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1.
青藏高原(简称高原,下同)地形复杂,各个区域土壤条件差异较大,土壤砾石与有机质对土壤水热有较大的影响。本文使用耦合了CLM4.5的区域气候模式RegCM4.7,通过修改模式所用地表数据以及相应的土壤水热参数化方案,分别建立了砾石方案(test2)和砾石-有机质方案(test3)。模拟结果表明:test2较原方案(test1)对于高原西部的模拟效果提升明显,但对于高原东部的模拟效果欠佳。test3在test2的基础上,提升了高原中部与东部浅层土壤的模拟效果。test3的浅层土壤区域平均温度均方根误差从2.11 ℃下降到0.47 ℃,浅层土壤区域平均湿度均方根误差从0.05 mm3·mm-3下降到0.01 mm3·mm-3。同时,三种方案均能较好地模拟高原的地表温度。其中test3误差最小,区域平均的均方根误差从2.18 ℃下降到0.74 ℃,与再分析数据更加接近。 相似文献
2.
选用2020年5月17日Sentinel-1和Landsat 8影像数据,结合田间人工测墒数据,以辽宁省朝阳市为例,分别利用植被温度指数法和光学协同微波遥感反演算法反演土壤水分,构建高精度土壤水分预报模型。结果表明：基于光学遥感的植被温度指数(TVDI)不能较好反演农田土壤水分;微波反射能够较好反馈土壤水分的空间变化,Sentinel-1雷达数据VV极化对土壤水分的拟合精度(R2=0.71)优于VH极化(R2=0.27);基于全球植被水分指数(GVMI)改进的水云模型效果最优(R2=0.80)。利用微波和光学遥感协同反演,能够反演得到高空间分辨率、高精度的农田土壤水分数据,有助于农业干旱的监测。 相似文献
3.
基于西安泾河国家气象站2021年微波辐射计、西安理工大学研制的大气温湿度廓线激光雷达等设备观测数据反演计算0～10 km 以下的温湿度，通过与探空资料的对比分别评估了微波辐射计和激光雷达的探测性能。结果表明，二者反演的温度均与探空数据具有较好的一致性，激光雷达反演的温度和探空温度的相关系数为0997，均方根误差在15～25 K之间，微波辐射计反演的温度和探空温度的相关系数为0973，均方根误差在15～50 K之间；在反演相对湿度方面激光雷达优于微波辐射计，激光雷达反演的相对湿度和探空相对湿度的相关系数为0964，均方根误差在5%～15%之间，微波辐射计反演的相对湿度和探空相对湿度的相关系数为0632，均方根误差在20%左右。 相似文献
4.
尝试以单星多角度卫星观测数据同时反演晴空陆地的气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率,并选取2009年5月的MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)1B资料进行了反演试验.结果表明:单星多角度法反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度结果与MODIS气溶胶产品(MOD04)平均值的相关系数为0.7914;反演的地表反射率结果与MODIS地表反射率产品(MOD09)也具有较好的一致性.对直接利用单星多角度观测数据反演获得一段时间内平均的气溶胶光学厚度进行了有益的尝试. 相似文献
5.
以我国MODIS共享网站积累的MODIS L1B数据和美国威斯康辛大学提供的IMAPP软件包气溶胶产品软件为基础, 经过产品运行本地化改进处理, 在国家卫星气象中心建立了气溶胶产品业务化生成和发布机制。为支持气溶胶遥感产品算法改进以及潜在用户对产品的合理应用, 给出对国家卫星气象中心运行的MODIS气溶胶遥感产品质量检验分析结果。利用2005年1月— 2007年5月AERONET地基气溶胶监测网的L2.0级气溶胶光学厚度产品作为真值, 用它匹配MODIS陆上气溶胶光学厚度产品开展检验。检验结果表明:以卫星过境前后30min地基观测时间平均值匹配地基站点位置10 km半径范围内的卫星反演结果空间平均值开展检验, 总体样本的气溶胶光学厚度均方根误差约为0.25;满足产品误差要求 (±0.05±0.20τ) 的样本占总样本数的44%; 气溶胶光学厚度反演结果精度具有季节和地域差异, 干季(秋、冬、春)的气溶胶光学厚度误差较小, 而雨季气溶胶光学厚度误差较大, 云是雨季气溶胶光学厚度反演结果误差较大的主要影响因素。 相似文献
6.
为了研究ERA5再分析资料在微波辐射计数据反演中的应用效果,利用探空和ERA5作为训练样本分别训练得到两个神经网络,对微波辐射计观测数据进行反演。并以探空资料作为参考分别统计基于探空和ERA5再分析资料反演得到的数据的相关系数、绝对偏差和均方根误差,用于评估ERA5再分析资料在微波辐射计数据反演中的应用效果。结果表明：基于ERA5和探空反演的温度廓线与探空的相关系数分别为0.988、0.99,绝对偏差分别为2.402 ℃、2.607 ℃。反演水汽与探空的相关系数分别为0.975、0.979,绝对偏差分别为0.412 g/m3、0.369 g/m3。反演的相对湿度相关系数分别为0.663、0.696,绝对偏差分别为15.587%、13.976%。反演的积分水汽总量相关系数分别为0.959、0.968,绝对偏差分别为0.258 cm、0.227 cm。从结果来看,基于ERA5资料反演的温度、水汽资料与利用探空反演的结果相差较小,温度廓线反演效果优于相对湿度廓线。 相似文献
7.
云雷达和微波辐射计联合反演大气湿度廓线的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国气象局大气探测试验基地的微波辐射计亮温值、对应的云雷达测得的反射率因子和L波段探空数据,采用BP(back propagation)神经网络作为反演工具,反演得到大气垂直湿度廓线。将天气情况分为晴天、低云、中云和高云四种情况,对比不加入反射率因子的反演湿度廓线,分析两种反演方法在各高度层的均方根误差。对比结果表明,加入反射率因子的反演湿度廓线与探空廓线的相关系数平均值为0.862,均方根误差为14. 9%,而不添加反射率因子的相关系数平均值为0.763,均方根误差为19.2%。 相似文献
8.
利用2018年6月—2021年7月陕西西安泾河站MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演数据和L波段探空数据,分析晴天和云天(低云、中云、高云)微波辐射计反演的大气温度、相对湿度、水汽密度的精度,探讨相关产品在降水过程中的应用能力。结果表明:晴天和云天微波辐射计与探空的温度相关系数均为0.99,水汽密度相关系数均为0.97,相对湿度相关系数均低于0.50,均达到0.01显著性水平;晴天和云天的温度差异较小,但云天相对湿度均方根误差超过25%,较晴天的19.54%明显偏大,且3种参数均越接近地面反演精度越高。在不同云类型条件下,3类云的温度差异较小,低云相对湿度均方根误差和偏差最大,分别为26.85%和9.51%。对降水个例分析表明:在临近降水发生前空中相对湿度、液态水含量、大气可降水量和液态水路径均明显增长,这可作为降水可能发生的指示因子。降水前1 h大气可降水量达到4 cm,液态水路径达到0.2 mm,可作为判断降水发生的参考阈值。 相似文献
9.
气溶胶对城市环境质量的影响越来越受到人们的关注。利用2001—2007年MODIS卫星数据,借助6S辐射传输模式,采用目前较为成熟的暗像元方法,在分析MODIS红光、蓝光和近红外波段对气溶胶敏感性的基础上,反演福建三大城市群福州、厦门和泉州的气溶胶光学厚度,将反演结果与大气环境观测数据进行对比,并分析了三大城市群气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布与变化特征。结果表明:MODIS红光和蓝光波段均对气溶胶敏感,只是在不同季节表现出不同的敏感程度;遥感反演的气溶胶光学厚度与现场观测的PM_(10)数据相关系数为0.604;在时空分布上气溶胶光学厚度高值区与城区分布相一致,秋冬季气溶胶光学厚度明显大于其他季节。基于MODIS数据反演得到的福建三大城市群气溶胶光学厚度产品精度是可靠的,能客观反映该区域气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布与变化特征。 相似文献
10.
采用上海市气象局建立的北斗气象站的2014年观测数据和我国自主研发的精密导航数据处理软件PANDA (position and navigation data analysist) 实现了基于北斗数据的大气水汽总量 (precipitable water vapor,PWV) 反演,并将利用北斗卫星信号解算的大气水汽总量 (WBD) 结果与目前较为成熟的GPS卫星反演结果 (WGPS) 和无线电探空反演结果 (WRadio) 进行对比,研究表明:反演的WBD与WGPS的均方根误差均低于3.5 mm,反演的WBD与WRadio的均方根误差为3.6 mm,两种对比方式的相关系数均在0.95以上,反演方法以及地理位置的差异对于反演结果有一定影响;反演的WBD能够很好地反映出大气中水汽的变化特征,对于气象短时临近预报、气候分析有指示作用。 相似文献
11.
以西班牙萨拉曼卡地区为研究区域,联合Sentinel-1后向散射系数和入射角信息、Sentinel-2光学数据提取的植被指数以及地面实测数据,构建了BP神经网络土壤湿度反演模型,并将该模型应用于试验区土壤湿度反演。结果表明:1)基于Sentinel-1卫星VV和VH极化雷达后向散射系数、雷达入射角和Sentinel-2植被指数数据构建的BP神经网络土壤湿度反演模型,能够实现对该地区土壤湿度高精度反演;2)在光学与微波数据联合反演植被覆盖区土壤湿度中,Sentinel-2的NDVI、NDWI1和NDWI2指数都可以用于削弱植被对土壤湿度反演的影响,但基于SWRI1波段的NDWI1能够获得更高精度的土壤湿度反演结果(RMSE为0.049 cm~3/cm~3,ubRMSE为0.048 cm~3/cm~3,Bias为0.008 cm~3/cm~3,r为0.681);3)相比于Sentinel-1 VH极化模式,Sentinel-1 VV极化模式在土壤湿度中表现出更大优势,说明Sentinel-1 VV极化模式更适用于土壤湿度反演。 相似文献
12.
Soil temperature is a meteorological data directly affecting the formation and development of plants of all kinds. Soil temperatures are usually estimated with various models including the artificial neural networks (ANNs), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Soil temperatures along with other climate data are recorded by the Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM) at specific locations all over Turkey. Soil temperatures are commonly measured at 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-cm depths below the soil surface. In this study, the soil temperature data in monthly units measured at 261 stations in Turkey having records of at least 20 years were used to develop relevant models. Different input combinations were tested in the ANN and ANFIS models to estimate soil temperatures, and the best combination of significant explanatory variables turns out to be monthly minimum and maximum air temperatures, calendar month number, depth of soil, and monthly precipitation. Next, three standard error terms (mean absolute error (MAE, °C), root mean squared error (RMSE, °C), and determination coefficient (R 2)) were employed to check the reliability of the test data results obtained through the ANN, ANFIS, and MLR models. ANFIS (RMSE 1.99; MAE 1.09; R 2 0.98) is found to outperform both ANN and MLR (RMSE 5.80, 8.89; MAE 1.89, 2.36; R 2 0.93, 0.91) in estimating soil temperature in Turkey.
相似文献13.
One-Dimensional Variational Retrieval of Temperature and Humidity Profiles from the FY4A GIIRS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A physical retrieval approach based on the one-dimensional variational(1 D-Var) algorithm is applied in this paper to simultaneously retrieve atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles under both clear-sky and partly cloudy conditions from FY-4 A GIIRS(geostationary interferometric infrared sounder) observations. Radiosonde observations from upper-air stations in China and level-2 operational products from the Chinese National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC)during the periods from December 2019 to January 2020(winter) and from July 2020 to August 2020(summer) are used to validate the accuracies of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles. Comparing the 1 D-Var-retrieved profiles to radiosonde data, the accuracy of the temperature retrievals at each vertical level of the troposphere is characterized by a root mean square error(RMSE) within 2 K, except for at the bottom level of the atmosphere under clear conditions. The RMSE increases slightly for the higher atmospheric layers, owing to the lack of temperature sounding channels there.Under partly cloudy conditions, the temperature at each vertical level can be obtained, while the level-2 operational products obtain values only at altitudes above the cloud top. In addition, the accuracy of the retrieved temperature profiles is greatly improved compared with the accuracies of the operational products. For the humidity retrievals, the mean RMSEs in the troposphere in winter and summer are both within 2 g kg–1. Moreover, the retrievals performed better compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data between 800 h Pa and 300 h Pa both in summer and winter in terms of RMSE. 相似文献
14.
A model for predicting actual evapotranspiration under soil water stress in a Mediterranean region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Rana N. Katerji M. Mastrorilli M. El Moujabber 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,56(1-2):45-55
Summary In this paper a model for estimating actual evapotranspiration is developed and tested for field crops (grain sorghum and sunflower) maintained under water stress conditions. The model is based on the Penman-Monteith formulation of ET in which canopy resistance (r
c) is modeled with respect to the crop water status and local climatological conditions. The model was previously tested on reference grass; in this last case no reference was made to soil water conditions andr
c was modeled only as a function of climatological parameters. Herer
c is expressed as a function of available energy, vapour pressure deficit, aerodynamic resistance and crop water status by means of predawn leaf water potential. Results, obtained with various crop water stress intensities, show that, on a daily scale, calculated ET is 98% and 95% of the measured ET for sorghum and sunflower respectively. The correlation between daily calculated and measured ET is very high (r
2 = 0.95 for sorghum andr
2 = 0.98 for sunflower). On an hourly scale, the model works very well when the crops were not stressed and during the senescence stage. In case of weak and strong stress the model has to be used with some precautions.With 9 Figures 相似文献
15.
Eric Schlosser Birger Bohn Theo Brauers Hans-Peter Dorn Hendrik Fuchs Rolf Häseler Andreas Hofzumahaus Frank Holland Franz Rohrer Lutz Olaf Rupp Manfred Siese Ralf Tillmann Andreas Wahner 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(2):187-205
At the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR in Jülich both Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIF) and Long-Path Differential
Optical Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) are operational for the detection of OH radicals at tropospheric levels. The
two different spectroscopic techniques were compared within the controlled environment of SAPHIR based on all simultaneous
measurements acquired in 2003 (13 days). Hydroxyl radicals were scavenged by added CO during four of these days in order to
experimentally check the calculated precisions at the detection limit. LIF measurements have a higher precision (σ= 0.88×106 cm–3) and better time resolution (Δt = 60 s), but the DOAS method (σ= 1.24×106 cm–3, Δt = 135 s) is regarded as primary standard for comparisons because of its good accuracy. A high correlation coefficient of
r = 0.95 was found for the whole data set highlighting the advantage of using a simulation chamber. The data set consists of
two groups. The first one includes 3 days, where the LIF measurements yield (1 – 2) ×106 cm–3 higher OH concentrations than observed by the DOAS instrument. The experimental conditions during these days are characterized
by increased NOx concentration and a small dynamic range in OH. Excellent agreement is found within the other group of 6 days. The regression
to the combined data of this large group yields unity slope without a significant offset. 相似文献
16.
Comparisons between sensible heat flux measured using eddy correlation instrumentation and estimated using the temperature fluctuation method are presented for four types of surface in West Africa. Agreement between measured and estimated values is good. Regression of estimated on measured sensible heat flux gave a mean slope of 0.98 with a mean r
2 of 0.94 for bare soil, mature millet, fallow savannah and tiger bush. Estimates of heat flux from temperature fluctuations measured by an instrument mounted beneath a tethered balloon are also shown to be in close agreement with eddy correlation measurements made at the surface (regression slope = 0.98, r
2 = 0.84). The results provide evidence that the ratio /×is indeed a universal function of z/L for all the surface types considered. 相似文献
17.
The meteorology at the Cabauw tower site in the Netherlands has been modelled for 2005 using a local scale prognostic meteorological
and air pollution model called TAPM. A number of performance measures have been used to assess model accuracy, including comparison
statistics such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IOA). Results show that the model performs very well
for prediction of wind and temperature at the six tower levels that range from 10 to 200 m above the ground, as well as performing
well for radiation and surface fluxes. The model simulation shows almost no bias in mean and standard deviations of wind and
temperature at each tower height level, with small RMSE (e.g. RMSE of 1.2 m s−1 for 10-m wind speed, and 1.6°C for 10-m temperature) and high correlation and IOA (e.g. IOA of 0.92 for 10-m wind speed and
0.98 for 10-m temperature). Results for radiation and surface fluxes also show good performance, although some biases were
seen for these variables, and possibilities for future model development were identified. An examination of model sensitivity
also explored several aspects of the model configuration and input. 相似文献
18.
Analyses of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations (cm− 3) measured at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, near Carna, County Galway, Ireland, using a DH Associates Model M1 static thermal diffusion cloud chamber over the period from March 1994 to September 2002 are presented in this work. Air masses are defined as being ‘marine’ if they originate from a wind direction of 180–300° and ‘continental’ air masses are defined as originating from a wind direction of 45–135°. Air masses without such filtering were classified as ‘undefined’ air masses. Air masses were found to be dominated by marine sector air, re-affirming Mace Head as a baseline atmospheric research station. CCN levels for specific air masses at Mace Head were found to be comparable with earlier studies both at Mace Head and elsewhere. Monthly averaged clean marine (wind direction of 180–300° and black carbon absorption coefficient < 1.425 Mm− 1) CCN and marine CCN varied between 15–247 cm− 3 and 54–670 cm− 3, respectively. As expected, significant increases in number concentration were found in continentally sourced CCN over that of marine CCN and were found to follow a log-normal distribution significantly tighter than that of clean marine air masses. No significant trend was found for CCN over the 9-year period. While polluted continental air masses showed a slight increase in CCN concentrations over the winter months, most likely due to increased fuel usage and a lower mixed boundary layer, the dominance of marine sector air arriving at Mace Head, which generally consists of background CCN concentrations, reduced seasonal differences for polluted air. Marine air showed a distinct seasonal pattern, with elevated values occurring over the spring and summer seasons. This is thought to be due to enhanced biogenic aerosol production as a result of phytoplankton bloom activity in the North Atlantic. 相似文献
19.
Five deterministic methods of spatial interpolation of monthly rainfall were compared over the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. The methods were the inverse distance weight (IDW), nearest neighbor (NRN), triangulation with linear interpolation (TLI), natural neighbor (NN), and spline tension (SPT). A set of 110 weather stations was used to test the methods. The selection of stations had two criteria: time series longer than 20 years and period of data from 1960 to 2009. The methods were evaluated using cross-validation, linear regression between values observed and interpolated, root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (r 2), coefficient of variation (CV, %), and the Willmott index of agreement (d). The results from different methods are influenced by the meteorological systems and their seasonality, as well as by the interaction with the topography. The methods presented higher precision (r 2) and accuracy (d, RMSE) during the summer and transition to autumn, in comparison with the winter or spring months. The SPT had the highest precision and accuracy in relation to other methods, in addition to having a good representation of the spatial patterns expected for rainfall over the complex terrain of the state and its high spatial variability. 相似文献
20.
Statistical analysis of microphysical properties and the parameterization of effective radius of warm clouds in Beijing area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhaoze Deng Chunsheng Zhao Qiang Zhang Mengyu Huang Xincheng Ma 《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):888-896
In this paper warm cloud microphysical parameters including cloud droplet number concentration (Nc), liquid water content (ql) and effective radius (re) from 75 flights around the Beijing area during 2005 and 2006 are summarized. Average Nc (cm− 3) for Cu, Sc, Ac, As and Ns are 376 ± 290, 257 ± 226, 147 ± 112, 60 ± 35 and 60 ± 84, respectively. Many records of high Nc above 1000 cm− 3 are observed. The large standard deviations indicate a large variation of Nc and ql in this region. The maxima of ql reach 1.4 g m− 3 in Cu and 1.0 g m− 3 in Sc, respectively. Different parameterizations of effective radius are examined with the in-situ data in this area. There are different ways to obtain the prefactor representing the relationship between effective radius and mean volume radius. Significant systematic errors are found to be at the large sizes when the prefactor is expressed with relative dispersion under the Gamma Distribution. Fixed prefactor of 1, which was widely used, even produces much larger error. A prefactor of 1.22 is found to be better than the former two methods by fitting with the observed data. The effective radius is further parameterized as functions of mean volume radius, liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration. We suggest that the effective radius can be parameterized as re,p ≈ 1.20rv + 0.22–1.28/rv2, which is a practical and more accurate scheme without too much computation complexity. 相似文献