共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
地图综合是当前国际GIS和制图学领域的一个难题。化简是地图综合的一个基本操作算子,线要素是地图综合操作的主要对象,该文主要研究地图线要素的化简问题。首先,从算法的适用范围、阈值设置等方面分析了现有算法的优点,重点阐述了一种常用的弧比弦算法,并指出了其在化简过程中存在的不足。然后,基于地图曲线的空间认知特征,提出了一种改进弧比弦算法。该算法能够更好地保持曲线的特征点和曲线的几何形态,避免阈值的设置问题。在算法评价上,采用3种定量评价指标,即:偏移平均值、偏移量中值和面积变形值,对改进的弧比弦算法与现有经典算法进行了比较分析。最后,通过算例分析验证了该算法的可行性、有效性和健壮性。 相似文献
2.
基于GIS技术的扬中市可达性定量研究——以过江通道的建设为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
可达性是指从一个地方到另一个地方的容易程度,目前主要运用距离度量法、拓扑度量法、重力度量法、累积机会法等传统度量方法,应用于人文地理学、区域与城市规划等相关研究领域当中.该研究以ArcGIS Desktop 9.2平台为技术支撑,通过对影像数据、图形数据以及社会经济等属性数据进行整理来构建矢量数据库(geodatabase),运用GIS矢量和栅格数据的空间分析模块,采用时间成本加权距离方法,对扬中市过江通道建成前后的可达性变化进行了分析.该方法突破了传统的描述性研究,通过进行等时圈分析可以得到节点城市影响腹地的范围,并且可以精确统计出通勤覆盖范围的地域面积、人口规模和经济规模,为地区资源的合理配置提供更为科学的依据. 相似文献
3.
公共服务设施空间可达性及其度量方法 总被引：17，自引：10，他引：7
空间可达性度量既可用于评价公共服务设施空间布局的合理性,也可用于比较规划方案的优劣.公共服务设施空间可达性度量需要针对不同设施特有的空间布局目标,选取与之相适应的可达性评价因子,并采用合适的度量方法展开,对此进行专题研究的文献并不多见.本文一方面在对公共服务设施按照时效性、接受性、数量、等级性进行分类的基础上,系统阐述如何针对不同设施进行空间布局目标设定和可达性评价因子选取;另一方面将主要的度量方法分为比例法、最近距离法、基于机会累积的方法、基于空间相互作用的方法,并对各类方法的应用领域及优缺点予以分析比较,同时以潜能模型、两步移动搜寻法为例探讨相关方法在公共服务设施空间可达性度量中的应用;最后在对上述研究总结评述的基础上,本文指出多等级设施空间可达性、从需求者的活动规律考虑空间可达性、针对各类设施的综合空间可达性以及相关度量方法与GIS的集成等主题值得投入更多关注. 相似文献
4.
可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述 总被引：26，自引：8，他引：26
可达性一直是地理学、土木建筑工程设计、交通运输经济学等学科的研究热点。已有的各 种可达性度量方法目前已广泛应用于交通网络与城镇发展研究、交通基础设施的区域经济效应 评价、选址分析、园林景观规划、社会文化等多个研究领域。随着应用需求的持续加大和技术研究 的不断深入, 可达性度量方法也在快速发展, 其度量体系正在形成。本文首先从两个层面对可达 性的涵义进行全面阐述; 在此基础上, 从网络特性的角度对拓扑法、距离法、累积机会法、等值线 法、重力模型法、平衡系数法、时空法、效用法等目前常用的可达性度量方法进行系统分类, 并且 从可达性影响因素入手对各种度量方法进行综合比较与评述; 然后, 针对不同的应用领域, 对各 种度量方法的应用研究现状进行详细论述与剖析; 最后, 对可达性研究的发展方向进行深入讨论 与展望。 相似文献
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6.
分析了基于空间语义关系的剖面自动连接算法存在的问题,并对其进行了简化;在此基础上定义了一种可以形象化描述剖面自动连接问题的参数点图,并给出了解决问题的改进算法.基于参数点图得到的算法比原算法更简洁,更智能化,并且具有一定的地质学含义. 相似文献
7.
基于随机森林方法的滑坡灾害危险性区划 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
滑坡灾害危险性区划在滑坡灾害管理工作中具有重要意义。该文以深圳市为研究区,将随机森林方法应用于滑坡灾害危险性区划和因子评价工作。研究中采用随机森林方法进行建模,结合ROC曲线和AUC值对模型性能进行评价;通过预报效率曲线对全区的滑坡危险性区划总体效果进行评价;根据错误率变化和节点不纯度变化,对不同因子的重要性进行分析,结合作用曲线,探讨不同因子对滑坡的影响规律。实例研究说明随机森林方法适用于滑坡危险性区划工作,具有良好的建模效果。 相似文献
8.
武汉城市圈城乡道路网的空间结构复杂性 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以武汉城市圈为研究区,借助ArcGIS9.3、Pajek2.7和SPSS16.0等软件,从节点重要性、可达性、集聚性3个方面定量揭示了复杂城乡道路网的空间异质性:①高度节点重要性呈幂律分布,表现出无标度性,低度节点重要性则基本呈钟型泊松分布,呈现一定的随机性,导致整个圈域节点的重要性分布曲线既不遵循钟型泊松分布也不遵循幂律分布,出现"涌现"性;节点度值空间分布较均匀,呈现点状特征和弱集聚性,具有明显间断性和跳跃性,表现出一定的"中心-边缘"和"等级圈层"的复合结构;②节点的可达性主要由网络平均路径长度、紧密度和介数指标表达,其中道路网平均路径长度较大,节点交通联系呈线状组织,遵循距离衰减律,成等级圈层分异,但受快速干道影响明显,空间收敛减慢,发生"摄动"变形,形成两条以南北京珠高速和东西宜黄高速为轴的城市交通走廊;节点的紧密度系数较随机网络小,但高紧密度节点在空间分布上较为集中,呈现出一定的"中心-边缘"空间格局;节点的介数指标相对较高,呈现指数分布,空间分布较均匀,但仍呈现出一定的"等级圈层"分异;③网络的集聚性空间差异显著,形成多个大型网络社团,网络的聚类系数近似为零,局部呈现耦合性质,高聚类系数节点集聚成"半月形"展布,低聚类系数节点分布较为离散。 相似文献
9.
通过添加树平衡系数、设定节点不纯度和区分样本类型,对现有的随机决策树群算法进行了改进,提出了改进的随机决策树群算法.以广东省龙门县土地覆盖的ALOS遥感影像为研究对象,利用改进的随机决策树群算法对研究对象进行遥感监督分类,并将研究结果同传统的最大似然分类方法的结果进行对比,发现分类总体精度从81.46%提高至92.45%,Kappa系数达0.9091.改进的随机决策树群算法考虑了极不均衡决策树、节点不纯度和训练样本区分对随机决策过程运行效率的影响,可有效提高遥感分类效率和分类精度. 相似文献
10.
以粤港澳大湾区水路客运班线为数据来源,运用复杂网络分析方法,分析水路客运网络的基本特征,评估其小世界特性与无标度特征,分析各节点的重要性,测试其鲁棒性与脆弱性,结果发现：1）大湾区水路客运网络基本健全,节点之间能够自由流动,但网络的层级单一,可达性较低的节点占据多数;2）大湾区水路客运网络具有部分小世界网络特性和无标度特性,节点分布呈现马太效应;3）深圳蛇口港在复杂网络中的综合重要性最为突出,比较重要的节点还有香港中港码头、香港国际机场、珠海九州港、澳门外港;4）大湾区南部的水路客运网络相比北部发达,东部比西部发达,空间发展不均衡;5）大湾区水路客运网络具有鲁棒性,生存能力较强,但网络发育不够完善,稳定性较差,难以经受蓄意攻击。整体上,大湾区水路客运网络还有较大的优化提升空间,应加大核心节点保障能力,增强边缘节点的连通性,提升大湾区北部的水路客运能力。 相似文献
11.
Waltraud A. R. Brinkmann 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):165-185
The Northern Hemisphere Temperature Curve has become one of the leading issues of modern climatology because it is not only considered to represent large-scale changes in temperature but is also used by some as a convenient indicator of changes in important derivatives of temperature. The development of the curve is reviewed and its representativeness of hemispheric climatic changes is discussed. Recently summarized marine temperature records and the tropospheric temperature record appear to confirm the general features of the curve. On the other hand, the curve's use as an indicator of local temperature changes and such derivatives as the length of the growing season and climatic variability is shown to be fallacious. This emphasizes the fact that local temperature trends are not necessarily similar to the hemispheric trend. 相似文献
12.
石漠化地区基岩裸露、砾石堆积,水土流失严重,土壤与植被覆盖率低,因此引发一系列的生态恶化问题,而客土恢复植被是一项快速有效的治理途径。本试验在贵州毕节地区实施,以当地黄壤客土(T1,黄壤与砾石比为1∶1;T2,黄壤与砾石比为2∶1;T3,黄壤与砾石比为3∶1;T4,黄壤与砾石比为1∶0)改良石漠化,从耐瘠薄的灌木——沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为试材,探究其幼苗在客土改良后的石漠化土壤中的适应性,栽种期为2年。结果表明:客土处理对沙棘幼苗的冠幅、粗根的根长密度、粗根根重密度均无显著影响;百分之百客土即T4会显著抑制沙棘株高、根系生物量,显著促进细根比根长的增长;当黄壤与砾石比例1/2—2/3时,2年后沙棘细根的根重密度与土壤含水量均会显著增加;当黄壤与砾石比大于2/3时会显著抑制沙棘根系长度总和的增加,且2年后对土壤水分改善作用不显著;沙棘根系指标与2年后的土壤含水量呈现出显著的相关关系。在贵州毕节地区客土改良石漠化时,并非客土越多越好,当黄壤与砾石的比例在1/2—2/3时,栽种沙棘2年可显著改善土壤含水量。 相似文献
13.
One feature discovered in the study of complex networks is community structure, in which vertices are gathered into several groups where more edges exist within groups than between groups. Many approaches have been developed for identifying communities; these approaches essentially segment networks based on topological structure or the attribute similarity of vertices, while few approaches consider the spatial character of the networks. Many complex networks are spatially constrained such that the vertices and edges are embedded in space. In geographical space, nearer objects are more related than distant objects. Thus, the relations among vertices are defined not only by the links connecting them but also by the distance between them. In this article, we propose a geo-distance-based method of detecting communities in spatially constrained networks to identify communities that are both highly topologically connected and spatially clustered. The algorithm is based on the fast modularity maximisation (CNM) algorithm. First, we modify the modularity to geo-modularity Qgeo by introducing an edge weight that is the inverse of the geographic distance to the power of n. Then, we propose the concept of a spatial clustering coefficient as a measure of clustering of the network to determine the power value n of the distance. The algorithm is tested with China air transport network and BrightKite social network data-sets. The segmentation of the China air transport network is similar to the seven economic regions of China. The segmentation of the BrightKite social network shows the regionality of social groups and identifies the dynamic social groups that reflect users’ location changes. The algorithm is useful in exploring the interaction and clustering properties of geographical phenomena and providing timely location-based services for a group of people. 相似文献
14.
青藏铁路哈（尔盖）－格（尔木）段位于青藏高原，横穿柴达木沙漠，不少地段曾因沙害造成中断行车和机车掉道等事故，其中以客城最为突出。对青藏线客城区段气候、地质、地貌等自然因素和人为因素的研究表明：风大多风是该区段风沙猖獗的动力因素，分布广泛的洪积沙层则构成了风沙流的物质基础，不适当的人为活动加剧了当地的沙漠化，致使线路沙害日趋严重。在该锻铁路防沙中，采用的竹片栅栏与碎石方格相结合的机械措施取得较好的防沙效果，经过观测，阻沙措施降低了风速；固沙措施增加了地面的粗糙度，减少了沙面的流动性，为植物的生长创造了有利条件。植物固沙试验表明，白刺是当地最佳的治沙植物种，它具有冠幅大，根系发达、固沙效果好等特点，虽然地下水矿化度高，但用它浇灌，可提高白刷成活率。防沙措施取得了明显的防沙效果和经济效益，确保了该段行车安全。 相似文献
15.
黑河上游水系发育特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对黑河上游山区部分的水系发育特征进行了分析。在1:250 000比例尺的地形图上,黑河河道可以划分为五级。根据Horton的地貌关系统计结果,黑河水系特征不都服从于Horton的河道定律。河道数量定律适用于本地区,但河道分岔比较高。河道长度定律不适用于本地区,在半对数纸上,平均河道长度的累计值与河道级序有较好的直线关系,而河道总长度与级序则呈双对数直线关系。河道频率及河网密度与河谷局地气候呈正相关,湿润气候条件下,河道频率与河网密度较大;反之,干旱气候条件下,河道频率与河网密度较小。但河流的产流则与区域降水量有关。河川径流的泥沙含量与河流切割程度呈正相关,祁连山北坡河流的泥沙主要来源于横向深切河谷。 相似文献
16.
This paper examines the experimental study on influence of material component to nonlinear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development completed in the Lab. The area of flume drainage system is 81.2 m2, the longitudinal gradient and cross section slope are from 0.0348 to 0.0775 and from 0.0115 to 0.038, respectively. Different model materials with a medium diameter of 0.021 mm, 0.076 mm and 0.066 mm cover three experiments each. An artificial rainfall equipment is a sprinkler-system composed of 7 downward nozzles, distributed by hexagon type and a given rainfall intensity is 35.56 mm/hr.cm2. Three experiments are designed by process-response principle at the beginning the Ψ shaped small network is dug in the flume. Running time spans are 720 m, 1440 minutes and 540 minutes for Runs I, IV and VI, respectively. Three experiments show that the sediment yield processes are characterized by delaying with a vibration. During network development the energy of a drainage system is dissipated by two ways, of which one is increasing the number of channels (rill and gully), and the other one is enlarging the channel length. The fractal dimension of a drainage network is exactly an index of energy dissipation of a drainage morphological system. Change of this index with time is an unsymmetrical concave curve. Comparison of three experiments explains that the vibration and the delaying ratio of sediment yield processes increase with material coarsening, while the number of channel decreases. The length of channel enlarges with material fining. There exists non-linear relationship between fractal dimension and sediment yield with an unsymmetrical hyperbolic curve. The absolute value of delaying ratio of the curve 相似文献
17.
１９９３年中国南极中山站（６９°２２＇Ｓ，７６°２２＇Ｅ）的一台波长为０．６９４μｍ的激光雷达对平流层进行了５３次探测，从激光大气回波信号计算出平流层气溶胶后向散射比的垂直分布和１２～３０ｋｍ高度范围内的积分后向散射系数。探测结果表明因受菲律宾Ｐｉｎａｔｕｂｏ火山爆发的影响，１９９３年南极地区平流层气溶胶粒子含量比１９９０年明显增加，证实了南极冬季平流层云的存在。平流层气溶胶为两层结构，１２ｋｍ附近高度上始终存在着一层厚度为数公里的气溶胶层，２５ｋｍ附近高度的一层变化较大。 相似文献
18.
层状结构岩体顺层斜坡滑移-弯曲失稳计算探讨 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
中-陡倾顺层斜坡在下端被阻挡及嵌固时可能产生滑移-弯曲型结构变形与屈曲失稳,但以前失稳分析采用的力学模型的边界条件及变形形态对地质原型的符合性较为不足。因顺层斜坡上部平直段与下部屈曲段是一个连续的整体,弯曲段边界条件及变形形态的合理对正确建立挠曲线方程和临界屈曲失稳分析均非常重要。在分析了顺层斜坡地质原型变形形态的基础上,由考虑自重的阻滑端固定的斜置等厚弹性板梁模型,提出了以地质原型变形形态抽象出相应边界条件的分析方法,及理论上求解挠曲线的适定三阶微分方程。鉴于弯曲段长度可现场测知,以所分析的边界条件拟定了简便合理的、曲线形态能较好反映地质原型变形形态的多项式近似挠曲线。通过势能泛函的平衡稳定判断方法,滑移-弯曲破坏的临界条件得到确定,失稳临界弯曲长度计算式较符合工程实际。 相似文献
19.
Christos Kastrisios Lysandros Tsoulos 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1541-1557
Voronoi tessellation, and its dual the Delaunay triangulation, provide a cohesive framework for the study and interpretation of phenomena of geographical space in two and three dimensions. The planar and spherical solutions introduce errors in the positional accuracy of both Voronoi vertices and Voronoi edges due to errors in distance computations and the path connecting two locations with planar lines or great circle arcs instead of geodesics. For most geospatial applications the introduction of the above errors is insignificant or tolerable. However, for applications where the accuracy is of utmost importance, the ellipsoidal model of the Earth must be used. Characteristically, the introduction of any positional error in the delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries results in increased maritime space for one state at the expense of another. This is a situation that may, among others, have a serious impact on the financial activities and the relations of the states concerned. In the context of previous work on maritime delimitation we show that the Voronoi diagram constitutes the ideal solution for the development of an automated methodology addressing the problem in its entirety. Due to lack of a vector methodology for the generation of Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid, the aforementioned solution was constrained by the accuracy of existing approaches. In order to fill this gap, in this paper we deal with the inherent attributes of the ellipsoidal model of the Earth, e.g. the fact that geodesics are open lines, and we elaborate on a methodology for the generation of the Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid for a set of points in vector format. The resulting Voronoi diagram consists of vertices with positional accuracy that is only bounded by the user needs and edges that are comprised of geodesics densified with vertices equidistant to their generators. Finally, we present the implementation of the proposed algorithm in the Python programming language and the results of two case studies, one on the formation of closest service areas and one on maritime boundaries delimitation, with the positional accuracy set to 1 cm. 相似文献
20.
Invasions by exotic species are generally described using a logistic growth curve divided into three phases: introduction, expansion and saturation. This model is constructed primarily from regional studies of plant invasions based on historical records and herbarium samples. The goal of this study is to compare invasion curves at the local scale to the logistic growth curve using long-term datasets. Five datasets ranging 41–86 years in length were recovered from five sites in four western states. Data for the following seven exotic species were analyzed using regression analysis to evaluate fit to a non-linear sigmoidal logistic curve: crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), dwarf alyssum (Alyssum desertorum), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus), Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum). A greater variety of curve shapes was documented by long-term datasets than those published based on herbaria sampling. Only two species from three different sites and with three different data types met the criteria for fitting a logistic curve. Many of the other species/location combinations were characterized by sporadic spikes and crashes. The general lack of fit with the model may be the results of the complex interactions that drive vegetation change in rangeland environments. 相似文献