共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
中国生态脆弱带人地关系行为机制模型及应用 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
以农牧交错带为研究对象,通过建立人地关系行为机制模型,探讨外部社会经济因素影响土地退化的机制,并重点就当前正在实施的退耕还林还草政策所带来的生态经济效果进行分析。模型拟合结果显示,利用玉米及农作物秸秆作为饲料,扩大舍饲动物饲养,或者扩大种植葵花或油料作物等商品作物以替代自给性作物糜子,将可以在不加剧水土流失的前提下增加农户收入。模型结果还显示,非农就业机会增加时,农户会减少坡地垦殖。这表明推进农村工业化和城镇化发展,增加农民非农就业机会,鼓励农民进城的政策对于黄土高原的水土保持也是有促进作用的。 相似文献
2.
Michael Stocking 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1983,3(1):63-77
Farming and environmental degradation are inextricably linked through a complex of political, social, economic and physical forces. A connection is drawn between the initiation and maintenance of distinct farming systems (commercial, emergent and subsistence) by largely human influences, and the effect these farming systems have in turn on the environment. There are important implications for the environment through indirect effects on plant cover, cultivation methods and systems of bush fallowing. In many respects subsistence cultivation is probably the safest.A case study from Mkushi District, Central Province exemplifies the influence of external factors on environmental degradation in general, and soil erosion in particular. In the survey, traditional practices show fewer signs of soil erosion than commercial farming because of rational decisions taken by each group of farmers. The implication for conservation strategies is briefly reviewed. 相似文献
3.
江西省农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为悖离研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用Tobit-ISM模型分析江西省农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为悖离度影响因素,进一步解析各影响因素间的层次结构。结果表明:70%的农户具有生态耕种意愿,但仅部分农户发生了采纳行为,证实了农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为发生悖离。通过Tobit回归模型分析文化程度、生态耕种培训、农户态度、耕地面积、生态环境污染认知、环保法规认知、风险认知、相互交流和自然资源状况对悖离度的发生表现出负向作用,而非农收入比重则具有正向影响;通过ISM模型分析农户态度、耕地面积、自然资源状况是表层因素,生态耕种污染认知、环保法规认知、风险认知是中间层因素,文化程度、生态耕种培训、非农收入比重、相互交流是深层次因素。 相似文献
4.
新疆耕地变化对区域碳平衡的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
基于“Bookkeeping”模型,对1975-2005 年期间新疆耕地变化对区域碳平衡的影响进行了分析。荒漠土地开垦和耕地转移是新疆耕地变化的两种主要方式,1975-2005 年这两种耕地变化方式使新疆碳储量增加了20.6 Tg C,其中土地开垦使区域碳储量增加了51.8 Tg C,而耕地转移则向大气排放了31.2 Tg C。在1975-1985 年期间,新疆耕地大规模转移,区域碳储量的变化趋势受耕地转移的影响较大;1985 年后随新疆土地开垦规模的增加,碳储量变化趋势主要受土地开垦影响。30 年间,新疆碳储量增加主要是由草地开垦为耕地引起,而耕地转移为草地是新疆碳储量减少的主要原因。新疆地区进行合理的水土开发活动有利于区域碳固定,且长期的耕作管理活动会进一步增强耕地的碳汇功能。 相似文献
5.
农地边际化的表现特征及其诊断标准 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19
本文对农地边际化与边际土地的概念与本质、农地边际化在区域土地利用中的表现特征及其诊断标准进行了理论探讨。农地边际化是一种受社会、经济、政治和环境等因素综合驱动作用的过程,一种在现有的土地利用和社会-经济结构条件下,农地变得不再具有经济生产能力的过程。在农地边际化过程中,农户会有不同的行为响应,从而导致区域土地利用在“集约度、播种面积、用途转移与土地经营制度”等方面发生重大变化;农地利用的“边际收益指标”、“集约度指标”与“播种面积指标”是诊断农地边际化的三大指标。一般而言,如果该农地利用的“边际收益”为负,且在随后的土地利用过程中出现了“集约度下降、播种面积缩小,甚至弃耕撂荒”等变化特征,可以初步判断该农地利用出现了边际化现象。但不同类型农地边际化,其诊断标准也有差异。 相似文献
6.
Valdemir Antoneli Edivaldo Lopes Thomaz Joo Ansio Bednarz 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(1):34-49
The Brazilian faxinal is a traditional agrosilvopastoral system, which combines extensive grazing, subsistence cropping and low impact forest extraction, managed within a communal property system. Today it is at serious risk of disappearing due to increasing grazing pressure and logging activities that are leading to environmental problems such as forest fragmentation and soil degradation. The objectives of the study were to: a) evaluate soil physical degradation levels in different grazing areas within the faxinal system; and b) correlate soil degradation, fodder quantity and livestock dynamics in different pasture areas according to the household's location. Landscape mapping, vegetation surveys, and livestock grazing dynamics were assessed. In addition, soil physical parameters were evaluated for each land use (e.g., resistance, bulk density, porosity, moisture, and water infiltration rates). Results showed that livestock grazing and household locations are the main driving forces that lead to forest fragmentation. The household location creates three interrelated gradients in the communal grazing land: 1) soil physical degradation decreases from the pasture areas to araucaria forests; 2) fodder quantity decreases from pastures to araucaria forests; and 3) the livestock grazing intensity decreases from pastures to araucaria forests. In addition, some management practices to mitigate land degradation, including improvement of pastures, installation of removable troughs for drinking water in the upland areas and restriction of livestock from the riparian zone, have been proposed. 相似文献
7.
西双版纳热带山地利用过程中的土壤退化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
土壤养分和土壤微生物生长代谢水平的衰退是热带山地退化的重要表现形式。二者的变化基本是一致的。即从热带雨林→33a次生林→6a轮歇地→4a轮歇地→旱谷地→橡胶林→荒草坡呈降低趋势；相对于热带雨林而言，不同利用方式土壤微生物和土壤养分状况均有不同程度的下降，且随退化程度增高减幅增大，土壤微生物衰减的速率比土壤养分的衰减更快。说明山地的退化严重影响着土壤微生物的生长代谢水平以及它们之间的协同作用，从而影响土壤碳氮循环代谢途径。降低土壤肥力水平。 相似文献
8.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3):93-101
This paper focuses upon a generation of agricultural change in Lapinlahti, a parish in the central Finnish lake district. The resettlement of displaced Karelian farmers in the immediate post-war years disrupted the established farming pattern here as elsewhere in Finland. A programme of forest clearance – socially desirable, but economically insupportable – changed the rural scene as well as providing new arable land for fodder crops to support increased dairy production. In the last decade, agricultural output surplus to market needs has been coupled with timber production insufficient to meet demand. Within the space of a generation, legislation encouraging afforestation and compensating for land withdrawn from cultivation has replaced subsidies for forest colonisation and land clearance. The reactions to this legislation of Karelians in Lapinlahti differ from those of the indigenous farmers. 相似文献
9.
太湖地区农田土壤养分动态及其启示 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：24
太湖地区人地关系紧张，环境问题尤其是地表水体富营养化严重，农田生态系统的养分收支和土壤养分状况不仅关系到农业的高产稳产，对区内的水环境质量也有着重要的影响。典型区的实地调查和采样分析结果表明，自20世纪80年代初以来太湖地区农田生态系统中的氮、磷一直处于盈余状态，且盈余量不断增加，土壤钾素则长期亏缺，但近年来有所缓和。区内土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量近20年来都有较大幅度的提高，速效钾含量在20世纪90年代中期以前呈下降趋势，近年来有所回升。主要类型土壤的pH也呈降低的趋势。 相似文献
10.
新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以1985 年渭干河流域土壤普查数据、1998 年Landsat TM影像和2008 年CBERS影像为数据源, 通过人机交互解译方式获取3 个时期土壤盐渍化分布状况, 然后采用GIS空间分析方法对23 年来土壤盐渍化时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:①1985-2008 年, 总趋势是随着流域灌区和耕地面积的扩大, 盐渍化耕地也随之增加, 土壤盐渍化耕地面积由13.32×104hm2增至13.78×104hm2。②流域土壤盐渍化现象普遍, 主要分布在绿洲的下部边缘地带, 河流中下游、地势平缓低洼等区域, 盐渍化耕地在绿洲内部呈条形状分布, 在绿洲外围呈片状分布。③河道、渠系和水库渗漏、耕作制度不合理、土地不平整和气候变化等多种因素导致渭干河流域土壤盐渍化扩大, 但在局部地区由于生态恢复和改良利用措施, 使得土壤盐渍化面积也有缩减。 相似文献
11.
渭河流域全新世环境演变对人类文化发展的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对渭河流域10000 多年来环境资源演变的高分辨率实验数据资料和考古文献资料的分析, 探讨了全 新世以来, 渭河流域人类文化的演进与环境演变之间的耦合关系。分析表明:在8 500～3 100 a B.P.全新世大暖期, 渭河流域水、土、生物资源条件优越, 人类逐步形成了原始定居旱作农业类型文化, 从而奠定了渭河流域农业文明 的基础; 其间4 000～3 000 a B.P., 渭河流域北部的农牧交错带, 由于气候的逐渐冷干化, 导致水、土、生物资源退化, 造成旱作农业土地利用方式由游牧业取而代之; 在3 100 a B.P, 由于季风格局的突变, 整个渭河流域进入了一个相 对干旱缺雨、成壤环境的恶化时期, 环境的恶化导致了水土资源的退化, 大大动摇了旱作农业和游牧业的经济基 础, 影响了先周和西周社会的发展。 相似文献
12.
13.
The grassland biome of South Africa is a major resource for livestock farming; yet the soils of these rangelands are stressed differently by various management systems. The aim of this study was to investigate how basic soil properties respond to different management systems. For this purpose we sampled rangeland management systems under communal (continuous grazing), commercial (rotational grazing) and land reform (mixture of grazing systems) farming. Within each of these systems a grazing gradient was identified with decreasing grazing pressure with increasing distance to the water points. Results showed that communal farms with continuous grazing were generally depleted in the respective nutrient stocks. The depletion increased with rising grazing pressure. Along that line there was a breakdown of macroaggregates with losses of the C and N stored therein. However, the commercial farms also exhibited a decline of macroaggregates and their associated C content nearby the water points. Aggregate fractionation is a sensitive indicator for detecting the beginning of soil degradation in this biome; yet, degradation was less pronounced under the rotational grazing of the commercial farms than under communal property right conditions. Hence, soil analyses confirm that fences and appropriate grazing periods are needed to manage these rangelands sustainably. 相似文献
14.
Soil degradation is perceived as a major threat in the Mediterranean region due to changes in land-use and possible future climate change. Soil aggregation parameters are used here to demonstrate their potential as a key-indicator for land degradation studies. The monitoring of these indicators offers a means of establishing the vulnerability and resilience of geo-ecosystems. Soil aggregation stability and distribution were studied on soils with an open shrubby vegetation cover, from several places in southeastern Spain and southern France, by applying drop tests and determining aggregate size distributions. Aspect and vegetation cover were incorporated in the soil sampling. Several indices were derived from these analyses to indicate the degree of soil aggregation. This was done by referencing to a base level of aggregation (bare soil aggregation). It was found that soil aggregates were more stable and were often coarser under vegetation, when compared to their immediate surrounding bare areas. A similar, slightly less clear effect was noted on N-facing exposed slopes when compared to S-facing exposed slopes. Long-term changes were found by studying cultivated land, abandoned fields and land covered by semi-natural vegetation, on comparable substrate and comparable land units. It is clear that soil aggregation and aggregate stability increases with time (years). It is argued that soil aggregation indices can be used as a key-indicator for degradation processes at a fine scale with implications for runoff and sediment generating processes at the hillslope scale. 相似文献
15.
半干旱地区沙漠化发展的内在动因 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
我国半干旱地区(年降水等雨线250-450mm之间的地带)存在着严重的环境退化问题。这里分布着54.0万km2黄土高原的水土流失区和近16.5万km2以风蚀为主的沙漠化土地。本文分析若干典型区为案例, 从人口和资源的关系入手, 认识半干旱地区近年来引起环境退化的内在动因。当前半干旱地区入口、土地、环境之间不协调状况是十分值得注意的。现有土地对人口支持能力已处于临界限度; 现有的经营水平上, 土地资源难以支持现有的人口, 就成为这里土地退化的主要原因。退化后土地供应力的降低导致对土地压力的再度加大, 引起更大的环境退化, 这就构成沙漠化土地在该区加剧发展的内在动因。消除引起沙漠化的内在动因, 摆脱对环境压力的危机状态, 在目前最根本的出路在于有计划控制人口增长速度, 降低农业人口的比重和提高土地潜在生产力。但是只要认真采取对策, 人口、资源、环境协调发展的前景是可以达到的。 相似文献
16.
黑河流域环境退化特征分析及防治研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
生态环境条件的好坏,是制约我国社会、经济和人民生活可持续发展的重要问题之一,特别是在生态环境脆弱的西北干旱区的内陆河流域。本文以黑河流域为例,根据最新的野外调查数据,结合该流域已有的研究文献资料,分析了黑河流域生态环境退化的现状和主要特征。研究结果表明,黑河流域生态环境退化主要是由于人类不合理的经济活动造成的,具体表现在土地的沙漠化、水资源的变化、土壤盐渍化和植被退化等方面。在此基础上,初步提出了防止流域生态环境恶化的综合治理对策。 相似文献
17.
Improper farming practices, overgrazing, the conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal areas and uncontrolled expansion of urban and rural settlement at the cost of cultivable land are among the major causes of land degradation in north-western Jordan. The purpose of this study was to discuss the major causes of land degradation in the area.Six sites receiving different amounts of annual precipitation and with different vegetation types were selected to represent the major agricultural areas in north-western Jordan. The major soil properties that can be linked to land degradation were studied.Desertification in north-western Jordan is taking place through loss of soil fertility and productivity, overgrazing and water and wind erosion. Erosion by wind and water is considered the major cause of land degradation in the area. The soils contain little organic matter and their alkaline reactions reduce the availability of phosphorous and macronutrients and consequently lead to very low crop yields. 相似文献
18.
实行耕地休耕是我国近年对耕地保护和耕地利用转型的重大国家战略，而农户对休耕地进行管护是保证耕地休耕生态效应的重要前提。研究选取河北省邢台市2个乡镇12个村为分析样本，建立农户特征、家庭特征、认知意识、耕地利用状况等影响因素集合，利用结构方程模型对农户参与休耕地管护的意愿及行为选择进行分析。结果表明：（1） 有无经济补偿对农户休耕管护意愿影响较大。（2） 影响农户对休耕地管护的意愿和行为的潜在变量不尽相同，但认知意识对两者均起较大作用。（3） 党员身份、村干部身份、家庭总人数、农户心中的耕地保护责任人、对休耕政策的满意程度、对休耕地管护技术的了解程度、耕地面积、粮食种植比例等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生正向影响；农户年龄、非农就业劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地破碎度等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生负向影响。研究结果为进一步扩大和推进耕地休耕制度落地实施提供参考：建议拓宽政策宣传渠道，完善休耕地管护的补偿方式；加强管护技术培训，激发农民对休耕地管护的热情；提高其管护的能力，保障耕地休耕的效果。 相似文献
19.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):21-31
In this study some light is shed on farmers' changing land-use and management practices in two mountain watersheds located in the Western Hills of Nepal. The study is based on a survey of 300 households, group discussion, interviews of key informants, and field observation in project and non-project watersheds conducted from April to September 1999. Confronted with shrinking landholding size, owing to a steadily growing population and scarcity of non-farming employment opportunities, farmers in both watersheds have gradually intensified land use and cultivated new crops to increase farm production and income. They are shifting from cereal crops to livestock husbandry, particularly along the road in the project watershed, and to vegetables and other cash crops in the accessible foothills of the non-project watershed. They have also adopted various structural and biological measures to control soil erosion, landslides, gully expansion and soil nutrient loss in order to maintain or enhance land productivity. The degree of adoption of the structural and biological measures is higher in the project watershed than in the non-project watershed. Contrary to the traditionally held belief of some researchers, population pressure on a finite land resource has brought about positive changes in land-use and management practices. Farmers have innovated and adopted different land management technologies to increase farm production as they are exposed to the risk of food insecurity because of shrinking landholding size and land degradation. 相似文献
20.
定量刻画区域尺度耕地开垦轨迹（初始地类、初始土壤类型和耕作年限）对土壤肥力变化的影响,对指导区域农业施肥管理措施、提高农田土壤肥力具有重要意义。本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,通过叠加5期土地利用数据来识别耕地开垦轨迹,基于1980年和2018年两期大量样点数据,分析耕地开垦前的土地利用方式和土壤类型以及开垦后耕作年限的差异对土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明：① 1980—2018年间新开垦耕地面积的90.12%来源于草地,9.88%来源于未利用地。在此期间除碱解氮含量降低之外,其他土壤肥力指标含量均增加。② 高覆盖度草地被开垦会造成土壤有机质的损失,草地（高、中、低覆盖度草地）和未利用地（盐碱地和裸土地）被开垦会降低土壤碱解氮含量,增加有效磷和速效钾含量。③ 随耕作年限增加,土壤有机质呈现缓慢的增加态势并逐步趋于平稳;而速效养分含量短期内增加,当耕作年限达到中长期（19~28年）后趋于稳定或开始下降,存在阈值效应。④ 草地开垦造成的有机质损失在耕作年限达到中长期之后逐渐得以恢复。草地和未利用地开垦造成的碱解氮损失在耕作38年之后仍未得到恢复。⑤ 初始土壤类型为草甸土和灌漠土的现状土壤肥力较高,棕钙土和灰漠土的肥力较低。建议随耕地经营年限的增加,合理配比氮磷钾肥,改善重氮肥轻磷钾肥的现状,增加磷钾肥施用量,少量多次施用氮肥。 相似文献