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We discussed the possibility of studying crust anisotropy by analyzing azimuthal variation of the receiver functions and presented a technique for computing the transmission response of a flat-layered medium with arbitrarily ori-ented hexagonally symmetric anisotropy using the reflectivity algorithm. Using this method we investigated the crust anisotropy of Taihang Mountain Range (TMR). Our result shows that there is significant anisotropy with a slow symmetry axis in the upper crust and a fast symmetry axis in the lower crust. The anisotropy magnitude of about 8%~15% is found in the upper crust and a smaller magnitude of about 3%~5% in the lower crust. Orienta-tion of the symmetry axes and the depth of anisotropy appearance as deduced from the seismic records of four individual seismic stations are different from each other. The crust anisotropy beneath the four stations may be associated with the local crustal fabrics in a small area. 相似文献
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Soil surface crusting, a common phenomenon on cultivated soils, has major implications for agriculture and the environment because of its effects on soil hydrological properties, erosion and crop establishment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate land use controls on crust formation and the hydraulic response of soils to crust development for a Patancheru series soil (clayey skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic Udic Rhodustalf) in south‐central India. Soil aggregates, obtained from cultivated (PL) and naturally vegetated fallow (NV) land, were packed into sample trays and subjected to laboratory rain simulation to form crusts. Thin sections and visual observation indicated that crust development reached a more advanced stage in the PL case compared with NV following 90 min of rain at 40–80 mm h−1 intensity. This was reflected in a thicker crust layer with fewer voids in the former and a less smooth surface with partially disintegrated aggregates in the latter. The hydraulic response of the soil surface with the progression of crust development indicated a more permeable and less dense crust formed on NV than on PL soil. The results suggested that NV soil aggregates were more stable and that crust formation is more gradual for stable aggregates compared with the less stable PL aggregates. A structural crust‐type formed on the Patancheru soil by means of parallel subprocesses involving translocation and illuviation of aggregate disruption by products, and raindrop compaction and particle rearrangement. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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由试验均衡的理论出发,得到了该区的均衡响应函数并建立了复合补偿模式。地形高度对重力场的影响很复杂,波长小于300km的地形起伏具有偏高的均衡响应值。 局部补偿是华北地区的主要补偿机制,所占比例达90%。区域补偿的等效弹性板厚度偏小,仅18km, 表明了华北地壳破裂程度严重和下地壳流变性突出。 均衡重力异常具有块体分布和均衡调整方向同新生代构造运动方向不完全符合等特点,其中一些成分是由于表浅层地质体的非均匀载荷所造成,不能简单地归因于欠补偿或过补偿。均衡异常的垂直导数分布清晰地揭示了华北地区几条重要的断块分界线。从深部构造上看,均衡补偿过程发生在下地壳特别是上地幔中。本文从均衡的角度探讨了地震危险性。 相似文献
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泊松比做为了解地球内部介质一个非常重要的参数,在地震学上可以通过P波和S波速度的比值来确定.利用远震P波波形记录中包含的壳-幔速度间断面的Ps转换波及其多次反射/转换波信息,采用在地壳厚度－波速比平面上对接收函数转换波能量的叠加搜索方法,可以测定台站下方区域内地壳的平均厚度和泊松比.我们对渤海湾盆地北西盆山边界地区68个宽频带台站近两年的远震记录资料进行了处理研究,得到了该区域的地壳厚度以及泊松比分布.结果表明,渤海湾盆地北西盆山边界的泊松比值分布横向变化复杂, 山区侧与盆地侧存在明显差异;山区侧泊松比值分布相对均匀,盆地侧变化剧烈,但存在小区域范围内(100～200km)的一致性,与地表出露岩石的对比表明:形成渤海湾盆地的新生代伸展作用在下地壳深度有明显的响应,从地震学上获得的泊松比分布对于了解该地区地壳物质组成可起到很好的约束作用. 相似文献
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Wind‐tunnel simulations of the response of two moss crusts to grain impact indicate that, given sufficient time, these surfaces will deteriorate under very low wind velocities only slightly above u*t for the loose, saltating grains. In parallel with these experiments, the frequency distributions of ultimate strength and penetration energy were determined for each of the two crust types via penetrometry. Pohlia was found to be stronger than Tortula; but, even so, both of these crusts had ultimate strengths 20–350 times higher than the force delivered by a single grain impacting each surface at a velocity of 1 ms?1. In comparison, the modulus of deformation and penetration energy data were very similar for the two surface types, especially for the weakest areas of crust development. This observation is in accord with the wind‐tunnel simulations that also found no consistent difference in the response of these two crust types to impact. In comparison with crusts formed by clay and salt, fibrous microphytic crusts are morphologically complex and typically weak. The notable elasticity of these surfaces does reduce the force of grain impact, and thereby provides some protection against rupture. One of the central conclusions of this study suggests that not only is the particle kinetic energy at impact important in crust breakdown, but also tiny fractures at points of localized stress concentration contribute to a progressive reduction in the integrity of the filament net. In some of the experiments conducted as part of this study, up to 50 or more minutes of constant bombardment was required to produce small abrasion marks on selected areas of the microphytic crust. This study prepares a foundation for future experiments needed to examine the breakdown of complex crusts formed in nature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文利用江西永平爆破北西测线深地震测深资料,综合分析了其走时、振幅及频率特性,得到江西东北部地壳结构。利用振幅特性来减少反演的非唯一性。关于振幅特性分析,第一步用经典射线理论分析这一地区的振幅响应趋势;第二步用波动理论方法严格计算临界点附近的振幅特性,进一步研究经典射线理论方法的应用可能。最后还利用隧道波理论分析了永平爆破资料,得出这一地区的地壳上部可能存在低速层;地壳深部可能存在高速薄层,厚度在1km以内,速度为7.40km/s左右;莫霍面顶部为一梯度层结构。结果表明,既使在较稳定的地台区,地壳内部的结构也可能是相当复杂的。 相似文献
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V. G. Bondur I. A. Garagash M. B. Gokhberg M. V. Rodkin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(1):117-128
A three-dimensional geomechanical model of Southern California, which includes the mountain topography, fault tectonics, and main structural boundaries (the top of the lower crust and the Moho), is developed. The main stress state of the model is determined by the own weight of the rocks and by the horizontal tectonic motions identified from the GPS observations. The model enables tracking the changes which occur in the stress-strain state of the crust due to the evolution of the seismic process. As the input data, the model uses the current seismicity and treats each earthquake as a new defect in the Earth’s crust which brings about the redistribution of strains, elastic energy density, and yield stress of the crust. Monitoring the variations in the stress state of the crust and lithosphere arising in response to the seismic process shows that the model is suitable for forecasting the enhancement in seismic activity of the region and delineating the earthquake-prone areas with a reasonable probability on a given time interval. 相似文献
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B. C. Papazachos 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1969,75(1):47-55
Summary Measurements of phase velocities along several paths in southeastern Europe and along one path in the Eastern Mediterranean have been made in the period range 15 to 60 sec for the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves. The data are fitted by layered models of the crust and upper mantle. The crust in the Balkan peninsula is thicker than the normal continental crust by about 10 km while the crust in the northern Aegean Sea has the normal continental thickness. The existence of a low shear velocity layer of thickness equal to 140 km with its top in a depth of 90 km interpretes the data well for the longer periods. The data for the eastern Mediterranean show that this region has an oceanic character. The mean crustal thickness in this area is of the order of 20 km. 相似文献
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Exploration and Research of Deep Crustal Structures in the Zhangzhou Basin and Its Vicinity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhu Jinfang 《中国地震研究》2006,20(4):412-425
INTRODUCTIONThe Zhangzhou basinislocated onthe southeast coast of Fujian Province .Interms of geotectonicunits ,it lies in the east Fujian volcanic fault-depression zone between the Wuyi-Daiyun mountainupheaval zone and depression zone of Taiwan Straits of the south China block. In terms ofseismotectonics ,it islocatedinthe middle sectionof the southeasterncoastal seismic zone .In history,the area was influenced by repeated destructive earthquakes , and the seismic activity was closely… 相似文献
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Lg波的QLg值是描述区域地壳结构及介质衰减特性的重要参数之一,QLg层析成像被广泛应用于地壳衰减结构横向不均匀性的研究中.但是,对QLg在垂直方向上的不均匀性的研究较少.当发现一个地区发生QLg值低时,我们希望进一步了解这种介质衰减深度.本文通过数值模拟合成地震图的方法,通过分析不同震源深度和介质模型计算QLg,判断Lg波发生主要衰减的深度.研究结果显示：（1）当震源深度浅时,上地壳介质衰减对于Lg波Q值的影响明显比下地壳的影响更大.而震源深度深时,两者贡献基本相当;（2）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,η值逐渐减小;如果下地壳介质衰减强,η值先增大后减小;但如果下地壳存在低速层,则η值持续增大;（3）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,Q0逐渐增大;反之如果下地壳介质衰减强,则Q0逐渐减小.因此,我们可以通过调查某一区域不同深度地震的Lg波衰减规律,来判断这一地区的地壳介质衰减情况. 相似文献
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Rob Westaway 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(12):1480-1509
Many studies have highlighted the role of coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust in deforming the crust and creating topographic relief over Quaternary timescales. On the basis of the rheological knowledge gained, it is suggested that intraplate seismicity can also be caused by coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust. This view is shown to be a natural consequence of the modern idea that isostatic equilibrium is maintained by flow in the weak lower crust in response to erosion and sedimentation. It is supported by a general correlation between the vigour of surface processes and rates of intraplate seismicity, and by instances of seasonal seismicity that correlates with seasonal climate. Human interference in the environment can affect surface loading: for instance, deforestation for agriculture or urban development can cause increased erosion rates; global warming is expected to cause increased storminess (and thus increased erosion rates) and/or global sea‐level rise. The possibility of increased rates of seismicity resulting from these processes should thus be considered in future hazard assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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伽师强震群区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
穿过伽师强震群的深地震反射剖面提供了研究区从地表直至莫霍界面的地壳细结构图像.探测结果表明：研究区上、下地壳分界面埋深约20～30 km,莫霍界面埋深约52～58 km.上地壳内部存在着两种截然不同的反射图像.上地壳上部为沉积盖层,厚度约8～9 km,盖层内部反射成层分布,显示了稳定而连续的沉积特点;上地壳下部则为“反射透明”背景下存在的叠层状反射带.下地壳内部呈现明显的反射性质,具体体现在上、下地壳分界面和莫霍间断面都表现为具有一定持续时间的多循环反射叠层结构特征.时间剖面上所有反射事件由北东向南西下倾的整体图像直观地反映了塔里木盆地地壳变形而向西昆仑下插入的事实.剖面47km桩号附近,上地壳下部至壳幔过渡带以上地壳范围内存在一条高倾角的深断裂,具有走滑性质,本研究认为该深断裂与1997年伽师强震群的发生密切相关,推断它为伽师强震群的发震构造.而时间剖面上壳幔过渡带反射的连续性则说明该断裂没有向下穿过莫霍面.存在于上地壳上部的两条高倾角的浅部断层可能对应于地质推测的麦盖提—下苏洪断裂带,它们与位于其下方的地壳深断裂构成了伽师强震群可能的深、浅构造关系. 相似文献
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Exploration and Study of Deep Crustal Structure in the Quanzhou Basin and Its Adjacent Area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhu Jinfang 《中国地震研究》2006,20(3):305-315
INTRODUCTIONQuanzhou Citylocates on the southeast coast of Fujian Province .Tectonically,it locates in thevolcanic fault depression zone in East Fujian betweenthe Wuyi-Daiyunfolded doming-upregion of theSouth China block and the depression zone of the Taiwan Straits . Being on the north segment of thesoutheast seismic belt of China , many destructive earthquakes inthe history affected the area and theregional seismicityis closelyrelated withfaulting.Inthe Quanzhou basin,large-scalelo… 相似文献
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An investigation of the crustal response in the time and frequency domains is presented to show that for models with similar crustal transit times of P and S waves, any important changes in the internal configuration of the crust such as layering, layer thickness and velocity contrast only influence the amplitudes of the transfer function ratio. Frequency positions of peaks and troughs remain unperturbed unless the total transit time of P and/or S waves through the crust are varied. This would imply that fine crustal structure derived from a matching of peak positions of observed spectral ratios with theoretical transfer function ratios, as is commonly practiced, is not very meaningful. This limitation in the application of the spectral ratio method for detailed crustal structure is demonstrated using two recent applications of this technique. 相似文献
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本文利用天然地震面波记录和层析成像方法,研究了南北地震带及邻近区域的岩石圈S波速度结构和各向异性特征.结果表明南北地震带的东边界不但是地壳厚度剧变带,也是地壳速度的显著分界.其西侧中下地壳的S波速度显著低于东侧,强震大多发生在低速区内部和边界.青藏高原东缘中下地壳速度显著低于正常大陆地壳,在松潘甘孜地块和川滇地块西部大约25～45 km深度存在壳内低速层;这些低速特征与高原主体的低速区相连,有利于下地壳物质的侧向流动.地壳的各向异性图像与下地壳流动模式相符,即下地壳物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结运动,东向的运动遇到扬子坚硬地壳阻挡而变为向南和向北东的运动.面波层析成像结果支持青藏高原地壳运动的下地壳流动模型.南北地震带的岩石圈厚度与其东侧的扬子和鄂尔多斯地块相似但速度较低.川滇西部地块上地幔顶部(莫霍面至88 km左右)异常低速;松潘甘孜地块上地幔盖层中有低速夹层(约90～130 km深度).岩石圈上地幔的速度分布图像与地壳显著不同,在高原主体与川滇之间存在北北东向高速带,可能会阻挡地幔物质的东向运动.上地幔各向异性较弱且与地壳的分布图像显然不同.因此青藏高原岩石圈地幔的构造运动具有与地壳不同的模式,软弱的下地壳提供了壳幔运动解耦的条件. 相似文献
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The Southern Granulite Terrain of India, formed through an ancient continental collision and uplift of the earth’s surface,
was accompanied by thickening of the crust. Once the active tectonism ceased, the buoyancy of these deep crustal roots must
have supported the Nilgiri and Palani-Cardamom hills. Here, the gravity field has been utilized to provide new constraints
on how the force of buoyancy maintains the state of isostasy in the Southern Granulite Terrain. Isostatic calculations show
that the seismically derived crustal thickness of 43–44 km in the Southern Granulite Terrain is on average 7–8 km more than
that required to isostatically balance the present-day topography. This difference cannot be solely explained applying a constant
shift in the mean sea level crustal thickness of 32 km. The isostatic analysis thus indicates that the current topography
of the Southern Granulite Terrain is overcompensated, and about 1.0 km of the topographic load must have been eroded from
this region without any isostatic readjustment. The observed gravity anomaly, an order of magnitude lower than that expected
(−125 mGal), however, shows that there is no such overcompensation. Thermal perturbations up to Pan-African, present-day high
mantle heat flow and low Te together negate the possible resistance of the lithosphere to rebound in response to erosional
unloading. To isostatically compensate the crustal root, compatible to seismic Moho, a band of high density (2,930 kg m−3) in the lower crust and low density (3,210 kg m−3) in the lithospheric mantle below the Southern Granulite Terrain is needed. A relatively denser crust due to two distinct
episodes of metamorphic phase transitions at 2.5 Ga and 550 Ma and highly mobilized upper mantle during Pan-African thermal
perturbation reduced significantly the root buoyancy that kept the crust pulled downward in response to the eroded topography. 相似文献
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ASAHIKO TAIRA SANEATSU SAITO KAN AOIKE SUMITO MORITA HIDEKAZU TOKUYAMA KIYOSHI SUYEHIRO NARUMI TAKAHASHI MASANAO SHINOHARA SCHOICHI KIYOKAWA JIRO NAKA & ADAM KLAUS 《Island Arc》1998,7(3):395-407
The bulk composition of the continental crust throughout geological history is thought by most previous workers to be andesitic. This assumption of an andesitic bulk composition led to an early hypothesis by 72 ) that the continental crust was created by arc magmatism. This hypothesis for the origin of continental crust was challenged by several authors because: (i) the mean rate of arc crust addition obtained by 50 ) is too small to account for some certain phases of rapid crustal growth; and (ii) the bulk composition of ocean island arcs, the main contributor to the Archean and early Proterozoic crust, is basaltic rather than andesitic ( 4 ; 49 ). New data from the Northern Izu–Bonin arc are presented here which support the 72 ) hypothesis for the origin of the continental crust by andesitic arc magma. A geological interpretation of P wave crustal structure obtained from the Northern Izu–Bonin arc by 66 ) indicates that the arc crust has four distinctive lithologic layers: from top to bottom: (i) a 0.5–2-km-thick layer of basic to intermediate volcaniclastic, lava and hemipelagite (layer A); (ii) a 2–5-km-thick basic to intermediate volcaniclastics, lavas and intrusive layer (layer B); (iii) a 2–7-km-thick layer of felsic (tonalitic) rocks (layer C); and (iv) a 4–7-km-thick layer of mafic igneous rocks (layer D). The chemical composition of the upper and middle part of the northern Izu–Bonin arc is estimated to be similar to the average continental crust by 73 ). The rate of igneous addition of the Northern Izu–Bonin arc since its initial 45-Ma magmatism was calculated as 80 km3/km per million years. This rate of addition is considered to be a reasonable estimate for all arcs in the western Pacific. Using this rate, the global rate of crustal growth is estimated to be 2.96 km3/year which exceeds the average rate of crustal growth since the formation of the Earth (1.76 km3/year). Based on this estimate of continental growth and the previously documented sediment subduction and tectonic erosion rate (1.8 km3/year, 24 ), several examples of growth curves of the continental crust are presented here. These growth curves suggest that at least 50% of the present volume of the continental crust can be explained by arc magmatism. This conclusion indicates that arc magmatism is the most important contributor to the formation of continental crust, especially at the upper crustal level. 相似文献
19.
Vladimir Yu Semenov 《Acta Geophysica》2015,63(1):103-124
The first decade of 21st century is characterized by the appearance of new approaches to deep induction soundings. The theory of magnetovariation and magnetotelluric soundings was generalised or corrected. Spatial derivatives of response functions (induction arrows) were obtained for the ultra-long periods. New phenomena have been detected by this method: secular variations of the Earth’s apparent resistivity and the rapid changes of induction arrows over the last 50 years. The first one can be correlated with the number of earthquakes, and the second one–with geomagnetic jerks in Central Europe. The extensive studies of geoelectrical structure of the crust and mantle were realized in the frame of a series of international projects. New information about geoelectrical structures of the crust in Northern Europe and Ukraine was obtained by deep electromagnetic soundings involving controlled powerful sources. An influence of the crust magnetic permeability on the deep sounding results was confirmed. 相似文献
20.
漳州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
漳州盆地及其邻区地处我国大陆东南沿海地震带中段。通过该地区高分辨率折射及宽角反射，折射地震探测剖面，获得了该区地壳几何结构与速度结构、地壳深浅部断裂的几何形态和构造关系等。结果表明，该区地壳分为上地壳和下地壳。上地壳的厚度为16．5～18．8km，下地壳厚度为12．0～13．0km。上地壳分为上下两部分。在上地壳下部有一个低速层，速度约为6．00km／s，低速层顶面深度为12．0km左右，厚度约为5．0km。下地壳也分为上下两部分。Moho界面的深度为29．0～31．8km。该区6条地壳浅部正断层大部分向地下延伸深度不超过4km，最大延伸深度达5km左右。据推测，浅部正断层下方有一条高倾角地壳深断裂带，该断裂带向下断至Moho面，向上断至上地壳下部低速层中。深浅部断裂构造不相连接。漳州盆地深浅部构造组合特征表明，九龙江断裂带是该区内一条特征明显、具有复杂深浅构造背景的深断裂带。这一深地震探测成果的获得，使得该地区深部资料解释的可靠性和探测精度比以往显著提高；对深浅部构造的组合可作统一解释，地壳的分层和结构特征更为确切和精细；首次发现上地壳的拉张性构造及铲式正断层组合特征，不仅有助于对漳州及其邻区地震危险性的综合判定，而且对深化东南沿海地震带深部动力学过程的认识具有重要意义。 相似文献