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1.
《Urban geography》2013,34(7):865-884
This is an empirical quantitative study that uses urban demographic data to identify economic change in cities. Unlike previous demographic studies, a strong theoretical framework is provided for the analysis. The research is designed and interpreted through Jacobs's theory of the city as economic process within the framework of Wallerstein's modern world-system. This is the first time Jacobs's theory has been subject to systematic inquiry over big time and big space. We create an inventory of 184 examples of Jacobs's "explosive growth" from 1500 to 2005 within the modern world-system. These results are interpreted in terms of systemic hegemonic cycles with first Dutch, and then British, and finally U.S. cities dominating the inventory lists. It is found that Dutch, British and U.S. city growth spurts are front-loaded in their respective hegemonic cycles: this is strong evidence of hegemony being created and initially sustained through and by these dynamic cities. This study makes a direct contribution to developing world-systems analysis, and in a short conclusion future research on ways of contributing to Jacobs's theory of the city are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Diwakar A Qureshi MH 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1992,14(1-2):27-36
"Metropolitanisation has been observed by experts as one of the main characteristics of Indian urbanisation. Rural to urban migration has been a major player in urban growth of metropolitan cities, particularly Delhi. Not only Delhi but its hinterland [are] urbanising fast as compared to the hinterlands of other major cities of India. There are several processes of urbanization viz. historical, physical, demographic and economic. In this paper the role of demographic processes in urban expansion of Delhi [is examined]." 相似文献
3.
上海市常住人口增长趋势研究院基于劳动年龄人口的情景模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
国内外大城市的快速发展很大程度上依赖于劳动力的充分供给,制定合适的人口发展战略及政策至关重要。本文基于队列要素法,以劳动年龄人口规模作为重要变量对上海市人口规模进行情景模拟,依据结果对上海市未来常住人口发展趋势进行判断。结果显示,外来劳动年龄人口对上海市未来发展有重要支撑作用,上海应该给予外来迁入人口更多的关注和肯定,而不是盲目地限制;同时,判定上海市2040年常住人口规模将增长到3000万～3870万之间。本方法可以广泛应用于与上海具有相似人口年龄结构和人口规模变化趋势的大型城市和特大型城市,对中小型城市的人口规模模拟和政策制定也具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
4.
Land use and land cover (LULC) change in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta (GBD) poses significant challenges towards future environmental sustainability of the region and requires regional scale monitoring of key bio-physical variables and changes in their inter-relationship over space and time. Focusing on the southern part of the lower GBD region along the international border of India and Bangladesh, this study examined the spatio-temporal variability of LULC change and its relationship with Land Surface Temperature (LST). Furthermore, LULC-LST relationships were compared between Indian and Bangladesh part and its trend in and around big cities (with more than 1 million population) and towns (with more than 100,000 population) was investigated. Results showed that LST changes were predominantly driven by LULC changes on both sides of the border. Urban growth is the dominant form of LULC change, and the rate of land change was faster in 2005–2010 time period than 1989–2005. Over the period of 21 years, mean January LST decreased by approximately 1.83 °C in Indian part and 1.85 °C in the Bangladesh part. Areas that changed from to rural from agricultural experienced decrease in mean LST, whereas those areas that changed to urban from either agriculture or rural, experienced increase in mean LST. The relationship between LULC and LST are same on both sides of the Indo-Bangladesh border. In bigger cities like Kolkata (in India) and Khulna (in Bangladesh), there is a high spatial variability in relationship between LULC and LST compared to large towns. The LULC-LST relationship in large towns in India was influenced by proximity to Kolkata and coastal areas, whereas in Bangladesh no such influence was evident. The results and the data produced in this study are crucial for monitoring LULC changes, for developing spatial decision support system, and thus will be helpful to address the current challenges of land management in the GBD region. Changes in the LULC and LST are important indicators of GBD's environmental health and access its vulnerability and thus the present findings serve as baseline information for future studies seeking to examine the impact of differential policies on the LULC change in the region. 相似文献
5.
Waquar Ahmed 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2014,35(2):179-196
The Indian economy suffered a balance of payment crisis in 1991, which provided the context for the rolling out of neoliberal policies, also referred to as the New Economic Policy in India. This paper examines the national and global causes and context of India's economic crisis and adoption of neoliberal policies. While grounding my analysis in historical‐geographical materialism, I argue that India's economic crisis was a product of certain contingent conditions. I draw attention to India's pre‐neoliberal economic regime and analyse how the earlier‐established relationship between revenue generation and expenditure ran into trouble; what changes occurred in the organization and management of revenues and capital; nature of interventions of the state in the circulation of capital; changes in the physical aspects of circulation of commodities, together with foreign trade and the formation of the ‘world market’; and the rise of the United States as the only global superpower. I conclude that India's economic crisis of 1990–91, and the neoliberal policies that followed, are products of contingent historical and geographical conditions. A teleological approach towards examining global capitalism and production of economic crisis often neglect such contingencies and provide a set of causalities that may, at best, be classified as incomplete. 相似文献
6.
中国超大城市户籍人口转化的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
“十四五”时期到2030年,加快流动人口市民化是推进新型城镇化和实现共同富裕的关键。中国户籍人口城镇化率与常住人口城镇化率相差约18%,老龄化压力与劳动力市场缺口使大城市纷纷出台“抢人”政策,市民化程度亟待提升,焦点在北上广深等超大城市。超大城市每年户籍人口转化数相差很大,学界对此缺乏研究,使得城市每年能“化”多少户籍人口成为重要学术问题。本文结合自然和社会两个视角,选取简明指标,构建可能—满意度模型,测算4个超大城市年均户籍城镇化转化缺口,构建面板数据模型实证分析超大城市户籍缺口的主导因素。影响超大城市户籍人口转化的因素主要是医疗、教育和供水。城乡治理亟需转变被动和僵化的制度安排,实现弹性的常态化治理。 相似文献
7.
"The growth of large urban aggregates (megacities) is analogous to the development of self-organized structures known in physics. Using empirical data about changes in the built-up areas of different cities as input, the self-organizing model employed here suggests that megacities evolve towards a hierarchical form of spatial organization, and provides estimates of the size of subclusters that compose the urban aggregate.... The model has been validated by reproducing the evolution of the Berlin area over a period of 35 years (1910-45). Using the same assumptions, the evolution of the built-up area of Daegu (Korea) is simulated up to the year 2010." 相似文献
8.
Louise Crabtree 《The Australian geographer》2005,36(3):333-350
Basic aspects of sustainable housing design such as increasing density, mixed use and proximity to public transport are being adopted increasingly in Australian cities. Sustainable building codes such as NSW's BASIX and Victoria's Green Star rating systems are also being implemented and advanced. More substantial improvements and endeavours such as onsite food production, energy generation and waste treatment, are being seen increasingly as necessary for urban sustainability, yet little is being done to institutionalise or normalise these through Australia's housing system. Similarly, concerns about the social sustainability of housing identify the need for mixed, flexible tenure and dwelling types, with again little uptake despite evidence of demand. Given that we seem to know what needs doing to move towards sustainability, this paper investigates two ecologically and socially sound community-based housing developments in Australia, with a view to finding what helped or hindered these efforts and what may further the uptake of sustainable design. Assessment of the uptake of sustainable planning initiatives reveals the prevalence of a decidedly neoliberal agenda which shies away from the more substantial challenges ecocity design and community-based enterprise may represent. Such community-based initiatives must, however, be supported at a broader scale, to avoid possible outsourcing of governmental responsibility or the relegation of sustainable design to the sole realm of the wealthy. 相似文献
9.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):198-209
In the 1980s, foreign investment in China's cities experienced a northeastward movement from the southern coast to the central coast, and began to penetrate into inland cities, Foreign investment clustered in coastal delta areas and along the Changliang and Huanghe rivers. To understand these spatial patterns, a linear regression model is established. Cities with better power supplies, seaports, water transportation, communication, and investment incentives provided more favorable locations for foreign investment. Agglomerated cities had a better chance of attracting foreign investment than widely separated cities, with larger cities not necessarily attracting more foreign investment. Regression residuals also are analyzed for insights into spatial trends of foreign investment. Urban foreign investment in the near future probably will continue to accumulate in the coastal delta areas. Provincial capitals likely will be favorable locations for foreign investment that will further penetrate from the coastal areas into interior regions. 相似文献
10.
From 2020 to 2030, accelerating the “citizenization” of the migrant population is key to promoting urbanization and achieving common prosperity. The urbanization rate of the registered population in China is roughly 18% lower than that of permanent residents. The pressure of the ageing population and the lack of a labor force have caused big cities to introduce relevant policies to attract talent, and the citizenization process needs to be improved urgently, with a particular focus on megacities. The transformation in the number of registered residents in megacities varies greatly, and there is a lack of research on this topic, which makes it an important academic issue. Using both natural and social perspectives, we selected concise indicators and combined the possibility-satisfiability model to estimate the urbanization transformation gap of annual household registration. Further, we constructed a panel data model to empirically analyze the different factors leading to the gap of household registration in megacities. The main factors affecting the transformation of the registered population in megacities are medical services, as well as educational resources and the urban water supply. It is urgent for urban and rural administrators to change the current passive and rigid institutional mechanisms and to ensure flexible, normal governance. 相似文献
11.
Foreign Hypermarket Retailers in China: Spatial Penetration,Local Embeddedness,and Structural Paradox 
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下载免费PDF全文 As the world economy shifts towards services, transnational corporations (TNCs) in the service sector have accelerated their expansion in emerging economies. This paper examines the development and embeddedness of foreign hypermarket retailers in China. It also analyzes the spatial penetration patterns of retail TNCs, the impacts of home and host economies on their local embeddedness, and how they resolve the structural paradox between enforcing standardization and conducting localization. The expansion of retail TNCs has been influenced by the gradual liberalization policies of the Chinese government. Spatially, they expanded in two directions: from the eastern costal region to the central and western hinterland, and along China's urban hierarchy from larger cities to smaller cities. While home economies greatly influenced their initial strategies, foreign hypermarket retailers are constantly adjusting to better embed in the Chinese market and to more effectively resolve the structural paradox. 相似文献
12.
T. C. Chang 《The Professional geographer》1999,51(1):91-103
It is commonly assumed that the development of tourist attractions, the formulation of tourism policies, and the marketing of destination areas are dictated by the needs and interests of foreign visitors. What is ignored is the role that local factors and agencies play in these processes. This paper explores the way local and non-local factors are responsible for shaping the form and function of tourism development. Drawing upon the case of Singapore, I examine the country's heritage tourism phenomenon as the outcome of “local” and “global” forces. This argument is elaborated along three lines of enquiry. They include: (a) a study of the government's tourism policies; (b) an examination of marketing and promotional strategies; and (c) a look at a particular urban landscape—the Little India Historic District. To conceptualize the global-local nexus, the paper embraces two bodies of theory. They are the “locality concept” advanced by industrial geographers in the 1980s, and writings on “globalism/localism” by cultural/economic geographers in the 1990s. Both theoretical discussions reinforce the argument that place uniqueness need not be sacrificed as a result of globalization. They also provide a way of viewing tourism geographies as the product of global and local forces. 相似文献
13.
《Urban geography》2013,34(6):493-515
Most studies of the size, growth, and distribution of cities have been based on Western economies and have identified economic factors such as scale and agglomeration economies and level of economic development as major determinants of urban growth. It is unclear whether these generalizations are applicable in socialist economies. In this paper, I argue that institutional factors have played key roles in shaping China's city system, which is characterized by declining population concentration across cities and by tremendous vertical (population growth of cities) and horizontal (addition of new cities) expansions. The empirical analysis focuses on describing the size distribution of cities, estimating a multivariate model predicting the population growth of cities, and performing a logistic regression analysis of new and existing cities. The findings underscore the effects of urban and regional development policies, socialist institutions, changes in the urban administrative system, and state and local government interests, and suggest that they as a whole are more important than economic factors in explaining the attributes and changes of China's city system. [Key words: urban growth, city system, institutional factors, China.] 相似文献
14.
PAUL W. BLANK 《Geographical review》1999,89(2):265-277
ABSTRACT. This article examines the parallels between the developing Pacific Basin and the historical Mediterranean Basin. Humankind's expanding reach in transportation and communication technologies now makes it possible to integrate a basin the size of the Pacific. The Mediterranean provides some insight into the processes involved. Topics include questions of hegemony, “mirror cities” that interact with each other across the basins, and the dynamic tension between cosmopolitanism and localism. 相似文献
15.
中国城市规模划分新标准的适用性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
2014年11月,国务院发布《关于调整城市规模划分标准的通知》,将城市规模等级划分为“五类七档”,受到广泛关注。但因对新标准的理解存在歧义而出现各种划分结果,引起误解与混乱。在对比新旧标准的基础上,以第六次人口普查数据为基础,分析2010年中国城市规模等级结构,评价新标准的科学性和局限性。结果显示,新标准在空间口径、人口口径、分级标准等方面进行了实质性的改进;按照新标准划分的2010年中国城市规模等级结构,相对于旧标准及其他标准而言,特大城市和大城市数量大幅缩减,而中小城市数量相应增多,呈现出显著的金字塔结构特征,更加符合中心地理论模型和位序—规模法则,更有利于科学地实施城市与人口的分类管理。但同时,新标准也存在“城区人口”数据难以获取、受行政区划调整影响较大等局限性,亟待加强实体城区识别研究和推进数据共享。 相似文献
16.
中国城市化与非农就业增长的空间格局及关系类型 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
城市化与就业是中国目前经济社会发展中的热点问题,充分认识城市化与就业之间相互作用关系对于指导中国城市化与就业健康有序发展具有现实意义。在梳理中国城市人口与就业统计口径变更的基础上,选用第五、第六次人口普查及相关统计年鉴数据,利用莫兰指数和地理加权回归探讨中国地级行政单元尺度城市化与非农就业增长的空间特征及相互关系。研究表明：① 2000-2010 年间中国城市化与非农就业均呈现出快速增长的趋势,绝对增长均表现为大城市主导,相对增长则表现出向中心城市周边扩散的趋势;② 莫兰指数揭示出中国2000-2010 年间城市化与非农就业增长空间分布呈现出极化趋势,且两者空间分布格局类似;③ 通过对地理加权模型回归系数划分得到各区域城市化与非农就业增长的关系类型,全国大部分地区城市化与非农就业呈现出协调发展的趋势,城市化滞后区域主要有青海、甘肃中东部及四川盆地中部,重庆、新疆以及部分省会城市出现了一定程度的城市化超前。据此提出,各地区应根据自身实际情况,制订差异化的城市化发展战略。 相似文献
17.
This article examines the political and spatial registers of struggles against exclusionary local immigration policies and for more welcoming policies in the Washington DC metropolitan area, one of the hotspots for both local anti-immigration policies and immigrant advocacy in the United States. We conceptualize immigrant advocacy not simply as an alliance, but instead as an assemblage that brings together a diverse set of differently positioned actors and nonhuman actants. The assemblage enacts a diverse politics that deploys different forms of activism, while engaging different publics (e.g., religious communities, unions, the larger public sphere in public spaces, etc.) and the state in complex ways. From acting outside the state to engaging in claims-making towards the state, immigrant advocates are making claims and actions that challenge and go beyond dominant conceptions of citizenship rights and liberal democratic politics. The spatial register is similarly diverse. The immigrant advocacy assemblage is confronted with and enacts a different politics of place in central cities and inner- and outer-ring suburbs. Contestations of exclusionary local policies, however, are not simply about a local politics of place. To the contrary, some actors and actants in the assemblage are actively involved in extra-local networking, collaborating across jurisdictional boundaries—between central cities and inner-and outer-ring suburbs within the Washington DC metropolitan area and across the United States. The complexities of these contestations call into question post-political narratives of “proper” politics, underscoring the need for an empirically grounded critical theory of democracy. This article contributes to this task by providing a geographically and historically sensitive analysis of the immigrant advocacy assemblage. 相似文献
18.
《Urban geography》2013,34(6):537-564
In the 1980s, China experienced a period of coexistence of reform policies with pre-reform policies. These coexisting policies played an influential role in the growth of Chinese cities. This paper seeks to examine the role of these various coexisting policies of the 1980s and to explore the underlying factors that affected the pattern of Chinese urban growth. Data for a random selection of 66 cities from mainland China and some 16 variables were tested and analyzed by both parametric and nonparametric statistics. The results of the statistical analyses suggest that pre-reform policy conflicted with reform policies of the 1980s and that the various policies acted as countervailing forces on Chinese urban growth. Small cities showed significant rapid growth, whereas super-large cities indicated slow growth. Industrial development was the dominant factor accountable for the rapid expansion of Chinese cities, whereas the balanced growth between the inner-city nonagricultural population and the built-up area was a result of the interplay of city planning policies. 相似文献
19.
东北振兴以来地区经济发展水平演化及空间分异模式 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
从经济基础、经济增长和经济结构等方面构建了地区经济发展水平的综合评价指标体系,并采用因子分析法和ESDA方法,从地级行政区尺度对东北振兴战略实施以来的经济发展水平、空间格局及演化规律进行研究。研究发现：过去十多年来,东北地区整体经济发展水平取得了一定的成就,但内部发展差异呈扩大趋势,黑龙江省北部成为东北经济发展最薄弱的地区;在空间上,东北经济发展呈现出集聚性,并主要表现为核心-边缘、轴带集聚发展以及沿海-沿边等空间分异模式。 相似文献
20.
内战结束到二战前,美国南部与其他地区在经济发展上的差距日益扩大,逐渐沦落为边缘地带。始于罗斯福政府“新政”的区域协调政策,开始扭转南部地区边缘化的颓势。在这些政策措施的引导下,南部在二战后迅速崛起,并在20世纪70年代中后期成为美国新兴的阳光地带的核心区域。美国南部地区的边缘化及其崛起的历史过程对于我国中部崛起具有现实的借鉴意义。 相似文献