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The U.S. Navy has initiated a multidisciplinary research and development program to study the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME). As part of this effort, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing a software workbench for estimating the effects of cumulative sound exposure on marine mammals. This paper describes the workbench, and presents some preliminary simulation results. The workbench integrates data sets and computer models contributed by researchers in the areas of oceanography, underwater acoustic propagation, and marine mammal physiology and behavior. Models are incorporated for simulating animal movement, for estimating the received acoustic time series along an animal's track, and for predicting temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) induced by acoustic exposure. TTS predictions are shown to be highly dependent upon both the environmental variables and the movement of the marine mammals. 相似文献
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The authors describe the effort to provide three-dimensional global thermohaline and sound speed fields for use in the effects of sound in the marine environment (ESME) workbench suite of programs. The primary fields used are from the modular ocean data assimilation system (MODAS), developed by Fox et al. The system provides global thermohaline and sound speed fields on a daily basis using environmental inputs from the U.S. Navy as well as remote sensing of sea surface temperature and sea surface height. To examine the MODAS fields, the authors also used data from the Southern California Bight collected by the California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations as well as high-resolution hydrographic data collected over the continental shelf south of New England as part of the shelfbreak PRIMER experiment. MODAS performs well for features such as large-scale boundary currents and eddies but is more limited in resolving features such as shelfbreak and coastal fronts, which have small spatial and temporal correlation scales. Because of the considerable computational needs of other ESME modules and its use as a planning tool, the authors present a pragmatic approach for future applications. 相似文献
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Estimating the impact of anthropogenic sound on marine animals entails consideration of animal location in the vertical and horizontal planes and the behavior of the animal (e.g., breeding, foraging, migration) at the time of sound exposure. To approach more realistic impact estimates, the effects of sound on the marine environment (ESME) model incorporates a simulation program that permits fine-scale control over simulated marine animal (animat) movement and behavior. The simulation program, known as the Marine Mammal Movement and Behavior (3MB) module, provides user control over animats that is scaleable to available information about the species of concern. Movement and behavior is stochastically determined by sampling from distributions describing rates of movement in the horizontal and vertical planes, direction of travel, time at the surface between dives, time at depth, and time in and transition between behavioral states. Influence of behavior over each of the other distributions is permitted. As knowledge of marine animal behavior, movement, and ecology increases, the flexibility and level of control provided by such models will increase the potential for realistic impact estimates. 相似文献
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局部海洋地磁场模型可以为水下地磁匹配导航与磁性目标探测等工作提供高精度的海域地磁背景场数据。针对目前区域地磁场模型构建方法中未考虑到高度或深度变化的影响,截断阶数难以确定及存在边界效应等问题。根据海洋磁力测量的特点,顾及磁测点高度数据,引入粒子群优化的最小二乘支持向量机法(PSO-LSSVM)构建局部海洋三维地磁场模型。在仿真与实测数据建模试验中,与Taylor多项式法、BP神经网络法及曲面样条函数法比较,结果表明,无论是在地磁变化平缓区还是复杂区,PSO-LSSVM法的建模精度均是最高的,建议在局部海洋地磁场模型构建中采用。 相似文献
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美国Teledyne Webb Research公司按照型号系列化、结构模块化和测量多样化的设计思路研制水下滑翔机,其Slocum 200浅海型和Slocum 1000深海型水下滑翔机在海洋环境观测领域具有广泛的客户需求。文中以200 m浅海型和1 000 m深海型两款水下滑翔机为例,详细对比了两者的技术特点,并在此基础上阐述了两者各自适用的海洋环境观测应用范围,两者优势互补,难以取代对方。浅海型水下滑翔机具有锯齿剖面密度大、折返机动性高和平均前向速度快的特点,适合在近海岸、陆架坡折和深海温跃层等区域对高时空变率海洋现象进行观测。近几年,我国深海型水下滑翔机技术取得了惊人进步,同时,我国浅海型水下滑翔机技术也在快速发展,这对推动我国海洋环境监测业务水平的提升意义重大。 相似文献
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Kastelein RA Verboom WC Muijsers M Jennings NV van der Heul S 《Marine environmental research》2005,59(4):287-307
To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network is currently under development: Acoustic Communication network for Monitoring of underwater Environment in coastal areas (ACME). Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they use sounds of similar frequencies (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour porpoise. Therefore, as part of an environmental impact assessment program, two captive harbour porpoises were subjected to four sounds, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' positions and respiration rates during a test period with those during a baseline period. Each of the four sounds could be made a deterrent by increasing the amplitude of the sound. The porpoises reacted by swimming away from the sounds and by slightly, but significantly, increasing their respiration rate. From the sound pressure level distribution in the pen, and the distribution of the animals during test sessions, discomfort sound level thresholds were determined for each sound. In combination with information on sound propagation in the areas where the communication system may be deployed, the extent of the 'discomfort zone' can be estimated for several source levels (SLs). The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour porpoises are expected to avoid. Based on these results, SLs can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour porpoises in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the selected sound, the selected SL, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. In shallow, winding coastal water courses, with sandbanks, etc., the type of habitat in which the ACME sounds will be produced, propagation loss cannot be accurately estimated by using a simple propagation model, but should be measured on site. The SL of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account bounding conditions created by narrow channels, sound propagation variability due to environmental factors, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not prevent harbour porpoises from spending sufficient time in ecologically important areas (for instance feeding areas), or routes towards these areas. 相似文献
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Kastelein RA van der Heul S Verboom WC Triesscheijn RJ Jennings NV 《Marine environmental research》2006,61(1):19-39
To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network (ACME) using underwater sounds to encode and transmit data is currently under development. Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they may use sound of a similar frequency (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the acoustic transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No information is available on the effects of ACME-like sounds on harbour seals, so this study was carried out as part of an environmental impact assessment program. Nine captive harbour seals were subjected to four sound types, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' location in a pool during test periods to that during baseline periods, during which no sound was produced. Each of the four sounds could be made into a deterrent by increasing its amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sound source. The sound pressure level (SPL) at the acoustic discomfort threshold was established for each of the four sounds. The acoustic discomfort threshold is defined as the boundary between the areas that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the areas that they generally did not enter during transmission. The SPLs at the acoustic discomfort thresholds were similar for each of the sounds (107 dB re 1 microPa). Based on this discomfort threshold SPL, discomfort zones at sea for several source levels (130-180 dB re 1 microPa) of the sounds were calculated, using a guideline sound propagation model for shallow water. The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour seals are expected to avoid. The definition of the discomfort zone is based on behavioural discomfort, and does not necessarily coincide with the physical discomfort zone. Based on these results, source levels can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour seals in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the sound, the source level, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. The source level of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account the width of a sea arm, the local sound propagation, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not coincide with ecologically important areas (for instance resting, breeding, suckling, and feeding areas), or routes between these areas. 相似文献
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Low-frequency electromagnetic methods are used in geophysical exploration to detect the magnetic field distortion between a transmitter and receiver produced by locally conductive bodies. Both ground and airborne systems are in current use. It is possible to similarly conduct underwater geophysical exploration by using an underwater towed source of electromagnetic radiation and a receiving magnetic or electric field detector. The receiver can be towed on an auxiliary cable, mounted on a boom on the towing platform, or land based. An underwater towed electromagnetic source suitable for ocean-bottom exploration has been constructed, and its underwater propagation characteristics at low frequency have been studied. This underwater calibrated source (UCS) is 4 m long, weighs 383 kg in air, and can produce vertical and horizontal magnetic dipoles and a horizontal electric dipole. Powered by a current-feedback-controlled, high-power, modified sonar amplifier, the UCS can produce 9710 ampereturn.m2 of magnetic dipole or 200 A.m of electric dipole at 50 A at frequencies up to 200 Hz without significant attenuation from coil inductance. This paper concentrates on the mechanical, hydrodynamic, and magnetic design details of the UCS and the electrical system, consisting of the high-current drive power system and the shipboard monitoring system for attitude and depth detectors. 相似文献
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海上风电场建设期风机打桩会产生高强度的水下噪声,研究水下冲击打桩噪声的监测方法、特性分析及对海洋生物的影响是非常重要的。采用自容式水下声音记录仪,多点同步测量了福建省兴化湾海上风电场二期工程建设期单次完整的水下冲击打桩噪声,从时频域特性进行了分析,并利用最小二乘法拟合得到了打桩声源级和声暴露级。结果表明：水下冲击打桩噪声是典型的低频、高强度的脉冲信号,单个脉冲持续时间约90~100 ms,峰值声源级约209.4±2 dB,声暴露级约197.7±2 dB;主要能量分布在50 Hz~1 kHz频段,750 m测量点的该频段声压级相比海洋环境背景噪声,提高了约40~50 dB。水下冲击打桩噪声频域能量分布与大黄鱼的听觉敏感频段相重叠,对大黄鱼影响程度和范围较大,实际工程应用中宜采用声暴露级作为评价指标。 相似文献
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The long baseline (LBL) system is widely used to locate and track autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) through acoustic communication.Three important issues are presented here in LBL system application with AUV.Those issues which regard the normal acoustic communication between LBL system and AUV are the depth of towed array,the length of beacon cable,and the effective area of the AUV.The first issue is the key of the LBL system,which ensures the normal communication between towed array and beacons.The second issue which impacts the normal communication from the AUV to beacons in available range should be considered after the first one has been settled.Then the last issue determines the safe work area of the AUV.The ordinary differential equations (ODE) algorithm of ray is deduced from Snell′s law.The ODE algorithm is applied to obtain sound rays from sound source to receiver.These problems are solved by the judgment that whether rays pinging from a sound source arrives at a receiver.The sea trial shows that these methods have much validity and practicality. 相似文献
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Lynch J.F. Colosi J.A. Gawarkiewicz G.G. Duda T.F. Pierce A.D. Badiey M. Katsnelson B.G. Miller J.E. Siegmann W. Ching-Sang Chiu Newhall A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(1):33-48
Results and recommendations for evaluating the effects of fine-scale oceanographic scattering and three-dimensional (3-D) acoustic propagation variability on the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME) acoustic exposure model are presented. Pertinent acoustic scattering theory is briefly reviewed and ocean sound-speed fluctuation models are discussed. Particular attention is given to the nonlinear and linear components of the ocean internal wave field as a source of sound-speed inhomogeneities. Sound scattering through the mainly isotropic linear internal wave field is presented and new results relating to acoustic scattering by the nonlinear internal wave field in both along and across internal wave wavefront orientations are examined. In many cases, there are noteworthy fine-scale induced intensity biases and fluctuations of order 5-20 dB. 相似文献
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随着对水下目标特性研究的深入和声学探测技术的发展,基于单模态的阵列式信息融合或基于空间信息的分布式信息融合的水下目标识别方法研究已有一定成果,但针对复杂海况导致单一物理场或单一融合层次的系统识别性能提高有限等方面影响的水下目标识别方法研究还有所不足,因此,开展基于多模态深度融合模型的水下目标识别方法研究可利用模态互补,共享信息而提升识别率。文中在国内外研究基础上,深入研究了基于到达时差法和多模态方法组合的检测方法,初步形成了基于水声环境空间中多模态深度融合模型的识别框架,开展了海洋中典型自然与人为事件的信号分析与特征提取,并在此基础上,设计新型基于海底基站的被动识别系统。该系统同步记录和由位置等组成的时间序列标记声、磁和压数据,可实现高精度、高分辨率的识别。本研究可满足未来海洋观测对高性能水下目标探测、定位和跟踪系统的迫切需要,为海洋安全监管、海洋突发事件应急响应等领域提供新的技术手段和科学参考。 相似文献
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Propagation modeling in the ocean may be said to be a fairly mature subject, with a number of reliable and efficient acoustic models freely distributed. However, acoustic modeling to predict effects of sound on marine mammals presents some particular challenges. Standard sonar models predict the mean power levels for static receivers. However, marine-mammal researchers have shown a strong interest in being able to predict the actual time series that a moving mammal would experience as it swims through an ensonified ocean. The time series can then be used to directly model auditory models of the mammalian ear. To do this properly requires attention to subtle Doppler effects. The authors present a Gaussian-beam-tracing method that handles all these issues. Another key element needed for such models is the ability to rapidly predict three-dimensional (3-D) acoustic fields for lots of source/receiver combinations. This problem arises in trying to choose optimal locations for navy exercises, considering also a variety of hypothesized mammal-migration patterns. The authors discuss a precomputation approach to solve this problem. Finally, they examine a technique to reduce the computation needed for the one-third octave transmission loss (TL) averages. The one-third octave average is often used as a metric for the assessment of risk to mammals. The brute-force solution to this problem requires propagation modeling at many frequencies in the band. Here, the authors develop a general relationship to replace those frequency averages with much more easily computed range averages. The novelty of this approach relative to the previous range-averaging techniques is that it extends those methods to the range-dependent conditions. 相似文献
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A relational database that contained published information on the diving behavior and/or movement patterns of marine mammals was compiled to facilitate a modeling effort of the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME) program. A total of 448 references from reports, books, and peer-reviewed journal articles were obtained. The metadata describing each animal studied, location of the study, and equipment used were entered into the database as well as empirical data describing the diving behavior and movement patterns of each animal. In total, the database contained 1815 entries from 51 different marine mammal species or subspecies. The majority of animals were seals and sea lions with 1560 entries from 29 individual species. More than half the number of animals studied were from high latitude regions (e.g., Arctic and Antarctic). Other problem areas identified were: 1) Data reduction in summaries, 2) inability to easily summarize qualitative and quantitative data, and 3) lack of standardization in data reporting. A solution is to create a common access data archive where researchers contribute raw published or unpublished geospatially referenced data sets. This would improve access to original data sets with large volumes of data, which, overall, enhances the power to develop robust behavioral or ecological models that could help define critical habitats of marine mammals. 相似文献
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储层沉积微相是影响储层非均质性的重要因素之一,准确预测储层沉积微相分布对认识储层非均质性、提高油田油气采收率具有重要意义.储层随机建模方法具有很强的地质适用性,合理选择随机建模方法能够有效提高模型精度.以东濮凹陷濮城油田沙三中亚段6-10水下扇油藏为例,由于水下扇沉积储层微相具有几何构型及空间分布复杂的特点,选择序贯指示建模可以对不同微相采用不同变差函数来表征其空间分布结构特征,从而再现储层微相复杂的空间分布.通过定义沟道吻合程度参数Mat对模拟实现进行检验,抽稀井沟道吻合程度参数Mat平均值达到84.7%,表明建模结果具有较高的准确度.序贯指示建模适合于建立水下扇储层沉积微相模型. 相似文献
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An overview of the multipath expansion method of solving the Helmholtz wave equation to describe the underwater sound field for a fixed point source in a plane multilayered medium is presented. The approach is then extended to account for horizontal variations in bottom depth, bottom type, and sound speed in the stationary phase approximation. Comparisons of model results to a limited number of measured data sets and standard propagation codes are presented. 相似文献