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利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
以1997年11月8日西藏玛尼地震为例, 通过三通差分干涉处理, 获取了玛尼地震同震位移场. 并在此基础上, 采用弹性半空间介质中的位错模型, 正演了玛尼地震发震断层某些几何学和运动学性质. 结果表明: (1) 发震断层两侧的变形场在垂向距断层110 km的区域仍受同震形变场影响. 地表破裂带所造成的非相干性条带贯穿整个图像, 长约110 km. (2) 发震断层最大水平位错达7.96 m. (3) 发震断层可分为4段. 其中中间两段所产生的变形场较大, 长度分别为27和37 km, 平均滑动值分别为6500和6000 mm, 深度均为35 km, 前者是玛尼地震的主破裂面. 西段和东段规模较小, 长度分别为23和26 km, 前者滑动量为4000 mm, 后者为5800 mm, 两者深度分别为20和18 km. 相似文献
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利用差分干涉雷达测量技术获取的宏观震中区的同震形变场，结合对地震活动性、震源机制、野外考察等资料分析，对昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震形变场特征进行了研究. 结果表明:宏观震中位于库赛湖东北侧，宏观震中区发震断层可分为两个形变中心区域，其中西段长约42 km，东段长约48 km，整个发震断层主破裂段长90 km；由干涉形变条纹分布格局可清楚地判断出发震断层的左旋走滑特征；断层两盘变形特征不同，南盘变形程度明显大于北盘；宏观震中附近最大斜距向位移量为288.4 cm，最小斜距向位移量为224.0 cm，宏观震中发震断层最大左旋水平位错为738.1 cm，最小地面左旋水平位错为551.8 cm. 相似文献
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香山-天景山断裂带是青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带的重要组成部分,其东段曾发生1709年7级地震。虽然该断裂带西段缺乏历史地震记录,但在其各次级段上却保留了最新一次地震产生的较新鲜的地表破裂,以及沿其发生的大量冲沟同步左旋位错。为了确定西段晚第四纪以来的活动特征,通过野外实测与卫星解译获得了240个冲沟或山脊的左旋水平位移量,以及62个垂直位移量。将所测位移量值投影到断裂展布方向上,得到了水平和垂直位移量沿断裂的分布特征。对水平位移量做进一步的概率密度模拟和频率统计分析,结果显示水平位移量具有明显的分组性与倍数关系。6组水平位移量可能分别代表了6次古地震事件,而西段上开挖的探槽也揭露了相似的事件期次。其中,最新一次地震的同震水平位移量为3m,而其他几次较老地震产生的累积位移量分别为6m,9m,12m,16m和20m,每次地震的同震位移量近似。因此,推断香山-天景山断裂带西段晚第四纪以来的地震活动遵循特征滑动模型。 相似文献
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沿长约 4 2 6km的 2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西MS8 1地震地表破裂带共获得 2 91个点的地表同震水平左旋位移数据 ,并在其中 1 1 1个点获得了垂直位移数据。该地震总体以左旋水平位移为主 ,兼具一定的垂直位移。最大地表左旋水平位移值可达 6 4m ,平均水平位移约为 2 7m ,绝大多数测点的垂直位移均 <1m。地表水平位移沿主破裂带走向位移梯度变化于 1 0 - 1～ 1 0 - 4之间 ,这一起伏变化可能起因于野外测量误差、沿主破裂带岩性或松散沉积物厚度的变化、地表破裂带几何结构的不均匀性、地表破裂走向的变化、不同破裂段在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震之前的地震中滑动量的起伏变化 ,以及大量非脆性变形、次级破裂的存在等。水平位移沿主破裂带的长波长 (数十公里至数百公里 )起伏变化较有规律 ,在布喀达坂峰以东表现为分别以 5个水平位移峰值为中心而有规律地起伏变化。这5个位移峰值分别对应于不同的次级地震地表破裂段。各破裂段水平位移峰值均向阶区或拐点逐渐衰减 ,不同地表破裂段位移峰值向两侧衰减的速率是不同的 ,这种位移梯度的不对称分布可能指示了地震破裂的扩展方向。上述位移分布特征真实地反映了地表可见脆 相似文献
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2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生了MS6.9地震。为及时全面了解地震同震地表破裂带的空间分布并准确判定发震构造,文中通过对震后高分七号遥感影像进行解译判读,综合野外考察核实,获得了门源MS6.9地震同震地表破裂带的展布情况,并识别出多种典型的同震破裂地貌,总结了多种同震地貌的影像特征。结果表明,此次地震产生了2条主要的地表破裂带,呈左阶斜列展布。北支主破裂带分布于冷龙岭断裂西段,长约22km,走向100°N～120°E;南支次级破裂带分布在托莱山断裂东段的局部段上,长约4km,走向为N90°E, 2条破裂带总长约26km;沿破裂带形成了一系列典型左旋走滑同震地貌,如张裂隙、张剪裂隙、挤压脊、挤压鼓包、左旋纹沟、左旋断错路基等;在此基础上,文中还对冷龙岭地区典型左旋地貌的累积位错进行了测量,并与前人的测量结果作对比研究,得到了较为准确的测量结果。文中基于高分影像对断裂沿线典型的断错地貌开展研究,不仅可为高分七号卫星数据的地质应用积累实例,所得结果也可为未来构造地貌研究提供强有力的数据支撑。 相似文献
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中国青海省门源县于2022年1月8日发生6.9级地震。依据该地震震源断层信息设置4种不同的位错分布模式,基于Okada提出的地表位移解析解分别计算4种模式下地表同震位移场,结合现场观测数据,探讨发震断层的滑动形式及其对周边地表产生的影响。结果表明,此次地震发震断裂初步判断主要为冷龙岭断裂西侧延伸至托莱山断裂,以左旋走滑断层为主,断层面上最大位错量达到4 m左右;震中西南侧向NE方向运动,东南侧向SE方向运动,西北侧和东北侧分别向NW以及SW方向运动;震中附近小范围区域产生了超过1.5 m的地表水平位移,破裂带上存在竖向地表位移超过0.5 m的区域;现场监测到局部产生最大约2.1～2.3 m的水平位错,以及部分区段垂直位错量最大达到0.7 m;以震中位置为中心,断层引起的地表位移影响范围达到约30 km×36 km,此范围内产生的地表位移大于0.1m。研究为此次地震的震后恢复工作以及此区域后续的工程设防等提供参考。 相似文献
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北京时间2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生了MS6.9地震,震中位于冷龙岭断裂西端与托莱山断裂过渡区。地震发生后,文章利用亚米级分辨率的高分7号卫星影像对本次地震产生的地震破裂带进行详细解译,并与野外调查结果进行对比,获得此次地震地表破裂带分布及组合特征。结果显示,此次地震形成两条破裂带,长度分别约21 km和5 km,分别沿冷龙岭断裂西段和托莱山断裂东段展布。地震破裂带由一系列雁列式地震裂缝、挤压鼓包及拉张凹陷组成,破裂带组合特征反映出发震断裂明显的左旋走滑特征,但利用影像并未识别出同震位错等定量数据。在此基础上,文章对比冷龙岭断裂东段存在的历史地震破裂带,讨论了冷龙岭断裂未来地震危险性问题。 相似文献
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随着三维激光扫描技术的发展,其被广泛应用于震后同震位移参数等基础资料的获取。本文简要介绍了三维激光扫描仪的基本原理和工作流程,然后以2008年于田MS7.3级地震为例,介绍了三维激光扫描在正断层型地震的同震位移等参数获取中的应用,并分析了实际垂直位移与视垂直位移的比值(Vo/H)与地形坡度角(α)以及断层倾角(β)的关系。通过5个典型断错地貌的三维激光扫描,获得了2008年于田MS7.3级地震的垂直和水平同震滑移量,垂向和左旋位移均为1—3.5m左右,揭示出于田MS7.3级地震为一次正断与左旋运动分量大致相当的地震。由于断层走向的变化,在地表破裂南段表现为左旋位移大于垂直位移。5处测量点的地表变形带宽度介于10—25m之间。 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
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O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
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Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
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Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
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A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
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Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献