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1.
Transport of salt in the Irminger Current, the northern branch of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre coupling the eastern and western subpolar North Atlantic, plays an important role for climate variability across a wide range of time scales. High-resolution ocean modeling and observations indicate that salinities in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic decrease with enhanced circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG). This has led to the perception that a stronger SPG also transports less salt westward. In this study, we analyze a regional ocean model and a comprehensive global coupled climate model, and show that a stronger SPG transports more salt in the Irminger Current irrespective of lower salinities in its source region. The additional salt converges in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin by eddy transports, increases surface salinity in the western SPG, and favors more intense deep convection. This is part of a positive feedback mechanism with potentially large implications for climate variability and predictability. 相似文献
2.
本文介绍了国家气候中心发展的一个全球海洋碳循环环流模式,并分析评估了该模式的基本性能.该模式是在美国地球物理流体动力学实验室(GFDL,Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory)的全球海洋环流模式MOM4(Modular Ocean Model Version 4)基础上发展的一个垂直方向40层、包含生物地球化学过程的全球三维海洋碳循环环流模式,简称为MOM4_L40(Modular Ocean Model Version 4 With 40Levels).该模式在气候场强迫下长期积分1000年,结果分析表明,与观测相比,模式较好地模拟了海洋温度、盐度、总二氧化碳、总碱、总磷酸盐的表面和垂直分布特征.模拟的海洋总二氧化碳分布与观测基本相符,表层为低值区,其下为高值区,高值区域位于10°S—60°N之间,但2000m以上模拟值较观测偏小,2000m以下模拟值较观测偏大.总体来说,MOM4_L40模式是一个可信赖的海洋碳循环过程模拟研究工具. 相似文献
3.
Much of the knowledge about ocean circulation stems from rather simple analytical models. The behavior of the meridional overturning and, more specifically, the thermohaline-induced part of the global ocean circulation, under changing surface conditions, is often judged by the bifurcation structure of box models with very low (low-order) resolution. The present study proposes a new low-order model of the thermohaline-driven circulation, which is constructed by severe truncation of a spectral decomposition of the two-dimensional equations of motion (vorticity and heat/salt balances). The physical ingredients of the new model are superior to box models because it has a continuous lateral and vertical representation of the fields and finite diffusion coefficients for heat and salt. The building of the spectral model involves much mathematical labor because the structure functions must be constructed in accordance with the boundary conditions for conservation of momentum, mass, heat, and salt. Furthermore, a number of complicated coupling coefficients must be evaluated. Like the box models, the spectral model is a dynamical system with mathematical complexity, but in most of the versions that we analyze, it still can be handled by standard analytical procedures. These versions are the spectral counterparts of the classical box models of Stommel, Rooth, and Welander, adjusted to the Atlantic overturning. A detailed comparison of the model types reveals a similar bifurcation pattern of box and spectral low-order configurations under symmetric and asymmetric forcing conditions and slight perturbations thereof (we use mixed boundary conditions for heat and salt and the surface freshwater flux as a continuation parameter). Comparison of the spectral low-order models with models towards a higher resolved range, namely, the two-dimensional overturning models for the meridional plane, reveals a close resemblance as well. A major difference of box and spectral models is the appearance of parameter windows in the latter, where only unstable steady states exist. The spectral models then show limit cycles, as well as chaotic trajectories with time scales of thousands of years. 相似文献
4.
Effects of convection instability due to incompatibility between ocean dynamics and surface forcings
The study demonstrates that an incompatibility between a surface temperature climatology and a given ocean model, into which the climatology is assimilated via Haney restoration, can cause model ocean climate drift and interdecadal oscillations when the ocean is switched to a weaker restoration. This is made using an idealized Atlantic Ocean model driven by thermal and wind forcing only. Initially, the temperature climatology is forcefully assimilated into the model, and an implied heat flux field is diagnosed. During this stage any incompatibility is suppressed. The restoring boundary condition is then switched to a new forcing consisting of a part of the diagnosed flux and a part of the restoring forcing in such a way that at the moment of the switching the heat flux is identical to that prior to the switching. Under this new forcing condition, the incompatibility becomes manifest, causing changes in convection patterns, and producing drift and interdecadal oscillations. The mechanisms are described. 相似文献
5.
Jin-Song von Storch 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(1):11-20
The three-dimensional time-mean density distribution in the ocean is determined not only by the time-mean fluxes of heat
and freshwater at the sea surface, but also by time-mean vertical currents and time-mean density fluxes due to oceanic transients
excited by fluctuating fluxes at the sea surface. The effects of these various processes on the global density fields are
assessed using a balance equation of the variance of spatial density anomalies and a millennium integration with an atmosphere–ocean
general circulation model. It is found that spatial density anomalies are generated by the time-mean heat fluxes at the sea
surface and destroyed by the time-mean surface freshwater flux, by sinking of dense water and rising of less dense water,
and finally by density fluxes associated with transients. The last two processes take place essentially in the oceanic interior.
Since density fluxes of transient eddies act to reduce the existing density differences between the Atlantic/Southern Oceans
and the other oceans, their presence could affect the global density balance, and from that the thermohaline circulation and
the stability of this circulation.
Received: 4 October 2001 / Accepted: 10 October 2002
Responsible Editor: Richard J. Greatbatch
Acknowledgements I thank Ulrich Cubasch and his colleagues for providing me with the ECHAM3/LSG integration, Peter Müller and Richard Greatbatch
for valuable suggestions. 相似文献
6.
CFC-11是评估全球海洋环流模式的一个重要工具,海水中溶解的CFC-11被用来分析全球海洋模式的通风模拟.本文在中国气象局国家气候中心发展的40层全球海洋环流模式(MOM4_L40)增加了示踪物CFC-11模块,然后利用该模式研究了CFC-11在全球海洋中的分布,并评估了模式的通风能力.对CFC-11的海表浓度、柱总含量以及大洋剖面的垂直浓度分布和渗透深度进行了分析,结果表明,与观测相比,模式较好地再现了CFC-11在海洋表面的水平分布特征,CFC-11主要储存区位于西北大西洋、副热带北太平洋及南大洋,其浓度分布与温度分布梯度相反.沿三个大洋的5个剖面的CFC-11垂直分布模拟也与观测基本吻合.模式模拟的CFC-11分布情况与全球平均经向流函数吻合,在南大洋模拟效果更加接近观测值,深海模拟效果较好,渗透深度接近观测.同时,模拟与观测相比也存在偏差.比如在北大西洋主要的存储区域,模式低估了CFC-11的吸收,这与高纬的CFC-11向低纬过度输送有关,可能是受温盐环流和强迫资料的影响.总体来说,MOM_L40模式模拟大洋吸收的CFC-11总量是理想的,通过模拟被动示踪物CFC-11很好地再现了海洋的通风能力. 相似文献
7.
Paleoreconstructions suggest that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the North Atlantic circulation was noticeably different from its present state. However, the glacial salt conveyor belt is believed to be similar to the present-day’s conveyor, albeit weaker and shallower because of an increased freshwater flux in high-latitudes. We present here the investigation of the conveyor operation based on ocean circulation modelling using two numerical models in parallel. The GFDL primitive equation model and a planetary geostrophic model are employed to address the problem of the paleocirculation modelling in cases of uncertain and sparse data comprising the glacial surface boundary conditions. The role of different simplifications that may be used in the ocean climate studies, including the role of grid resolution, bottom topography, coast-line, etc., versus glacial-interglacial changes of the ocean surface climatology is considered. The LGM reverse conveyor gyre appeared to be the most noticeable feature of the glacial-to-interglacial alteration of the ocean circulation. The reversed upper-ocean conveyor, weaker and subducting ‘normal’ conveyor in the intermediate depths, and the change of the deep-ocean return flow route are robust signatures of the glacial North Atlantic climate. The results are found to be ‘model-independent’ and fairly insensitive to all factors other than the onset of the glacial surface conditions. 相似文献
8.
P. C. Chu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(1):31-45
An important part of the influence of the oceans on the atmosphere is through direct radiation, sensible heat flux and release of latent heat of evaporation, whereby all of these processes are directly related to the surface temperature of the oceans. A main effect of the atmosphere on the oceans is through momentum exchange at the air-ocean interface, and this process is directly related to the surface wind stress. The sea surface temperature (SST) and the surface wind stress are the two important components in the air-ocean system. If SST is given, a thermally forced boundary layer atmospheric circulation can be simulated. On the other hand, if the surface wind stress is given, the wind-driven ocean waves and ocean currents can be computed.The relationship between SST and surface wind is a coupling of the atmosphere and the oceans. It changes a one-way effect (ocean mechanically driven by atmosphere, or atmosphere thermally forced by oceans) into two-way air-sea interactions. Through this coupling the SST distribution, being an output from an ocean model, leads to the thermally forced surface winds, which feeds back into the ocean model as an additional forcing.Based on Kuo's planetary boundary layer model a linear algebraic equation is established to link the SST gradient with the thermally forced surface wind. The surface wind blows across the isotherms from cold to warm region with some deflection angle to the right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Results from this study show that the atmospheric stratification reduces both the speed and the deflection angle of the thermally forced wind, however, the Coriolis' effect increases the wind speed in stable atmosphere (Ri>10–4) and increases the deflection angle. 相似文献
9.
Based on Argo sea surface salinity(SSS) and the related precipitation(P), evaporation(E), and sea surface height data sets, the climatological annual mean and low-frequency variability in SSS in the global ocean and their relationship with ocean circulation and climate change were analyzed. Meanwhile, together with previous studies, a brief retrospect and prospect of seawater salinity were given in this work. Freshwater flux(E-P) dominated the mean pattern of SSS, while the dynamics of ocean circulation modulated the spatial structure and low-frequency variability in SSS in most regions. Under global warming, the trend in SSS indicated the intensification of the global hydrological cycle, and featured a decreasing trend at low and high latitudes and an increasing trend in subtropical regions. In the most recent two decades, global warming has slowed down, which is called the"global warming hiatus". The trend in SSS during this phase, which was different to that under global warming, mainly indicated the response of the ocean surface to the decadal and multi-decadal variability in the climate system, referring to the intensification of the Walker Circulation. The significant contrast of SSS trends between the western Pacific and the southeastern Indian Ocean suggested the importance of oceanic dynamics in the cross-basin interaction in recent decades. Ocean Rossby waves and the Indonesian Throughflow contributed to the freshening trend in SSS in the southeastern Indian Ocean, while the increasing trend in the southeastern Pacific and the decreasing trend in the northern Atlantic implied a long-term linear trend under global warming. In the future, higher resolution SSS data observed by satellites, together with Argo observations, will help to extend our knowledge on the dynamics of mesoscale eddies, regional oceanography, and climate change. 相似文献
10.
We investigate the transient response of the global coupled ocean?Catmosphere system to enhanced freshwater forcing representative of melting of the Greenland ice sheets. A 50-year long simulation by a coupled atmosphere?Cocean general circulation model (CGCM) is compared with another of the same length in which Greenland melting is prescribed. To highlight the importance of coupled atmosphere?Cocean processes, the CGCM results are compared with those of two other experiments carried out with the oceanic general circulation model (OGCM). In one of these OGCM experiments, the prescribed surface fluxes of heat, momentum and freshwater correspond to the unperturbed simulation by the CGCM; in the other experiment, Greenland melting is added to the freshwater flux. The responses by the CGCM and OGCM to the Greenland melting have similar patterns in the Atlantic, albeit the former having five times larger amplitudes in sea surface height anomalies. The CGCM shows likewise stronger variability in all state variables in all ocean basins because the impact of Greenland melting is quickly communicated to all ocean basins via atmospheric bridges. We conclude that the response of the global climate to Greenland ice melting is highly dependent on coupled atmosphere?Cocean processes. These lead to reduced latent heat flux into the atmosphere and an associated increase in net freshwater flux into the ocean, especially in the subpolar North Atlantic. The combined result is a stronger response of the coupled system to Greenland ice sheet melting. 相似文献
11.
本文描述了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)最新发展的一个耦合气候系统模式的基本性能. 该模式是在LASG灵活的全球耦合气候系统模式（英文缩写为FGCM）的初始版本FGCM-0的基础上发展而来的,是该系列耦合模式的第二个版本，即FGCM-1.0. FGCM-1.0通过一个通量耦合器将大气、海洋和海冰三个分量模式耦合在一起，其中海洋分量模式是LASG发展的一个涡相容分辨率（eddy-permitting）全球海洋环流模式，大气和海冰分量模式则为美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的大气环流模式CAM2和海冰模式CSIM4. 耦合模式完整地考虑了海气界面上的动量、热量和淡水通量交换，尽管在模式中没有使用任何形式的人为的通量调整或者通量距平方案，模式还是比较合理地模拟出基本的气候形态. 通过对该耦合模式长期积分结果的进一步分析发现，模式能够比较好地模拟出厄尔尼诺－南方涛动（ENSO）以及印度洋偶极子事件的基本特征；与FGCM系列耦合模式的最初版本FGCM-0相比，FGCM-1.0模拟的北赤道逆流（NECC）和ENSO循环更加真实. 相似文献
12.
The regional ocean model system (ROMS) is used to downscale a 26-year period of the twentieth century 20C3M experiment from
the global coupled Bergen climate model (BCM) for the North Sea. Compared to an observational-based climatology, BCM have
good results on the mean temperature, except for too low winter temperature. This is connected to a too weak inflow of Atlantic
water. The downscaling gives added value to the BCM results by providing regional details, doubling the Atlantic inflow, and
improving the mean winter temperature. For mean salinity, BCM has values very close to the climatology, whereas the downscaling
becomes too fresh. The downscaling, however, improves the sea surface salinity, the vertical structure, and the Norwegian
Coastal Current. It is concluded that the downscaling procedure as presented here is a suitable tool for assessing the future
Atlantic inflow and sea temperature in the North Sea based on a global climate projection. 相似文献
13.
LIU JiPing State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(6)
The impacts of the spatiotemporal variations of sea ice salinity on sea ice and ocean characteristics have not been studied in detail, as the existing climate models neglect or misrepresent this process. To address this issue, this paper formulated a parameterization with more realistic sea ice salinity budget, and examined the sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to the ice salinity variations and associated salt flux into the ocean using a coupled global climate model. Results show that the inclus... 相似文献
14.
Global ocean circulation models usually lack an adequate consideration of high-latitude processes due to a limited model domain
or insufficient resolution. Without the processes in key areas of the global thermohaline circulation, the characteristics
and flow of deep and bottom waters cannot be modeled realistically. In this study, a high-resolution (~20 km) ocean model
focused on the Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean is combined with a low-resolution (2° × 2°) global ocean model applying the state estimation technique. Temperature, salinity, and velocity data on two Weddell Sea
sections from the regional model are used as constraints for the large-scale model in addition to satellite altimetry and
sea-surface temperatures. The differences between the model with additional constraints and without document that the Weddell
Sea circulation exerts significant influence on the course of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with consequences for Southern
Ocean water mass characteristics and the spreading of deep and bottom waters in the South Atlantic. Furthermore, a warming
trend in the period 1993–2001 was found in the Weddell Sea and adjacent basins in agreement with float measurements in the
upper Southern Ocean. Teleconnections to the North Atlantic are suggested but need further studies to demonstrate their statistical
significance. 相似文献
15.
The roles of surface heat flux and ocean heat transport convergence in determining Atlantic Ocean temperature variability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jeremy P. Grist Simon A. Josey Robert Marsh Simon A. Good Andrew. C. Coward Beverly A. de Cuevas Steven G. Alderson Adrian L. New Gurvan Madec 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(4):771-790
The temperature variability of the Atlantic Ocean is investigated using an eddy-permitting (1/4°) global ocean model (ORCA-025) forced with historical surface meteorological fields from 1958 to 2001. The simulation of volume-averaged temperature and the vertical structure of the zonally averaged temperature trends are compared with those from observations. In regions with a high number of observations, in particular above a depth of 500 m and between 22° N and 65° N, the model simulation and the dataset are in good agreement. The relative contribution of variability in ocean heat transport (OHT) convergence and net surface heat flux to changes in ocean heat content is investigated with a focus on three regions: the subpolar and subtropical gyres and the tropics. The surface heat flux plays a relatively minor role in year-to-year changes in the subpolar and subtropical regions, but in the tropical North Atlantic, its role is of similar significance to the ocean heat transport convergence. The strongest signal during the study period is a cooling of the subpolar gyre between 1970 and 1990, which subsequently reversed as the mid-latitude OHT convergence transitioned from an anomalously weak to an anomalously strong state. We also explore whether model OHT anomalies can be linked to surface flux anomalies through a Hovmöller analysis of the Atlantic sector. At low latitudes, increased ocean heat gain coincides with anomalously strong northward transport, whereas at mid-high latitudes, reduced ocean heat loss is associated with anomalously weak heat transport. 相似文献
16.
Eric J. Barron 《Surveys in Geophysics》1986,8(1):1-23
The two last decades of research in paleoceanography are characterized by extensive data collection and by the development of numerous hypotheses based on these data. Both the nature of the thermohaline circulation and the nature of the surface circulation during past times are currently being debated. Physical models of the ocean circulation are beginning to play an important role in these debates. The models range from highly simplified mathematical representations intended to illustrate physical principles to three-dimensional time-dependent global models intended to simulate temperature, salinity and flow fields. At the very least such models can be applied to explore the limitations or appropriateness of various assumptions in paleoceanography. At the very best, paleoceanographic data may be used as a verification of simulations of past oceans. 相似文献
17.
Toward a global ocean data assimilation system based on ensemble optimum interpolation: altimetry data assimilation experiment 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A global ocean data assimilation system based on the ensemble optimum interpolation (EnOI) has been under development as the
Chinese contribution to the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. The system uses a global ocean general circulation
model, which is eddy permitting, developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In
this paper, the implementation of the system is described in detail. We describe the sampling strategy to generate the stationary
ensembles for EnOI. In addition, technical methods are introduced to deal with the requirement of massive memory space to
hold the stationary ensembles of the global ocean. The system can assimilate observations such as satellite altimetry, sea
surface temperature (SST), in situ temperature and salinity from Argo, XBT, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO), and other sources
in a straightforward way. As a first step, an assimilation experiment from 1997 to 2001 is carried out by assimilating the
sea level anomaly (SLA) data from TOPEX/Poseidon. We evaluate the performance of the system by comparing the results with
various types of observations. We find that SLA assimilation shows very positive impact on the modeled fields. The SST and
sea surface height fields are clearly improved in terms of both the standard deviation and the root mean square difference.
In addition, the assimilation produces some improvements in regions where mesoscale processes cannot be resolved with the
horizontal resolution of this model. Comparisons with TAO profiles in the Pacific show that the temperature and salinity fields
have been improved to varying degrees in the upper ocean. The biases with respect to the independent TAO profiles are reduced
with a maximum magnitude of about 0.25°C and 0.1 psu for the time-averaged temperature and salinity. The improvements on temperature
and salinity also lead to positive impact on the subsurface currents. The equatorial under current is enhanced in the Pacific
although it is still underestimated after the assimilation. 相似文献
18.
Palaeosalinity reconstructions in marginal marine environments based on Sr isotope data assume simple two end-member mixing of river and ocean water. An improved model that incorporates the effect of evaporation is used to demonstrate that this approach is not valid in evaporation-dominated systems. However, Sr isotope records combined with faunal and lithological constraints on salinity can be used to assess the palaeohydrological conditions of ancient marginal marine systems. This new method is used to interpret deviations from the global seawater Sr isotope curve, observed in Mediterranean successions during, and up to 3 Myr prior to, Messinian evaporite deposition. Results suggest that no absolute change in the net evaporation flux is required to explain the three- to four-fold rise in salinity of Mediterranean water at the carbonate-evaporite transition. Modelled Sr isotope records indicate that this increase in salinity was synchronous with an increase in the dominance of Atlantic water inflow in the hydrological budget of the Mediterranean. The Messinian Salinity Crisis may therefore have been the response to a marine transgression. 相似文献
19.
Conceptual models of circulation theorise that the dominant forces controlling estuarine circulation are freshwater discharge from the riverine section (landward), tidal forcing from the ocean boundary, and gravitational circulation resulting from along-estuary gradients in density. In micro-tidal estuaries, sub-tidal water level changes (classified as those with periods between 3 and 10 days) with amplitudes comparable to the spring tidal range can significantly influence the circulation and distribution of water properties. Field measurements obtained from the Swan River Estuary, a diurnal, micro-tidal estuary in south-western Australia, indicated that sub-tidal water level changes at the ocean boundary were predominantly from remotely forced continental shelf waves (CSWs). The sub-tidal water levels had maximum amplitudes of 0.8 m, were comparable to the maximum tidal range of 0.6 m, propagated into the estuary to its tidal limit, and modified water levels in the whole estuary over several days. These oscillations dominated the circulation and distribution of water properties in the estuary through changing the salt wedge location and increasing the bottom water salinity by 7 units over 3 days. The observed salt wedge excursion forced by CSW was up to 5 km, whereas the maximum tidal excursion was 1.2 km. The response of the residual currents and the salinity distribution lagged behind the water level changes by ∼24 h. It was proposed that the sub-tidal forcing at the ocean boundary, which changed the circulation, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in the upper estuary, was due to a combination of two processes: (1) a gravity current generated by a process similar to a lock exchange mechanism and (2) amplified along-estuary density gradients in the upper estuary, which enhanced the gravitational circulation in the estuary. The salt intrusions under the sub-tidal forcing caused the rapid movement of anoxic water upstream, with significant implications for water quality and estuarine health. 相似文献
20.
George R. HalliwellJr Alexander Barth Robert H. Weisberg Patrick Hogan Ole Martin Smedstad James Cummings 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(1):139-155
Nested non-assimilative simulations of the West Florida Shelf for 2004–2005 are used to quantify the impact of initial and
boundary conditions provided by Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment ocean products. Simulations are nested within an
optimum interpolation hindcast of the Atlantic Ocean, the initial test of the US Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation system
for the Gulf of Mexico, and a global ocean hindcast that used the latter assimilation system. These simulations are compared
to one that is nested in a non-assimilative Gulf of Mexico model to document the importance of assimilation in the outer model.
Simulations are evaluated by comparing model results to moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements and moored sea
surface temperature time series. The choice of outer model has little influence on simulated velocity fluctuations over the
inner and middle shelf where fluctuations are dominated by the deterministic wind-driven response. Improvement is documented
in the representation of alongshore flow variability over the outer shelf, driven in part by the intrusion of the Loop Current
and associated cyclones at the shelf edge near the Dry Tortugas. This improvement was realized in the simulation nested in
the global ocean hindcast, the only outer model choice that contained a realistic representation of Loop Current transport
associated with basin-scale wind-driven gyre circulation and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. For temperature,
the non-assimilative outer model had a cold bias in the upper ocean that was substantially corrected in the data-assimilative
outer models, leading to improved temperature representation in the simulations nested in the assimilative outer models. 相似文献