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1.
陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道围岩变形特征和一般的均质岩体隧道是不一样的。通过有限元计算和模型试验研究手段,以重庆涪南高速公路鸭江隧道工程为例,对陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道开挖过程中围岩的变形特征和机理进行了深入分析。研究结果表明:对于陡倾小交角层状岩体来说,层理面是主要控制结构面,隧道的开挖会导致一定范围内的岩层形成临空面,这部分岩层会向洞室产生滑移,从而引起地表的较大沉降;岩层倾角越大,地表沉降也会随之增大;与一般均质岩体隧道不同,陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道围岩变形具有非对称性,最大变形一般发生在顺层向。研究结论可供今后陡倾层状岩体隧道的施工设计参考。 相似文献
2.
岩质边坡防护的最有效措施就是锚固工程。然而锚固参数(包括锚杆或锚索长度、锚固间距、预应力大小等)的选取至今在理论上未能很好解决,在实际工程中也未体现出合理的优化设计。以云沱段狮子包边坡2-2′剖面(K0 85.7 m)为例,运用正交试验设计法分析锚固参数的组合方案,以边坡稳定性系数作为评价指标,分别改变锚固参数,以此分析对边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,对边坡稳定性影响显著的因素由大至小的顺序是:预应力大小、锚固间距、锚杆长度。以此研究结果为该实例的锚固支护参数选取确定了设计方案,最后采用有限差分程序FLAC3D进行了锚固效果数值分析验证。 相似文献
3.
在隧道工程地质勘察中,物探工效高、信息丰富、成本低、勘探周期短、效果好等优点,得到了大家的重视。EH4电磁成像系统最近几年较好地应用在工程物探中的一种手段,它利用不同岩性和相同岩性不同赋存结构间所反映的电性特征差异,可用来测定、基岩的起伏情况,测定隐伏断层、破碎带的位置及产状以及评价岩体质量和工程地质围岩分类等。本文结合张唐铁路定测阶段的施工,选择典型地段为实例,对围岩分级和不良地质体圈定进行了分析,探测结果与地勘结果相吻合,表明该系统对探测铁路隧道地质勘察是一种便捷有效的方法。 相似文献
4.
单锚锚固的研究均未考虑受锚土体材料固有力学属性对锚固效果的重要影响,甚至也没有对工程锚固参数进行优化设计。依据土体粘结力和内摩擦力的双强度摩擦属性,从砂浆锚固体与残余承载区土体总剪切位移的构成特点出发,分析土锚结构的自承作用,运用界面的剪应力指数分布和弹性理论知识,考虑脱粘条件下残余承载区土体的内摩擦性,建立了残余承载区与主承载区边界非线性剪应力的计算式;通过静力平衡条件,建立了锚杆锚固段长度下限值的计算式。结合算例分析表明:在残余承载区界面,考虑土体内摩擦特性剪应力最大值比未考虑土体内摩擦特性剪应力最大值减少13.9%,同时锚杆锚固段设计长度减少12.5%。锚固土体内摩擦特性能对锚固工程稳定性、提高极限锚固力、减少工程量和降低成本提供有益参考。 相似文献
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以"中国地壳运动观测网络"工程1999-2001年GPS观测数据以及"大陆强震机理与预测"国家基础研究项目青藏块体东北缘GPS网1999,2001,2003年的观测资料为基础,应用GAM IT/GLOBK软件对数据进行精密解算,获得了青藏块体东北缘1999-2001年相对于鼎新基准站以及欧亚板块的水平运动速度场。结合板块构造以及大地动力学理论,对青藏块体进行了块体的划分,分析了块体间的相互作用,并进一步分析了该地区的地壳水平运动特征,得出了以下结论:(1)GPS技术用于地壳运动的监测是可行的;(2)1999-2001年期间,祁连-海原断裂带GPS运动位移与地质结果十分吻合;(3)印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞以碰撞后印度大陆继续以50 mm/a的速度向北推进是青藏块体东北缘的运动动力;(4)甘青块体西部子块体以北东向挤压运动为主;东部子块体主要表现为以海原断裂带为北边界的顺时针旋转为主;(5)鄂尔多斯块体存在逆时针旋转运动,其旋转速度在块体西南侧的六盘山断裂带一带最大,向北至块体西北部明显减小。 相似文献
7.
冰碛为冰川搬运和堆积的松散物质,发育在其上的公路滑坡较为少见,缺少相关经验与试验数据。作者考察研究了国内外关于堆积层滑坡的治理现状,结合锚固工程界专家提出的锚固工程研究方向,在现场贴片锚固试验的基础上,对发育在冰碛物上的滑坡体锚固工程进行了专题研究,综合考虑不同锚索型式、不同锚索锚固段长度、不同张拉吨位对锚索锚固段应力分布规律的影响,得出了适用于冰碛物滑坡的锚固试验结论,经过综合比选推荐了一种适用的锚索锚固型式。并结合试验结果通过有限元试算,提出了适宜的建模边界条件。 相似文献
8.
巷道或隧道开挖对洞口仰坡稳定性有重要影响,处理不慎极易酿成工程事故。以山东某地下水封洞库施工巷道洞口风化花岗岩仰坡为研究对象,基于离散元模拟和监测数据,选取仰坡最大位移、塑性区体积及稳定系数作为评价指标,研究了巷道开挖进尺、断面尺寸及W值(上覆地层厚度与巷道跨度之比)对仰坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着开挖进尺的增加,坡面最大位移增长速率呈匀速—加速—稳定的变化规律,塑性区体积不断增大,且开挖断面越大,位移、塑性区增长速率越大;仰坡稳定系数随进尺的增加先降低后趋于稳定,且断面尺寸越大其降低速率和幅度越大,最终降低幅度为6.9%~27.6%;随着W值增大,仰坡稳定系数先降低后趋于稳定,降低速率随断面尺寸增大而增大,根据特定断面下稳定系数降低速率不同,将关系曲线划分为骤降区、缓降区、陡降区和平稳区。研究结论可为类似工程洞口段划分、施工及稳定性评价提供参考。 相似文献
9.
工后边(滑)坡预应力锚固工程的长期工作性能是影响锚固工程安全性的一个关键问题。通过一种改进的拉拔检测设备,对重庆三处滑坡工后锚索结构进行了锚索抗拔力检测。通过对各工点检测结果的分析,对各工点锚索结构物当前预应力状态,预应力损失率,锚索安全储备进行了科学判定,为补强整治提供依据。对比分析了造成三处滑坡预应力损失差别较大的原因,岩体蠕变变形及锚索的松弛耦合变形是导致工后锚索预应力损失的主要原因,对于过于松散破碎或含水量较大的滑坡体尽量避免采用预应力锚索结构。通过对比分析各工点工后锚固工程的应力状态及锚索破坏方式表明,锚固段破坏是引起锚固工程失效的主要方式之一,今后锚索工程施工时,应重点注意锚索的长度及注浆等施工质量。对于大型的边(滑)坡中的预应力锚固工程建议安装锚索测力设备,以便时掌握预应力损失情况,及时进行补张拉,防患于未然;对于未安装锚索测力设备的,建议封锚时,预留钢绞线长度大于5 cm,以便工后进行拉拔检测试验。此种改进的拉拔检测设备具有简单、实用、易操作等特点,值得在工后岩土锚固工程长期性能评价领域推广应用。 相似文献
10.
2010年12月15日,西藏墨脱公路控制性工程——嘎隆拉隧道顺利贯通。墨脱人民世代被茫茫雪山所阻隔的历史终于结束。嘎隆拉隧道是墨脱公路的控制性工程．施工隧道气象条件恶劣,穿越多条地质断裂带,岩体破碎,涌水量大,地质构造、水文地质条件极其复杂。 相似文献
11.
Stuart A. Harris 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(3):177-186
Cryogenic block streams consist of a stream of rocks superficially resembling a stream deposit but lacking a matrix, usually occurring on a valley or gully floor or on slopes that are less steep than the maximum angle of repose of coarse sediments. They are usually formed on perennially frozen ground, but can also occur as relict landforms. There are three main active kinds forming today, viz., Siberian and Tibetan dynamic rock streams and lag block streams. During their formation, the blocks in the active Siberian and Tibetan dynamic block streams move downslope at up to 1 m/a. They are forming today on the Tibetan Plateau and in the more arid parts of south-central Siberia, although the processes involved in the movement are different. In the case of the Tibetan type, individual blocks slide downslope over the substrate in winter on an icy coating in areas of minimal winter precipitation. The Siberian type develops in areas of 15–80 cm of winter snow cover and an MAAT(mean annual air temperature) of-4 °C to-17 °C. The movement is due to creep of snow and ice and collapse of the blocks downslope during thawing. Lag block streams are formed by meltwater flowing over the surface of sediment consisting primarily of larger blocks with a limited amount of interstitial sediment. The erosion of the matrix is primarily in the spring in areas of higher winter precipitation on 10°–30° slopes. The blocks remain stationary, but the interstitial sediment is washed out by strong seasonal flows of meltwater or rain to form an alluvial fan. The boulders undergo weathering and become more rounded in the process. Lag block streams can also develop without the presence of permafrost in areas with cold climates or glaciers. Block streams also occur as relict deposits in older deposits under various climatic regimes that are unsuitable for their formation today. An example of relict lag block streams with subangular to subrounded blocks occurs in gullies on the forested mountainsides at Felsen in Germany, and is the original "felsenmeer". Similar examples occur near Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria. The "stone runs" in the Falkland Islands are examples of the more angular relict lag block streams. In both Tasmania and the Falkland Islands, they mask a more complex history, the underlying soils indicating periods of tropical and temperate soil formation resulting from weathering during and since the Tertiary Period. Block streams have also been reported from beneath cold-based glaciers in Sweden, and below till in Canada, and when exhumed, can continue to develop. 相似文献
12.
弹性应变能的积聚是产生岩爆的内因,但岩爆的发生往往具有外界因素的扰动．据些首先分析了动力扰动对岩爆触发的机理,然后结合某水电站引水隧洞岩爆实例,利用复反应分析原理计算了动力扰动过程对岩爆的影响． 相似文献
13.
The Palliser Rockslide, Canadian Rocky Mountains: Characterization and modeling of a stepped failure surface 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper presents the results of an investigation of the prehistoric Palliser Rockslide, Rocky Mountains, Canada. Conventional aerial photograph interpretation and field mapping are complemented by terrestrial digital photogrammetry. These techniques allow quantification of the rockslide debris volume and reconstruction of the pre-slide topography. It has been estimated that the volume of rock involved in the most recent large rockslide is 8 Mm3. Terrestrial digital photogrammetry is used in the characterization of the failure surface morphology, which is subdivided into four types of step-path geometry comprising both pre-existing discontinuities and intact rock fractures. Incorporation of these data into various rock slope stability numerical modeling methods highlights a complex failure mechanism, which includes sliding along a large scale curved failure surface, intact rock bridge fracturing and lateral confinement. A preliminary quantification of the contribution of intact rock bridges to the shear strength of the failure surface is presented in terms of the apparent cohesion, apparent tensile strength and cumulative length of the intact rock segments. 相似文献
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15.
The red beds in Zhejiang province of China host the highest concentration of Dan-xia arched rock shelters in the world,just as the Colorado Plateau in the western USA hosts the world's largest concentration of natural arches and bridges.This study investigated the geological background of the arched rock shelters and compared them to the natural arches and bridges,based on field study and a literature review.It was found that Zhejiang arched rock shelters differ from Colorado Plateau natural arches and bridges in geometry and for-mation mechanism.Statistical geometric data on arch geometry shows that Danxia arched rock shelters in Zhejiang tend to be relatively flat.They are relatively low features with long spans,and great depth.The natural arches and bridges on the Colorado Plateau are similar to each other,but the bridges are larger than the arches.The geometric differences between the arched landforms could be attributed to their different geologic history and to their differ-ent formation mechanisms.The arched rock shelters in Zhejiang are formed by differential weathering between sandstone and conglomerate due to moisture-induced tensile stresses.In contrast,natural arches on the Colorado Plateau are closely related to the Salt Valley an-ticline,vertical tectonic fractures,and horizontal discontinuities in rock fins.The Colorado Plateau natural bridges were formed by river erosion. 相似文献
16.
The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if and where lithologic discontinuities are present in the late Pleistocene Northport drumlins of NW lower Michigan, and (2) the sedimentary processes responsible for the discontinuities. Determining the presence of lithologic discontinuities was achieved through field observations and laboratory analysis. Lithologic discontinuities with varying strengths of expression were found in all upland soils. Upland soils typically have a sedimentologic “cap” dominated by fine sands at the surface with dense, more gravelly till beneath. The occurrence of this cap on upland sites, as well as overlying laminated silts and clays in some inter-drumlin areas, suggests that upland soils in the Northport drumlin field formed from subaqueously reworked glacial till. To accomplish this, the Northport drumlin field must have been inundated by a previously unidentified proglacial lake, after recession of the ice margin during the terminal Pleistocene. The lake may have formed as ice blocks lay in the deep basins to either side of the drumlin field and high morainic uplands spanned the southern edge of the field, which at that time would have been severely isostatically depressed. [Key words: deglaciation, proglacial lakes, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, till, soils, flooding, Great Lakes region.] 相似文献
17.
Saprolite Remnants as Indicators of Pre-Glacial Landform Genesis in Southeast Sweden 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Mats Olvmo Karna Lidmar-Bergström Kerstin Ericson Johan M. Bonow 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(3):447-460
Twenty‐six sites with remnants of gravelly saprolites (grus) have been located in southeast Sweden. Joint block hills (castle kopjes) and steep rock walls with weathered joints as well as rounded boulders are documented to have an origin in deep weathering and subsequent stripping of saprolites. The saprolite remnants and landforms result from the fragmentation of the re‐exposed sub‐Cambrian peneplain along fracture systems. Only shallow saprolites occur on the elevated intact parts of the sub‐Cambrian peneplain, while saprolites up to 20 m thick are encountered in areas where the sub‐Cambrian peneplain is fractured and dissected. Neogene uplift with reactivation of the weathering system is thought to be the main cause of saprolite formation. Deep weathering is thus judged to have been the major agent of landform formation in the study area, while glacial and glaciofluvial erosion has contributed mainly by stripping saprolites, detaching corestones, and plucking joint blocks along weathered joints. 相似文献
18.
岩石卸荷破坏特征与岩爆效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩爆是在地下洞室开挖卸荷过程中发生的,岩爆特征与岩石卸荷破坏特征密切相关．本文设计了模拟洞室开挖过程的三轴卸荷实验,探讨了岩石在不同卸荷速率条件下的变形破坏特征及其岩爆效应 相似文献
19.
Hiroyuki Usui Yasushi Asami 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(1):120-139
The size distribution of urban blocks is important for the characterisation of urban block patterns and is known to follow several parametric statistical distributions. However, it has not previously been analysed on the basis of a normative plane tessellation and in terms of urban block density and mean road width. In this article, we formulate the size distribution of Voronoi cells using the gamma distribution estimated by urban block density and mean road width. We found that (1) both log-normal and gamma distributions can be good candidates for the size distribution of urban blocks at the scale of a region that consists of regular urban blocks and that has a uniform road width; and (2) the size distribution of urban blocks depends on the balance between pattern and width improvement effects. Based on one study region in Tokyo, if the pattern improvement effect is more prominent than the width improvement effect, the mode of urban block sizes tends to be larger than if it is not. These findings are expected to provide scientific support for urban planning (e.g. land readjustment projects). 相似文献