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1.
Further evidence for oceanic excitation of polar motion 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
While the role of the atmosphere in driving variations in polar motion is well established, the importance of the oceans has been recognized only recently. Further evidence for the role of the oceans in the excitation of polar motion is presented. To estimate the equatorial excitation functions, χ 1 and χ 2 , for the ocean, we use velocity and mass fields from a constant-density ocean model, driven by observed surface wind stresses and atmospheric pressure, for the period 1993–1995; comparison with similar functions derived from a more complex density-stratified ocean model indicates the effectiveness of the simple constant-density modelling approach. Corresponding atmospheric excitation functions are computed from NCEP/NCAR re-analyses. Results indicate significant improvements in the agreement with the observed polar motion excitation when the simulated oceanic effects are added to atmospheric excitation. Correlations between the polar motion and the geophysical signals at periods of 15–150 days increase from 0.53 to 0.80 and from 0.75 to 0.88 for χ 1 and χ 2 , respectively. The oceanic signals are particularly important for seasonal variations in χ 1 (correlation increases from 0.28 to 0.85 when oceanic excitation is included). A positive impact of the oceans on more rapid polar motion is also observed, up to periods as short as 5 days. The sensitivity of the results to different forcing fields and different amounts of friction in the oceans is also discussed. 相似文献
2.
Alexandre Ganachaud Carl Wunsch Myung-Chan Kim Byron Tapley 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,128(3):708-722
A global estimate of the absolute oceanic general circulation from a geostrophic inversion of in situ hydrographic data is tested against and then combined with an estimate obtained from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data and a geoid model computed using the JGM-3 gravity-field solution. Within the quantitative uncertainties of both the hydrographic inversion and the geoid estimate, the two estimates derived by very different methods are consistent. When the in situ inversion is combined with the altimetry/geoid scheme using a recursive inverse procedure, a new solution, fully consistent with both hydrography and altimetry, is found. There is, however, little reduction in the uncertainties of the calculated ocean circulation and its mass and heat fluxes because the best available geoid estimate remains noisy relative to the purely oceano-graphic inferences. The conclusion drawn from this is that the comparatively large errors present in the existing geoid models now limit the ability of satellite altimeter data to improve directly the general ocean circulation models derived from in situ measurements. Because improvements in the geoid could be realized through a dedicated spaceborne gravity recovery mission, the impact of hypothetical much better, future geoid estimates on the circulation uncertainty is also quantified, showing significant hypothetical reductions in the uncertainties of oceanic transport calculations, Full ocean general circulation models could better exploit both existing oceanographic data and future gravity-mission data, but their present use is severely limited by the inability to quantify their error budgets. 相似文献
3.
Summary. The zonal angular momentum of the atmospheric circulation has been evaluated month-by-month and compared with astronomical observations of the length-of-day for the 10 years from 1963 May to 1973 April. The reason for undertaking this study is to enable the astronomical observations to be 'corrected' for the zonal wind effect and to investigate the residual excitation function for solid-Earth contributions. The principal conclusions reached are the following: (i) The annual change in length-of-day is almost entirely due to the seasonal changes in the zonal circulation with tidal, oceanographic and hydrologic phenomena contributing together at most 10 per cent of the total excitation, (ii) The semi-annual term is predominantly due to the zonal wind and the body tide, with oceanic and hydrologic terms contributing about 10 per cent, (iii) The atmospheric circulation plays a dominant role in length-of-day changes in the period range from 1 to about 4 yr. This is partly associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation and its harmonics. Both the period and amplitude of these fluctuations are very variable, (iv) At longer periods the atmosphere may still contribute to the total excitation but other excitation functions begin to rise above the spectrum of the meteorological excitation, (v) At periods less than about 1 yr the atmospheric excitation is dominant, and while the presence of other excitation functions cannot be excluded, they cannot exceed 20 per cent of the wind excitation. On the basis of these results the astronomical record from 1962 to 1978 has been 'corrected' for the meteorological 'noise'. The residual excitation exhibits only fluctuations on a time-scale of about 5 yr and longer and it is this result that must be attributed to core-mantle interactions or to other solid-Earth excitation functions. 相似文献
4.
John M. Wahr 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,70(2):349-372
Summary The theory of wobble excitation for a non-rigid earth is extended to include the effects of the earth's fluid core and of the rotationally induced pole tide in the ocean. The response of the solid earth and oceans to atmospheric loading is also considered. The oceans are shown to be affected by changes in the gravitational potential which accompany atmospheric pressure disturbances and by the load-induced deformation of the solid earth. These various improvements affect the excitation equations by about 10 per cent. Atmospheric and oceanic excitation can be computed using either an angular momentum or a torque approach. We use the dynamical equations for a thin fluid to relate these two methods and to develop a more general, combined approach. Finally, geostrophic winds and currents are shown to be potentially important sources of wobble excitation, in contrast to what is generally believed. 相似文献
5.
Meteorological excitation of the annual polar motion 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J. B. Merriam 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,70(1):41-56
Summary. Numerous studies have indicated that the annual term in the polar motion cannot be explained in any detail by meteorological/hydrological excitation and no reasonable alternative excitations have been put forward. Part of the problem has been that the hydrostatic adjustment of the oceans to the atmospheric pressure changes has traditionally been computed using the inverse barometer approach. This approach does not properly model the gravitational interaction between the atmosphere and oceans, and the inverse barometer theory is modified in this paper to account for this properly. The information necessary to compute the ocean tide and polar excitation caused by any change in the atmospheric pressure pattern is presented. The results of the application of this theory to two global atmospheric pressure data sets are examined and compared to results of other workers.
It is concluded that the atmosphere is observed well enough to answer the question of the annual excitation of polar motion and it is argued that the ground water excitation is the component with the largest error and remains the chief obstacle to the successful solution of this problem. 相似文献
It is concluded that the atmosphere is observed well enough to answer the question of the annual excitation of polar motion and it is argued that the ground water excitation is the component with the largest error and remains the chief obstacle to the successful solution of this problem. 相似文献
6.
The period P and Q -value of the Chandler wobble are two fundamental functional of the Earth's internal physical properties and global geodynamics. We revisit the problem of the estimation of P and Q , using 10.8 yr of modern polar motion as well as contemporary atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) data. We make full use of the knowledge that AAM is a major broad-band excitation source for the polar motion. We devise two optimization criteria under the assumption that, after removal of coherent seasonal and long-period signals, the non-AAM excitation is uncorrelated with the AAM. The procedures lead to optimal estimates for P and Q. Our best estimates, judging from comprehensive sets of Monte Carlo simulations, are P = 433.7 ± 1.8 (1σ) days, Q =49 with a la range of (35, 100). In the process we also obtain (as a by-product) an estimate of roughly 0.8 for a 'mixing ratio' of the inverted-barometer (IB) effect in the AAM pressure term, indicating that the ocean behaves nearly as IB in polar motion excitation on temporal scales from months to years 相似文献
7.
本文讨论了大洋风场,风应力和某些大气动力学特征,并介绍了需要计算的近海面大气运动学和动力学的量值,特别是风应力的计算方法,最后给出了利用迄今全球大洋最完善的COADS资料求得的大洋风应力和合成风的计算与分析个例. 相似文献
8.
Spectral analysis using orthonormal functions with a case study on the sea surface topography 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cheinway Hwang 《Geophysical Journal International》1993,115(3):1148-1160
b
Spherical harmonics are orthonormalized using the Gram-Schmidt process in a function space. The problem of linear dependence of spherical harmonics over the oceans is studied using the Gram matrices and consequently three sets of orthonormal (ON) functions have been constructed. For the process an efficient formula for computing inner products of spherical harmonics has been developed. Important spectral properties of the ON functions are addressed. The ON functions may be used for representing the sea surface topography (SST) in the analysis of satellite altimeter data. The geoid error can be transformed to a representation by the ON functions and hence the comparison of powers of the geoid error and the SST signal only over the oceans is possible, leading to a better way of determining the cut-off frequency of the SST in the simultaneous solution using satellite altimeter data. As a case study, the modified Levitus SST is expanded into the ON functions. The results show that 99.90 per cent of that signal's energy is contained within degree 24 of the orthonormal functions. Such expansions also render better spectral behaviour of oceanic signals as compared to that from spherical harmonic expansions. The study shows that these generalized Fourier functions are suitable for spectral analyses of oceanic signals and they can be applied to future altimetric mission where the geoid and the SST are to be recovered. 相似文献
Spherical harmonics are orthonormalized using the Gram-Schmidt process in a function space. The problem of linear dependence of spherical harmonics over the oceans is studied using the Gram matrices and consequently three sets of orthonormal (ON) functions have been constructed. For the process an efficient formula for computing inner products of spherical harmonics has been developed. Important spectral properties of the ON functions are addressed. The ON functions may be used for representing the sea surface topography (SST) in the analysis of satellite altimeter data. The geoid error can be transformed to a representation by the ON functions and hence the comparison of powers of the geoid error and the SST signal only over the oceans is possible, leading to a better way of determining the cut-off frequency of the SST in the simultaneous solution using satellite altimeter data. As a case study, the modified Levitus SST is expanded into the ON functions. The results show that 99.90 per cent of that signal's energy is contained within degree 24 of the orthonormal functions. Such expansions also render better spectral behaviour of oceanic signals as compared to that from spherical harmonic expansions. The study shows that these generalized Fourier functions are suitable for spectral analyses of oceanic signals and they can be applied to future altimetric mission where the geoid and the SST are to be recovered. 相似文献
9.
南海经济圈的提出与探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
21世纪是海洋经济时代,以海洋为联系纽带的区域经济持续活跃.首次提出南海经济圈的概念,阐述了南海经济圈产生的条件,分析了其构成要素及产生的必然性,并对其未来发展进行了预测.分析认为,南海可能成为另一个波斯湾或北海油田.南海海岸带的砂矿资源丰富,港口众多,航道发达.区域内各国家近几年经济发展迅速,整体发展速度达4.5%,区域经济依存度增强.南海区域各国之间的经济差异性显著,互补性强,次区域经济体日趋活跃,各种经济要素流动性加强,经济圈条件日渐成熟,南海经济圈初显端倪. 相似文献
10.
Summary For four years continuous recording of infrasonic signals in the frequency range 0.1 to 1 Hz, known as microbaroms, has been conducted at Palisades, New York. The microbaroms we recorded are radiated into the atmosphere by interfering ocean waves in the North Atlantic as far as 2000 km away. A characteristic diurnal variation in the amplitude of the received signal has been noted, independent of any variation in the source. We conclude that the variation is due to variations of the factors affecting atmospheric sound propagation, namely wind and temperature.
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献
11.
Summary. The results of previous work by the authors is used to remove most of the effects of ocean and atmospheric loading from an 18-month Earth gravity-tide record. The remaining signal is examined for additional influence of ocean and atmosphere and for evidence of the frequency-dependence of the response of the solid earth. Variations in time of the measured tides are shown to result from the atmospheric tide at S 2 and appear to result from variations in ocean tides at other frequencies. The frequency-dependence of the solid earth response near 1 cycle per siderial day is found to be consistent with the nearly diurnal free wobble. However, the influence of the ocean on the small but crucial Ψ1 tide is uncertain. Anomalous responses are observed at several other frequencies but except for the case of ρ1 it is argued that anomalous ocean tides are plausible and could therefore explain the observations. 相似文献
12.
该文对我国海洋渔业资源与开发现状进行评价,并在我国社会经济发展及技术条件允许的基础上,提出将传统的猎捕型渔业生产方式转变为管理型,以及进行海洋农牧化建设 相似文献
13.
《Polar Science》2014,8(2):73-85
Under-ice observations of algal biomass and seasonality are critical for understanding better how climate-driven changes affect polar ocean ecosystems. However, seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass has been studied sparsely in perennially ice-covered polar ocean regions. To address this gap in polar ocean observing, bio-optical sensors for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, optical scattering, dissolved organic matter fluorescence, and incident solar radiation were integrated into Ice-Tethered Profilers (ITPs). Eight such systems have been deployed in the Arctic Ocean, with five profilers completing their deployments to date including two that observed an entire annual cycle in the central Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Sea respectively. These time series revealed basic seasonal differences in the vertical distributions of algal biomass and related bio-optical properties in these two regions of the Arctic Ocean. Because they conduct profiles on daily or sub-daily scales, ITP bio-optical data allow more accurate assessments of the timing of changes in under-ice algal biomass such as the onset of the growing season in the water column, the subsequent export of particulate organic matter at the end, and the frequency of intermittent perturbations, which in the central Arctic Ocean were observed to have time scales of between one and two weeks. 相似文献
14.
用TM影像和DEM获取黑河流域地表反射率和反照率 总被引：28，自引：13，他引：15
传统的大气校正方法原理比较复杂,而且有些参数特别是实时的大气剖面资料难以获取。本文利用DEM对TM 影像进行地形校正后,用简便而又实用的方法对TM影像进行了大气校正,较精确地反演出黑河流域河西走廊中段对应于Landsat TM 1~5 和7波段的地表反射率。在此基础上,通过不同波段地表反射率的组合,获得了地表反照率。通过与实地观测数据对比分析,表明对于植被覆盖区用TM 2,4,7波段组合结果较好,而在非植被覆盖区用TM 1~5,7这6 个波段组合结果更佳。 相似文献
15.
利用6S模型结合暗目标法确定TM过境时的最优气象能见度,分别使用MODIS气溶胶产品(MOD04)、最优气象能见度作为TM的气溶胶光学厚度,对黄河源区的Landsat TM数据进行大气校正。以同步野外实测地面数据为标准,比较了两种气溶胶参数输入方法的校正结果,并从光谱曲线、植被指数、草地生物量的估算三方面探讨了大气校正的效果,两种气溶胶参数输入方法均可以对遥感图像进行有效的大气校正,消除因散射增加的辐射能量,同时补偿因吸收而损失的辐射能量。经过大气校正后的TM光谱更接近真实地表光谱,更有助于地物真实光谱信息的提取,同时对与该地区相似气候条件下影像的大气校正有借鉴意义。 相似文献
16.
Alan D. Chave R. P. Von Herzen K. A. Poehls † C. S. Cox 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(2):379-406
Summary. We have analysed a thirty-six day recording of the natural electric and magnetic field variations obtained on the deep ocean floor north-east of Hawaii. The electromagnetic fields are dominated by tides which have an appreciable oceanic component, especially in the east electric and north magnetic components. The techniques of data analysis included singular value decomposition (SVD) to remove uncorrelated noise. There are three degrees of freedom in the data set for periods longer than five hours, indicating a correlation of the vertical magnetic field and the horizontal components, suggesting source field inhomogeneity. Tensor response functions were calculated using spectral band averaging with both SVD and least squares techniques and rotated to the principal direction. One diagonal component, determined mainly by the north electric and east magnetic fields, is not interpretable as a one-dimensional induction phenomenon. The other diagonal term of the response function indicates a rapid rise in conductivity to 0.05 mho m−1 near 160 km. No decrease in conductivity below this depth is resolvable. Polarization analysis of the magnetic field indicates moving source fields with a wavelength near 5000 km. Model studies suggest that the two dimensionality in the response function may be caused by motion in the ionospheric current system. 相似文献
17.
半干旱区沙尘天气近地层湍流通量及起沙研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
利用2005年春季朱日和气象站20 m气象塔的观测资料,结合同期的PM10质量浓度资料,分析了半干旱地区不同沙尘天气下近地层湍流通量的变化特征以及PM10质量浓度与起沙之间的关系。结果表明,动量通量在15:00左右达到极大值;感热通量在白天为正值,中午12:00左右达到峰值,而晚上变为负值,并在凌晨达到谷值;由于3月份下垫面湿度大,导致潜热通量经常全天为正值,并在16:00左右达到峰值;PM10质量浓度与摩擦速度的二次方呈正比,临界起沙风速和临界摩擦速度分别为7 m·s－1和0.7 m·s－1。 相似文献
18.
2007年春季沙尘暴对辽宁中部城市群空气质量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
根据大气降尘量和可吸入颗粒物PM10 、PM2.5、 PM1的观测资料,分析了2007年春季发生于我国北方的两次沙尘暴天气过程对辽宁中部城市群空气质量的影响。结果显示,沙尘天气使各城市大气降尘量与可吸入颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度明显增高,空气质量明显下降。在3月31日和5月7日的两次沙尘暴过程中,城市群的大气降尘量比当月日平均值分别增加了1.5倍和2.5倍,各城市PM10的日均质量浓度比沙尘出现前一日分别增加了0.2～2.6倍和1.5～3.8倍。3月31日除铁岭和鞍山空气质量状况为良外,均达到轻微污染程度;5月7日鞍山达严重污染程度;沈阳、辽阳、本溪、铁岭和抚顺的空气质量均为中度污染或中度重污染。沙尘暴期间1.0～10.0 μm的粗粒子为影响辽宁中部城市空气质量的主要成分,其小时平均质量浓度最大时是沙尘出现前的10～30倍。 相似文献
19.
Atmospheric excitation of the annual wobble 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sylviane Daillet 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,64(2):373-380
Summary. The excitation of the annual wobble due to the atmosphere is computed on the basis of modern global homogeneous atmospheric pressure and temperature fields of 5°× 5°.
The contribution of the oceans is estimated using two hypotheses of the response to the atmospheric load.
The results are compared with estimates by other authors and with data from astronomical observations. The atmospheric excitation computations have now reached their maximum accuracy and the discrepancies with the observations demonstrate the large errors in the estimates of the non-atmospheric contributions for which constraints are given. 相似文献
The contribution of the oceans is estimated using two hypotheses of the response to the atmospheric load.
The results are compared with estimates by other authors and with data from astronomical observations. The atmospheric excitation computations have now reached their maximum accuracy and the discrepancies with the observations demonstrate the large errors in the estimates of the non-atmospheric contributions for which constraints are given. 相似文献
20.
Dennis Nullet 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):36-45
The sources of energy for evaporation on tropical islands were explored by studying 49 lowland sites in the Hawaiian Islands with concurrent pan evaporation and solar radiation measurements. The Priestley-Taylor (1972) method was used to quantify the contribution of solar radiation in evaporation and the residual term between estimated and measured evaporation was attributed to heat advection. Pearson correlation coefficients between monthly measured and estimated evaporation (using solar radiation data) were greater than 0.95 at 26 of the sites, 0.90 for 37 sites, and 0.80 at 46 of the 49 sites used in the study. As expected, solar radiation supplies the bulk of the energy absorbed by evaporation at low elevations in Hawaii. However, a pattern of negative advection in summer and positive advection in winter from the surrounding ocean modifies the monthly evaporation values. For the 20 sites showing the greatest oceanic influence, departures ranged, on average, from +0.84 mm/day in November to -0.71 mm/day in June. This onshore advection corresponds to the seasonal lag in sea surface temperatures. At inland and wet lee sites, the effect of advection from oceanic sources diminishes. At dry lee sites, strong positive advection is evident in summer and autumn, enhancing evaporation by up to 2.8 mm/day. [Key words: evaporation, energy, tropical islands, radiation, advection] 相似文献