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1.
考虑断层的软化特性,建立垂直于龙门山断裂带并包含四川盆地和川西高原在内的汶川地震不稳定性地震力学模型.采用有限元方法计算得到了描述整个岩石力学系统稳定性状态和过程的平衡路径曲线.在此基础上,采用稳定性理论研究了汶川地震从孕育到发生的过程,讨论了断层倾角和断层材料参数对地震失稳的影响.数值模拟结果显示,系统只存在稳定的断层无震滑动和不稳定的地震失稳2种状态.断层倾角、初始内摩擦系数、初始黏聚力和强度曲线形状参数的增加会导致系统趋向不稳定的地震失稳状态.而强度曲线胖度参数的增加有助于系统进入稳定的断层缓慢无震滑动状态.地震失稳前,在平衡路径曲线的应力峰值点和失稳点之间,断层错动加速,应变能开始释放并且应力开始减小,是失稳的前兆.最后在失稳点发生应力突跳,地震发生,其间伴随应变能的急剧释放、应力降和断层突然错动.无论是稳定的断层无震滑动还是不稳定的地震失稳,系统重新进入应力和应变能增加状态后应力和应变能的增速由远场加载速度、岩石力学系统的结构和围岩材料属性决定,与断层软化特性参数无关. 相似文献
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基于有限断层震源、且使用动力学拐角频率的地震动随机模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层的加速度场.首先,基于有限断层震源建模方法建立该次地震的震源模型;然后,基于上述地震动模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层191个节点的加速度时程.在此基础上,取每个结点的加速度峰值绘制该次地震的近断层加速度场.结果表明:(1)近断层加速度场主要受震源破裂过程和断层面上滑动分布的影响.断层面上凹凸体投影到地表的区域附近,加速度峰值最大,也是震害最严重的区域;(2)对于走滑地震,断层沿线附近的场地并非均会发生破裂方向性效应;发生破裂方向性效应的场地与凹凸体在断层面上的位置有关. 相似文献
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地震荷载作用下,断层两侧边坡稳定性一直是研究重点,本文主要探讨动态加载对不同位置坡体产生的地震动效应。首先,建立一个截面大小为500 km×100 km的有限元二维动态铲形断层模型,在地表断层两侧构建对称边坡来模拟滑坡地形。然后加载脉冲震源,通过对震源(深度为14 km)处节点指定加速度的方法,模拟计算地震发生后100 s内地震波传播对距断层分别为1 km,30 km及100 km的不同边坡震动产生的影响。结果显示:边坡震动强度随着震源距的增加而快速衰减,下盘的衰减比上盘更为强烈;距断层相同位置处,上盘比下盘振动幅度大;相同山体的不同位置上,水平方向振幅随断层距增大而衰减;垂直方向振幅,相同高程处的振幅相近,高程越高振幅相对减小;随着断层距的增加,山体的水平和垂直方向振幅都逐渐变小;震源距较远位置处的振幅比近震源位置小很多,说明近震位置处振动强度大,即在同等地质条件下,近断层的上盘区域更易发生滑坡。 相似文献
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本文根据多孔介质弹性变形与流体扩散在力学上的相互作用,选取了耦合本构关系式作为数学模型并对其求解,研究了地壳中三种类型断层在地幔物质上涌作用下,所产生的附加断层强度的变化和分布。主要结果是:(1)在空间上,“上涌”面所造成的断层强度软化区位于隆起的边翼地区;(2)在时间上,“上涌”对构造地震的触发滞后于隆起过程。本文通过对唐山地震的分析认为,地幔物质上涌在地震孕育和发生过程中起着重要的作用,并估算了震源面上的强度软化值。最后,求出了在“上涌”作用下,地壳中所产生的最大剪切应力分布。结果表明:“上涌”造成的破裂区域最易发生在地壳中层的隆起边翼地带,而且此区域形成的断层很可能是高倾角的断层。 相似文献
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大森-宇津定律的一种可能机制以唐山大地震为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探讨大森-宇津定律的物理机制, 本文在余震区等效黏度远低于其外部, 且构造应力场在整个余震活动时间间隔内基本保持不变的假设条件下, 提出了一个开尔文黏弹性地震震源体概念模型． 该模型可用于模拟主震后断层蠕变和震源区应力调整触发的余震序列以及蠕变停止后余震终结、 介质恢复到弹性状态、 断层重新闭锁和积累下一次地震的整个过程． 有限元方法可用来计算非均匀黏弹性地震震源体模型中主震和每次余震所引起的应力场及其随时间的演化过程． 在此基础上, 采用开尔文黏弹性地震震源体概念模型和有限元方法模拟了1976年唐山MS7.8地震余震序列． 结果表明: 经验的大森-宇津定律可以用开尔文黏弹性震源体模型来解释, 这意味着余震衰减的频度取决于蠕变的速率; 余震序列持续时间受控于震源体的黏度, 即黏度越大, 蠕变时间越长, 余震持续的时间也就越长． 相似文献
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地震在大陆内部断层系统中的时空迁移和丛集的基本力学机制一直是地球科学家关注的重要问题.青藏高原东北缘地震活动频繁,其地震时空迁移和地震丛集现象显著,是研究这个问题的重要区域.我们建立了一个三维黏弹塑性有限元模型,模拟了青藏高原东北缘主要活动断层系统的地震循环和地震时空迁移;计算了断层系统的应力演化;并探讨了断层之间的相互作用及地震时空迁移和地震丛集的原因.模拟结果显示断层之间的相互作用通过增加或降低断层上的库仑应力,加速或延缓了地震发生,使得区域地震可以在短时间内集中发生,从而形成地震丛集;另外,区域经过多个地震循环的长期演化,一些孕震断层上的应力状态恰好都达到屈服的临界状态附近,从而也可以导致这些断层上的地震在短期内集中发生,因此产生地震丛集和地震迁移.我们发现当区域经历地震丛集之后,该区域的应力大大释放,区域进入地震平静期;随着构造加载的持续,区域应力逐渐恢复,为下一次地震丛集或地震序列累积应力和能量;上述过程可以重复发生.因此地震丛集期与平静期交替出现.我们还统计了各个断层的大地震相互迁移的模拟结果,结果显示青藏高原东北缘下一次大地震有很大的概率会发生在海原断层上. 相似文献
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本文讨论了(1)区域应力场和震源应力场随时间的变化,提出在前兆机制研究的模拟计算中,可将前者看作是定常的,而后者是随时间不断变化的;(2)地震危险区的判别,认为在应变梯度较高同时应力又较集中的区域附近可能易发生中强地震。 作者通过用Max well粘弹性模型对一含壁垒的走滑断层的应力、应变积累过程进行有限元模拟,探讨了震源体发震前形成高应力差和高应变梯度的原因和过程。主要结论是:即使区域应力场是定常的,由于断层内外物质力学性质的不均匀分布,中强震的危险区终将出现在壁垒处及断层端部;断层内软弱带上可能仅发生小震或蠕滑。 相似文献
8.
1997年发生在新疆伽师的强震群迄今仍在持续活动，从1997年1月21日震群发生至1997年10月18日，共发生5级以上地震15次.震群发生前，该地区几乎没有地震活动.根据伽师震群地震的精确定位结果及震源机制解，我们设定该震群的发震构造是一组NNW（北北西）向的雁形右旋走滑断层和一组NE（北东）向雁形正倾滑断层.并以此作为模拟该区域理论地震活动的力学模型，开展震群区域理论地震活动的模拟研究.模拟结果证实了断层间的相互作用或应力传递能产生震群活动的猜测，并对伽师震群中为何部分地震的震源机制是正断层进行了合理解释.进一步推测伽师位于地壳厚度的陡变带也可能是引起该地区地震活动丛集发生的原因. 相似文献
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10.
引言地震的发生与应力、强度、温度以及断层带物质等的多种状态和条件有关。虽然可以认为剪切型地震是加到断层上的剪应力超过断层摩擦强度时发生的,但是,人们并不十分清楚发生地震的地下深处的 相似文献
11.
STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN 
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下载免费PDF全文 On October 17, 2014, a MS6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo MS6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with ML ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature. 相似文献
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研究震源力学模型的一个新方向是用动态扩展的剪切裂纹模拟地震破裂过程。本文利用裂端有塑性区薄层且断层面上有摩擦力的平面剪切裂纹错动模式来表示地震破裂过程,对运动方程和边界条件进行拉氏变换和傅氏变换,利用维纳-霍普（Wiener-Hopf）方法和卡格尼阿（Cagniard）方法得到了断层面上的位移和应力表达式。根据裂端附近的能量平衡条件,计算了地震破裂的平均速度和塑性区尺度,还讨论了断层面上的位错分布函数,并对某些前震地震波高频成分增多的现象提出了解释。在本文假定的参数条件下,地震破裂的平均速度c=0.72β,β是介质的剪切波速。塑性区尺度约为地震新断层总长度（包括塑性区）的12％。按本文的结果,由于破裂速度的增加,前震的震波初动半周期减小的异常幅度不会超过39％。 相似文献
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Using the 78 focal mechanism solutions of the fore shocks, main shock and after shocks of the earthquake sequence for the Yao'an earthquake, the characteristics of the focal faults and stress field for the earthquake sequence are analyzed. The results show that the main rupture plane of the Yao'an earthquake sequence is a tectonic fault with N50°W strike and steep dip and all the main shock, the fore shocks and the vast majority of after shocks occurred on the main rupture plane. A tectonic fracture with NNE-NE strike also participated in development process of the sequence. The focal stress field of the sequence dominated by principal compressional stress with nearly horizontal orientation SSE is consistent with the regional tectonic stress field. In the sequence development, the stress field in the focal region was complex with multi-azimuths and multi-action models and the focal rupture showed complex features with multi-directions and multi-patterns. 相似文献
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龙门山断裂带沿倾向和走向具有明显的分带性和分段性特征,通常以4条主干断裂为界将龙门山断裂带自西向东分为5条构造带,但是对沿走向的分段性特征仍未达成共识.本文利用四川区域地震台网记录的汶川地震后近10年的波形数据,采用全波形反演获取了龙门山断裂带1495个M≥3的震源机制解.通过“滑动窗”扫描方法提取不同地震类型的数量沿龙门山断裂带走向的变化曲线,据此将龙门山断裂带的震源区划分为S1—S9段.根据反演的震源机制解,进一步采用阻尼线性反演技术求取龙门山断裂带高分辨率的构造应力场信息,从地震类型、断面结构和构造应力场等角度探讨龙门山断裂带的分段性特征.结果表明:(1)地震类型存在明显的分段性特征.其中S1的逆冲型地震比例最高,S8的走滑型地震比例最高,S9的正断型地震比例最高.汶川地震后龙门山断裂带可能存在差异性断层调整运动,且余震晚期沿断裂带走向普遍存在应力的补充和协调,芦山地震的发生可能还对S2造成了应力扰动.汶川主震附近及余震区远端经历了更长的震后调整过程,且余震区远端S9具有更复杂、强度更高的震后调整过程.(2)断面结构存在明显的分段性特征.断面结构揭示汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂,以及虎牙断裂南端参与了汶川余震活动.断面倾角与走滑分量具有较好的一致性,在具有明显逆冲分量的分段断面倾角主要分布在50°~70°,而在具有明显走滑分量的分段断面倾角基本在60°以上,且断面倾角增大与汶川余震带宽度收缩变窄相吻合.(3)龙门山断裂带的应力环境非常复杂.σ1方向的分段性差异导致了汶川—芦山地震空区的地壳撕裂和地幔物质上涌、汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂活动以及虎牙断裂南端大量的逆冲型地震.结合构造应力场与大地测量资料认为,龙门山的隆升主要是受构造应力场作用下的上地壳缩短增厚所致. 相似文献
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Hidekuni Kuroki Hidemi M ItoAkio Yoshida 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2003,135(4):231-252
Using a 3D simulation model with a rate- and state-dependent friction law, Kuroki et al. (2002) discussed a process of a hypothetical great earthquake in the Tokai region, where the Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. One of the main concerns was characteristic changes in volumetric strain and displacement on the ground surface which are caused by the evolution of the coupling between the two plates, i.e. evolution of a strongly coupled region between the plates which results in a preslip of the earthquake.In the present paper we discuss other observable phenomena which might help us to identify the stage of the coupling. The preslip of the earthquake could be more effectively detected by using full information about the change of strain rather than volumetric strain alone; the change in rotation angle of principal strain axes should amount to several tens of degrees while the order of the change in volumetric strain is 10−8 to 10−7 for 1 day before the earthquake. The spatial pattern of the displacement field on the ground surface provides us with information on the intermediate-term precursory changes in the plate coupling. Information given by micro-earthquakes is less direct. The seismicity should change considerably when a highly shear-stressed ring on the plate interface passes nearby, and ups and downs of seismicity rate will be estimated by Coulomb failure stress. On the other hand, focal mechanisms are rather insensitive to the progress of plate subduction. The changes may be not significant even at the time of the preslip. The interplate coupling yields a stress field that should produce reverse fault type mechanisms, but the stress field is modulated by a curved shape of the plate interface. Superposition of a regional tectonic stress to this field explains observed spatial distribution of focal mechanisms in the Tokai region which involve large strike-slip components. 相似文献
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利用中国区域台网地震波形记录,采用CAP方法反演了香格里拉德钦(位于云南省)—得荣(属于四川省)2013年8月28日MS5.1、8月31日MS5.9地震及8次MS4余震的震源双力偶断层面解和震源质心深度.结合震区地质构造、余震分布、烈度分布、动力学背景等资料,分析了此次地震序列的震源机制和应力场特征.反演结果表明,此次地震序列为节面倾角倾斜的正断层型地震,发震断层为NWW向活动构造带.序列中最大地震MS5.9和次大地震MS5.1地震的破裂节面分别为走向299°、倾角53°、滑动角-73°;走向290°、倾角55°、滑动角-72°.震源区受到强烈的水平拉张力、垂直挤压力作用.MS5.9地震后续余震T、P轴方位角随时间变化强烈,表明MS5.9地震后震源区应力调整作用明显.震源区应力场反演结果显示,地震发生的构造带上最大主拉应力为NNE-SSW向,最大主压应力为NW-SE向,与GPS观测所反映的地表最大主应力分布方向基本一致,表明震源区的应力状态可能主要受到背景大尺度构造应力场的控制.此次地震序列填充了川滇地区震源机制及应力场的空间分布图像,1976年以来可靠的震源机制解资料表明香格里拉次级块体是川滇块体及周边区域显著的拉张作用区域.香格里拉次级块体和保山次级块体正断层地震的断层节面及震源应力轴分布的空间变化,与GPS观测反映的地表最大主拉应力分布较一致,其空间分布特征反映了在青藏高原物质挤出背景下,块体之间相互作用、地势差异等作用对构造活动的影响. 相似文献
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In this paper, using focal mechanism solutions of moderate-strong earthquakes in Yunnan and its adjacent areas, and based on the statistical analysis of the parameters of focal mechanism solutions, we discussed in detail the earthquake fault types and the characteristics of the modern tectonic stress field in the Yunnan region. The results show that most moderate-strong earthquakes occurring in the Yunnan region are of the strike-slip type, amounting to 80% of the total. Normal faulting and normal with strike-slip and reverse and reverse with strike-slip earthquakes is almost equivalent in proportion, about 8% each. The tectonic stress field of the Yunnan region is near-horizontal, and the dips of earthquake fault planes are large. There are three main dynamic sources acting on the Yunnan region: one is the NE, NNE and NNW-directed acting force from Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam; the second is the SE-SSE directed force from the Sichuan and Sichuan-Yunnan rhombus block and the third is the NW-NNW directed force from the South China block. These three acting forces have controlled the faulting behavior of the main faults and the characteristics of strong earthquake activity of Yunnan and its adjacent regions. 相似文献
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The Muzaffarabad region in western Himalaya, the site of the devastating earthquake of 8 October 2005 of magnitude 7.6, occupies
a unique tectonic position, encompassed by the Himalayan arc to the east and the complex thrust zones of Pamir and Hindukush
in the north and northwest respectively. Further, the region is entangled in a peculiar overturned syntaxial bend of the Main
Central Thrust (MCT), north of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). A study of focal mechanisms and stress inversion in each of these
regions indicates varied stress regimes demonstrating their distinct tectonic character. While shallow plane thrust faulting
with low dip angles is generally witnessed along the Himalayan arc, a transition to steep fault plane dips up to 45° is seen
in the Muzaffarabad region on the western side. It is inferred that the stress field in Muzaffarabad region is not a mere
extension of that in the Himalayan arc but is controlled by the complex interplay of the surrounding diverse tectonic structural
units comprising the Himalaya, Hindukush and Pamir, rather than merely the tectonic forces of India–Eurasia collision. 相似文献