共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of Alberta crude oil and an oil dispersant (Corexit 9527) on the larval settlement, survival, siphon activities and behaviour of the littleneck clam (Protothaca staminea). Corexit 9527 was much more toxic than crude oil, and the highest toxicity was obtained when Corexit 9527 was mixed with crude oil. Siphon activities were impaired and abnormal behaviour was exhibited when adult clams were treated with 100 ppm Corexit 9527, 1000 ppm crude oil or a combination of both. Larval settlement was not affected when the substratum was treated with 1000ppm crude oil but was retarded when the substratum was treated with a mixture of 1000 ppm oil and 100 ppm Corexit 9527. Gas chromatograms also showed that the retention time and depth of penetration of hydrocarbons in the substratum was increased when Corexit 9527 was used with crude oil. 相似文献
2.
文章以假设发生在南海北部深水油气勘探开发海域的1279m深水井喷溢油事故为例,采用深海溢油输移扩散模型,以2020年冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）三维流场和海面风场为主要环境动力,数值模拟研究未实施和实施海底消油剂处理情景下的溢油在海洋环境中的输移扩散全过程。模拟结果显示:不同深度的海流对溢油输移轨迹有着显著的影响;深水环... 相似文献
3.
A Webby 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(1):144-158
ABSTRACTThe wreck of the MV Rena in October 2011 discharged large quantities of potentially toxic materials in the coastal marine environment of the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. We evaluated sublethal effects of the water soluble fractions of physically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil (HFO) and the water soluble fraction of cryolite on the haematology of subadult or adult snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), spotted wrasse (Notolabrus celidotus) and red rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii). Small but transient effects occurred, the most significant of which were changes in circulating immune cell populations in fish and lobster that recovered by the conclusion of a 96-h exposure period. No post-exposure effects were observed during a 10-day recovery in toxicant-free seawater. Corexit 9500 oil dispersant increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake from HFO in fish and lobster by around two-fold and four-fold, respectively, and caused a larger change in immune cell abundance in snapper than exposure to HFO alone. While depuration of PAHs was more rapid in fish than lobster, significantly elevated PAH levels were still evident after 10 days of depuration. 相似文献
4.
为深入认识深海溢油输运过程和提高深海溢油事故的应急响应能力,文章以2010年墨西哥湾“深水地平线”事故为例,采用深海溢油输移扩散模型,以三维流场和海面风场为主要环境动力,数值模拟溢油深海泄漏后的浮射扩散、水体中输移扩散以及在风场和流场共同作用下在海面上输移扩散的全过程,同时模拟实施海底消油剂喷注处理措施后溢油输移轨迹和扩散范围的变化。研究结果表明：数值模拟结果与相关报道的悬浮油带实际观测结果以及美国国家海洋与大气管理局的海水异常遥感监测结果总体相符,可为更加全面和精细的深海溢油输移扩散数值模拟研究奠定良好的基础。 相似文献
5.
Mark G. Carls 《Marine environmental research》1987,22(4)
Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) larvae were exposed either directly to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil or indirectly via oil-contaminated prey (OCP) (Artemia salina) for <- 28 days, to determine the relative effects of diet and water as routes of contamination. Larvae were affected rapidly by 0·9 ppm WSF, which caused high larval mortality, reduced swimming ability and rapid reductions in feeding rates. Larval length was significantly reduced by 0·7 ppm WSF in 7 days and by 0·3 ppm WSF within 14 days. The WSF exposure also caused similar reductions in larval weights. Highly contaminated prey (6 ppm prey exposure) caused significant mortality, but surviving larvae appeared robust. The OCP did not affect swimming, feeding, or growth. Exposure of larvae was not significantly extended by OCP, which rapidly depurated WSF in clean water (98% in 1 day). Therefore, OCP is probably not an important source of low molecular weight petroleum contamination to larval fish in the marine environment. 相似文献
6.
C.H. Dempsey 《Marine environmental research》1986,20(4)
Chlorine, used to control bio fouling in coastal power station, sea water cooling circuits, is also toxic to non fouling marine organisms. Experiments quantified the toxicity of power station cooling water to postlarval Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. Postlarvae were exposed to chlorinated sea water for 30 min, to simulate passage through a typical power station cooling water circuit, and 24h, during which detectable chlorine decayed away, to simulate a ‘worst case’ exposure. Twenty four hour LC50S were 0·63 ppm initial concentration for 30 min exposure and 0·36 ppm initial concentration for 24 h exposure. The present findings are contrasted with work assessing the suitability of power station cooling water for aquaculture which used maintained concentrations of chlorine. 相似文献
7.
R.P. Griffiths T.M. McNamara B.A. Caldwell R.Y. Morita 《Marine environmental research》1981,5(2):83-91
The effects of the dispersant Corexit 9527 and Corexit with crude oil on the rate of glucose uptake and mineralisation were studied in Arctic and Subarctic marine waters and sediments. Essentially all of the 149 water and 95 sediment samples tested displayed decreased glucose uptake rates in the presence of either 15 or 50 ppm Corexit. Depressed uptake rates were observed at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The mean concentration at which Corexit depressed glucose uptake by 50% was 12 ppm. The effect of Corexit was more pronounced on pelagic than on benthic microbial populations. 相似文献
8.
The effects of zinc being added to sea water, to final concentrations of 0·1–20 ppm, have been studied on the heart rate, valve movements, mortality of Scrobicularia and on both isolated and in situ inhalant siphon preparations.The acute toxicity threshold for added zinc was determined to be about 10 ppm at 10°C. The median lethal times for 10 and 20 ppm zinc were 143·5 and 116·1 h respectively.The responses of Scrobicularia to zinc concentrations in sea water of between 0·1 and 10 ppm were tested by exposure for 6 h. Above 1 ppm, valve closure and bradycardia occur within 10–15 min. Below 5 ppm the valves subsequently opened and heart rate increased over the 6 h period, but in 10 ppm closure and pronounced bradycardia were maintained throughout.Addition of zinc, to final concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm, had no effect on the isolated inhalant siphon in contrast to copper at 0·25 and 0·5 ppm which caused very marked siphonal contractions. However, when zinc (1–10 ppm) was added to an in situ inhalant siphon preparation, contractions occurred which were lost on removal of zinc from the bathing medium. Cutting the cruciform muscles medially resulted in the loss or delay of the response to zinc. This suggests the possibility of the cruciform muscle complex (muscle strands and associated sense organs) responding to zinc. This contrasts with the direct action of copper on the neuromuscular system of an isolated siphon. 相似文献
9.
The supralittoral zone of an open sandy beach was dosed with crude oil and changes in the meiofauna monitored. Treatments included weathered and fresh oil on the surface, fresh oil mixed with dispersant on the surface and weathered oil at the water table, all in layers 0·8 cm thick. In all cases the meiofauna was reduced 1 month after dosing but numbers had returned to normal by 5 months except in the site dosed with fresh oil mixed with dispersant. Oil on the surface had greater effects than oil at the water table; fresh oil had a greater effect than weathered oil and fresh oil with dispersant was more toxic than fresh oil alone. Nematodes were least sensitive to the oil and oligochaetes more sensitive, their numbers being correlated with oil concentrations and depth in the substrate. It is concluded that, under all but the heaviest conditions of pollution in their environment, recovery from oil contamination should occur within 5 months in the meiofauna. 相似文献
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11.
R. M. Stagg C. Robinson A. M. Mcintosh C. F. Moffat D. W. Bruno 《Marine environmental research》1998,46(1-5)
This paper describes the response of two fish species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the common dab (Limanda limanda) to the oil spilled from the Braer tanker which grounded on the southern tip of Shetland, Scotland, on 5 January 1993. Both the immediate sublethal effects and the long-term response to the oil which accumulated in sediments around the Shetland Isles, Scotland, are examined. The primary response measured was the induction of detoxification enzymes and the relationship of the levels or activities of these enzymes to the concentration and distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons measured in sediments, water and fish. The results show that, immediately following the spill, there was a marked induction of Cytochrome P4501A enzymes in salmon, indicative of exposure to bioavailable aromatics. In dab there was evidence of induction at some sites in January 1993 immediately following the spill but, subsequently, no induction has been observed in fish caught in the vicinity of Shetland despite the very high concentrations of oil measured in sediments at some locations. This would indicate that the polyaromatic hydrocarbons in these sediments are unlikely to be directly bioavailable to fish. The effect of the oil spill on hepatic pathology in dab was investigated and shows that pathology predictive of neoplasia, such as basophilic foci and vacuolation, were observed in fish from the most contaminated sites in 1994 but not in 1993. The incidence of this pathology appeared to correlate with the degree of contamination at the sites, but additional studies are required to establish whether this was a consequence of the initial impact and exposure from waterborne oil at the time of the spill or whether it was due to the continued exposure to oil from the sediments. 相似文献
12.
In this paper, we present the analysis of an underwater horizontal oil jet experimental measurement and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. Two oil subsurface releases were conducted: one with crude oil and another with crude oil premixed with dispersant at the dispersant to oil ratio (DOR) of 1:20. The jet profile was captured by a camera at moderate resolution, and the instantaneous velocity was measured by a Vectrino Profiler. The velocity components, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence dissipation rate from the experiment agreed well with those from the CFD simulation using the k-epsilon turbulence model. The spread angle of the jet was found to be around 21° and 24° from the experiment measurement, for oil without dispersant and oil with dispersant, respectively. The latter is close to the angle of miscible jets at 23°. The jet profile of oil with dispersant had a smaller buoyancy than that without dispersant, which is probably due to the large water entrainment for the oil with dispersant jet. The cross sections of the jet for both cases gradually became flattened with distance, as the plume turned upward. 相似文献
13.
The reproductive effects of chronic exposure to water-soluble fractions (WSF) of diesel fuel oil and naphthalene in female Atlantic croaker during critical periods of their reproductive life history were investigated. Fish were repeatedly exposed to WSF of oil (2.5 or 5%) or naphthalene (0.5 or 1.0 ppm) for 5 or 8 weeks. Both pollutants blocked sexual maturation in some fish and impaired ovarian recrudescence in others. The majority of the oocytes in exposed fish were undeveloped and widespread oocyte atresia was evident at higher concentrations of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The disruption of ovarian growth and oocyte development in croaker after PAH exposure was associated with alterations in reproductive endocrine function at multiple sites on the hypothalamus-pituitarygonadal axis. A third period of increased sensitivity to xenobiotics was observed during final oocyte maturation. 相似文献
14.
Experiments were carried out on the toxicity of a fuel oil to developing embryos and juveniles of two marine amphipods. Parhyale hawaiensis eggs were able to develop from early germinal disc stage (early eggs) to juvenile form in concentrations of 10 (2 ppm) up to 40% (8 ppm) WSF, but deleterious effects were evident in hatching success of eggs and survival of juveniles at concentrations ≥ 10% WSF. The juveniles that hatched from those eggs in higher WSFs had greater mortality than the juveniles that hatched from the eggs exposed to lower WSFs. Survival of juveniles from late eggs (cephalic region differentiated) was also greater than those from early eggs. Amphithoe valida eggs were more sensitive to the WSF of fuel oil than the eggs of P. hawaiensis; < 10% of the test eggs hatched in the 4 ppm WSF compared with 66% of P. hawaiensis eggs at the same concentration. The toxicity of fuel oil to the two amphipod eggs is therefore dependent on the concentration and duration of exposure on the one hand, and on the developmental stages and probably the nature of the egg case on the other. 相似文献
15.
石油开发污染物毒性监测的实验生物筛选Ⅱ.消油剂对水生动物的毒性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用静水式试验方法比较了消油剂对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon,罗氏沼虾Macrobrachiumrosenbergii,裸项栉虎鱼Ctenogobiusgymnachen和红剑鱼Xiphophorushelleri4种水生动物的急性毒性,并观察了消油剂浓度与水体溶解氧的相关性。结果表明：水体溶解氧与消油剂浓度明显呈负相关。消油剂对斑节对虾仔虾、红剑鱼、罗氏沼虾仔虾和裸项栉虎鱼的半数致死浓度分别为14．9,1725．0,2238.0和5861．4mg·L-1。对消油剂的敏感顺序由大至小为斑节对虾仔虾,红剑鱼,罗氏沼虾仔虾,裸项栉虎鱼。班节对虾仔虾和红剑鱼是监测消油剂生物毒性较为适宜的物种。 相似文献
16.
B. A. McKeown 《Marine environmental research》1978,1(2):119-123
Chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil was used to measure the differential accumulation in various fish tissues between a hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon/oil dispersant mixture. There is an increased movement of the emulsified oil across the gill structure although accumulation by this tissue is similar for both test conditions. The liver and kidney showed significantly higher levels of the oil/dispersant mixture whereas muscle accumulations were less dramatic. The amounts of Bunker C found in the gills, liver and kidney were considerably higher than that found in the muscle. Consideration was given to the varying capability of the blood to carry polar, compared with non-polar, compounds. 相似文献
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18.
John Hardy Steven Kiesser Liam Antrim Alan Stubin Richard Kocan John Strand 《Marine environmental research》1987,23(4)
The sea surface is an important habitat for the developmental stages (eggs and larvae) of many fish and invertebrates; it is also a concentration point for anthropogenic contaminants entering the sea. Studies were conducted to determine the extent to which the sea surface of Puget Sound was toxic to the early life history stages of fish. Three urban bays with suspected contamination, a rural reference bay, and a Central Sound site were compared. Surface-dwelling eggs and organisms (zooneuston) were collected with a surface-skimming neuston net and their densities enumerated. Sand sole (Psettichthys melanostictus) embryos were exposed in the field and laboratory to the sea-surface microlayer. To develop a useful year-round approach to monitoring sea-surface toxicity, larval development of anchovies, kelp bass, and sea urchins was also evaluated as an indication of sea-surface microlayer toxicity.During the spawning season (February and March), urban boys in Puget Sound had lower concentrations of sand sole eggs and neustonic organisms on the sea surface than did the rural bayor Central Sound reference sites. Compared to the reference sites, laboratory exposure to surface microlayer samples collected from urban bay sites generally resulted in more chromsomal aberrations in developing sole embryos, reduced hatching success of sole larvae, and reduced growth in trout cell cultures. In situ hatching success of sole eggs was reduced by half or more in urban bays compared to reference sites.Toxicity was associated with visible surface slicks and, in urban bays, increased with increasing surface pressure (dynes cm−1). Results to be reported separately (Part II) indicate that toxicity is strongly correlated with the presence of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals in the sea-surface microlayer. The toxicity of SMIC samples was similar when evaluated by sole, anchovy, kelp bass, or sea urchin tests. A sea-surface monitoring program could use sea urchin embryos to evaluate site-specific sea-surface toxicity throughout the year. 相似文献
19.
To determine one possible mechanism of hydrocarbon toxicity, studies were carried out to establish: (a) the availability of hydrocarbons from sea water to the crab haemolymph, (b) the effects on respiration and (c) the possible effects on haemocyanin—O2 binding characteristics in oiled crabs.Crabs incubated in 14C-naphthalene labelled oiled sea water (Kuwait crude) readily accumulated the isotope into the haemolymph, in concentrations exceeding those in the surrounding sea water medium with one-hour bioconcentration factors from 2·53 to 23·51. Respiration, as measured by uptake of O2 from the respirometer sea water, was 12·5% lower in crabs held in 11·0 ppm Kuwait crude/sea water than in the same animals when held in unoiled sea water. Respiration levels returned to preoiling levels when the oiled sea water was replaced with fresh non-oiled sea water.Despite the observed effects of oiled sea water on respiration, the haemocyanin—O2 binding potential, as well as the structural integrity of haemocyanin (as determined by its UV absorption spectrum, sub-unit dissociation and serum-free Cu++ levels), remained unaltered. The results suggest that disruption of blood-oxygen transport via disruption of haemocyanin—O2 binding as one possible mechanism of hydrocarbon toxicity is unlikely and that other alternatives must be considered. 相似文献
20.
Whilst foraging in the water column for zooplankton, sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, are under heavy predation from marine birds and fish. To avoid predation, sand lance bury in the sand when not foraging and during overwintering. We did two experiments to determine whether oil contamination of the sand would reduce the amount of time that sand lance spent buried. In the first experiment (June, 1980) sand lance significantly decreased by 20% the time spent buried in oiled sand (306 ppm). In the second experiment (June, 1981) sand lance did not decrease time spent buried in oiled sand at 28 and 256 ppm but did at 3384 ppm. The higher condition index of the 1981 fish suggested that nutritional state may have influenced how sand lance used the sediment as a refuge and how they responded to contamination of that refuge. 相似文献