was obtained for low - pass filtered data only.Additional tests performed with input seismograms contaminated with random noise yielded good resolution of the moment tensor and the duration of the source time function even for a high noise to signal ratio. 相似文献
10.
MONIKA BREITZKE 《Geophysical Prospecting》1992,40(1):31-70
In spite of a geometrical rotation into radial and transverse parts, two- or three-component in-seam seismic data used for underground fault detection often suffer from the problem of overmoding ‘noise’. Special recompression filters are required to remove this multimode dispersion so that conventional reflection seismic data processing methods, e.g. CMP stacking techniques, can be applied afterwards. A normal-mode superposition approach is used to design such multimode recompression filters. Based on the determination of the Green's function in the far-field, the normal-mode superposition approach is usually used for the computation of synthetic single- and multi-mode (transmission) seismograms for vertically layered media. From the filter theory's point of view these Green's functions can be considered as dispersion filters which are convolved with a source wavelet to produce the synthetic seismograms. Thus, the design of multimode recompression filters can be reduced to a determination of the inverse of the Green's function. Two methods are introduced to derive these inverse filters. The first operates in the frequency domain and is based on the amplitude and phase spectrum of the Green's function. The second starts with the Green's function in the time domain and calculates two-sided recursive filters. To test the performance of the normal-mode superposition approach for in-seam seismic problems, it is first compared and applied to synthetic finite-difference seismograms of the Love-type which include a complete solution of the wave equation. It becomes obvious that in the case of one and two superposing normal modes, the synthetic Love seam-wave seismograms based on the normal-mode superposition approach agree exactly with the finite-difference data if the travel distance exceeds two dominant wavelengths. Similarly, the application of the one- and two-mode recompression filters to the finite-difference data results in an almost perfect reconstruction of the source wavelet already two dominant wavelengths away from the source. Subsequently, based on the dispersion analysis of an in-seam seismic transmission survey, the normal-mode superposition approach is used both to compute one- and multi-mode synthetic seismograms and to apply one- and multimode recompression filters to the field data. The comparison of the one- and two-mode synthetic seismograms with the in-seam seismic transmission data reveals that arrival times, duration and shape of the wavegroups and their relative excitation strengths could well be modelled by the normal-mode superposition approach. The one-mode recompressions of the transmission seismograms result in non-dispersive wavelets whose temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio could clearly be improved. The simultaneous two-mode recompressions of the underground transmission data show that, probably due to band-limitation, the dispersion characteristics of the single modes could not be evaluated sufficiently accurately from the field data in the high-frequency range. Additional techniques which overcome the problem of band-limitation by modelling all of the enclosed single-mode dispersion characteristics up to the Nyquist frequency will be mandatory for future multimode applications. 相似文献
11.
地震破裂方向性参数包含了断层几何形态、破裂长度等信息,对于地震灾害评估、孕震机理研究具有重要意义.但是基于点源近似的震源矩中心张量机制解(CMT)或断层面解(fault plane solution)只能给出两个节面,无法确定破裂断层面.本文提出一种基于质心与起始震中的差异确定发震断层的方法,该方法利用P波到时来测定主震与参考地震间相对起始震中,同时利用波形反演震源机制过程中的主震时移与参考地震时移之差测定相对质心震中,在假定单侧破裂的情形下,根据时移之差随方位角的变化推断破裂断层面.本文使用该方法研究了2008年云南盈江MS6.0走滑型地震,发现其破裂方向与其他方法结果一致.由于该方法基于相对起始震中和质心震中,可有效削弱速度结构模型不准确以及地震绝对位置误差带来的影响,应可适用于其他类似类型6级左右地震的破裂方向性研究,但仍需进一步工作对其进行验证. 相似文献
12.
The Simulation of Ground Motions Using Envelope Summations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
—?The technique of Midorikawa (1993) has been modified to obtain a resultant envelope function at the observation point by placing the rupture causing an earthquake in a layered earth model. The method and its dependency on various modelling parameters are studied in detail. The complete study shows that the generated resultant envelope follows important strong motion characteristics such as directivity and attenuation effects. The simulated resultant envelope is further used for generating synthetic accelerograms by multiplying filtered white noise with the envelope of accelerogram at a particular observation point. Filters through which white noise passes include the effects of geometrical spreading, anelastic attenuation and near-site attenuation at high frequencies.¶Uttarkashi earthquake is among few Indian earthquakes for which strong motion data are available at thirteen different stations. Using the technique presented in this work, envelope function as well as complete acceleration time history during Uttarkashi earthquake has been simulated at these observation points. Comparison of peak acceleration, duration and acceleration response spectra confirms the utility and efficacy of the approach. 相似文献
13.
本文以二滩地区为例,介绍如何结合地震危险性分析的结果,采用理论模拟方法估计工作地区近场强地面运动情况,为工程抗震设计提供必需的地面运动动力学参数。 文中采用理论方法计算剪切位错点源的格林函数;根据断裂动力学模型、近场地面峰值加速度衰减曲线和场地附近的加速度谱来标定震源模型;计算了若在坝区附近发生Ms=6.2级地震时场地的综合地震图、加速度傅氏谱和反应谱等。由理论模拟计算的峰值加速度衰减曲线和观测结果符合较好。在震中距为20km处的加速度谱的截止频率fmax与观测值相吻合（约为8 Hz左右）,相应的峰值加速度为211cm/s2,振动持续时间为3.4秒。 相似文献
14.
Love waves from five earthquakes in southwest Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and Algeria, as recorded at the broadband Gräfenberg array in eastern Bavaria, are modelled in detail using an extended reflectivity method. The focal mechanisms are taken from the literature or determined from long-period WWNSS data. The theoretical double-couple moment function used for modelling increases smoothly during the risetime T from zero to the seismic moment M0. T and M0 are determined by matching the observed and theoretical Love-wave seismograms in the long-period WWNSS frequency band. T is approximately equal to the rupture duration; values from 1.4 to 20 s are found. Seismic moments generally agree within a factor of about two with those found by other authors from larger data sets. The earthquakes in southwest Germany and Greece were simple events and can be modelled very well by one double couple. In the case of the other earthquakes, the theoretical Love-wave seismograms are too short. For these earthquakes there is some independent evidence for a multiple-event nature. This evidence is condensed into source models consisting of two or three double couples representing separate and complete sub-earthquakes, which then explain the observations quite well. In the case of the Algerian earthquake, the long Love-wave duration may also be due to complications in structure along the wavepath across the Mediterranean and the Alps. The present results show that accurate Love-wave modelling for a single station at regional distance from an epicentre is a reliable method for estimation of seismic moment and rupture duration. Use of a digitally recording station with large dynamic range allows events over a large magnitude interval to be studied. The Gräfenberg array is well suited for such an investigation of European and North African earthquakes. 相似文献
15.
16.
We present a new method for the extraction and removal of the source wavelet from the reflection seismogram. In contrast to all other methods currently in use, this one does not demand that there be any mathematically convenient relationship between the phase spectrum of the source wavelet and the phase spectrum of the earth impulse response. Instead, it requires a fundamental change in the field technique such that two different seismograms are now generated from each source-receiver pair: the source and receiver locations stay the same, but the source used to generate one seismogram is a scaled version of the source used to generate the other. A scaling law provides the relationship between the two source signatures and permits the earth impulse response to be extracted from the seismograms without any of the usual assumptions about phase. We derive the scaling law for point sources in an homogeneous isotropic medium. Next, we describe a method for the solution of the set of three simultaneous equations and test it rigorously using a variety of synthetic data and two types of synthetic source waveform: damped sine waves and non-minimum-phase air gun waveforms. Finally we demonstrate that this method is stable in the presence of noise. 相似文献
17.
Synthetic seismograms for finite sources in spherically symmetric Earth using normal-mode summation 
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下载免费PDF全文 Normal-mode summation is the most rapidly used method in calculating synthetic seismograms. However, normal-mode summation is mostly applied to point sources. For earthquakes triggered by faults extending for as long as several 100 km, the seismic waves are usually simulated by point source summation. In this paper, we attempt to follow a different route, i.e., directly calculate the excitation of each mode, and use normal-mode summation to obtain the seismogram. Furthermore, we assume the finite source to be a ‘‘line source' and numerically calculate the transverse component of synthetic seismograms for vertical strike-slip faults. Finally, we analyze the features in the Love waves excited by finite faults. 相似文献
18.
本文对20个WWSSN台记录到的渤海地震(1969年7月18日,MS=7.4)远震P波波形与理论地震图进行了对比。确定了渤海地震的震源参数为:地震矩2.6 1019Nm;震源破裂持续时间为12S;震源深度为35 km;两个节面为:(1)走向=24,倾角=85,错滑角=170;(2)=115,=80,=5。 相似文献
19.
2017年8月9日的新疆精河MS6.6地震是近年来天山北缘发生的最大地震,震中位于由多条逆冲断层组成的库松木契克断裂带内.由于震源较深、构造形变复杂、区域地震台站相对稀疏,仅根据震源机制解、余震分布和InSAR观测结果等难以直接判定发震构造.本文针对倾滑型地震发展了一种基于区域地震波形的破裂方向性测定方法,利用余震作为参考地震进行路径校正,根据主震和参考地震的波形时移差和Pn-Pg到时差分别确定主震在水平方向和深度方向的破裂尺度,进而推断同震破裂的延展方向和延伸尺度.本文在反演了主震的点源参数后,应用新发展的方法测定了地震的破裂方向性.点源反演结果显示,精河地震是一个发生在中地壳的高角度逆冲地震,矩震级约6.2,质心深度21km,震源持续时间5.5s,两个双力偶节面分别为102°/45°/106°(NP1)和259°/47°/74°(NP2).破裂方向性分析结果显示,地震的破裂面为南倾的NP1节面,地震沿着破裂起始点向西南方向、向下破裂,总破裂长度约11.5km,其中,沿深度的破裂范围约7km,沿水平的破裂范围约9km,平均破裂速度约2.1km·s-1.综合区域地质资料、卫星影像等判定本次地震的发震断层为精河南断层,地震可能只破裂了断层的下段(17~25km),并未破出地表. 相似文献
20.
Rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion during the 12 May 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 We focus here on the rupture directivity effect on the spatial distribution and attenuation characteristics of near-field ground motions during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We examine the difference between the observed ground motions in and opposite the rupture directions and compare them with Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) ground motion prediction models. The isochrone directivity predictor is used to quantify the band-limited nature of the rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion. Our results show that the observed peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral accelerations of periods of 1.0 s and longer are significantly amplified in the rupture direction, but de-amplified in the opposite direction affected by rupture directivity effect of this event. In contrast, the effect of rupture directivity on the observed peak ground acceleration (PGA) and periods of shorter than 1.0 s are relatively weak. The rupture directivity of this event shows clear period dependent and band limited characteristics with the strongest effect occurring around the period of 7.5 s. 相似文献