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1.
欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用大气环流模式IAP9L_CoLM,通过两组集合后报试验,考察了欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响。一组试验为常规后报试验,积雪是由模式陆面过程预报得到的,另一组试验为积雪试验,模式积分过程中欧亚大陆雪水当量由微波遥感积雪资料替代,一天替换一次。通过分析两组试验后报结果的差异,来考察欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季（3~5月）气候可预报性的影响。分析表明:欧亚大陆积雪模拟水平的改善能提高春季欧亚大陆中高纬环流场（海平面气压场和中、高层位势高度场）的可预报性,模式对我国春季气温异常的年际变化和空间分布的可预报能力也有显著增强。对我国春季降水,虽然预报技巧较低,但引入较真实的欧亚积雪作用后,由于中高纬环流场预报技巧的改进导致降水的预测能力也有所改进。个例分析也表明,欧亚中高纬春季积雪异常模拟水平的改善导致了欧亚中高纬贝加尔湖及以南区域环流场可预报性的提高,最终使中国东部区域春季气候异常模拟技巧得以改善。以上结果也证实,欧亚大陆积雪是影响东亚区域春季气候的一个重要因子,要提高模式对中国春季气候的预报技巧,积雪模拟水平的改进是非常必要的。 相似文献
2.
该文首先回顾了有关中国冬季积雪的研究进展,包括中国冬季积雪的空间分布气候特征以及季节、年际和年代际变化,中国冬季降雪特征,气象因子对中国冬季积雪水量平衡的影响,外强迫和大气环流系统在积雪形成中的作用等。冬春季欧亚大陆积雪对同期和后期中国气候影响的相关研究说明与欧亚大陆积雪异常相关联的中国气候异常以及积雪通过改变土壤湿度、表面温度和辐射分布,引起大气环流异常,进而对中国气候产生影响的物理过程。应用美国环境预测中心 (NCEP) 第2版气候预测系统 (CFSv2) 的回报试验结果,对CFSv2在欧亚大陆积雪变化及其与中国气候关系的可预报性方面的分析表明,CFSv2能够较好地回报出春季欧亚积雪的年际和年代际变异及其与中国夏季降水之间的联系。文章最后提出了在积雪及其气候效应研究方面一些有待解决的问题。 相似文献
3.
年代际气候变化与1998年长江大水 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
由于海温、高原积雪和大气环流异常等特定条件,引发了１９９８年夏季长江的特大洪涝,而９０年代的气候特征也对１９９８年长江大水起到一定的作用。从中国夏季降水、大气环流、冬季高原积雪和海温等方面分析年代际气候变化对１９９８年长江大水提供有利的气候环境。 相似文献
4.
Assessing the Impacts of Initial Snow Conditions over the Tibetan Plateau on China Precipitation Prediction Using a Global Climate Model 
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下载免费PDF全文 CHEN Hong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(2):81-86
Two ensemble experiments were conducted using a general atmospheric circulation model. These experiments were used to investigate the impacts of initial snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau（TP） on China precipitation prediction. In one of the experiments, the initial snow conditions over the TP were climatological values; while in the other experiment, the initial snow anomalies were snow depth estimates derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data. In the current study, the difference between these two experiments was assessed to evaluate the impact of initial snow anomalies over the TP on simulated precipitation. The results indicated that the model simulation for precipitation over eastern China had certain improvements while applying a more realistic initial snow anomaly, especially for spring precipitation over Northeast China and North China and for summer precipitation over North China and Southeast China. The results suggest that seasonal prediction could be enhanced by using more realistic initial snow conditions over TP, and microwave remote-sensing snow data could be used to initialize climate models and improve the simulation of eastern China precipitation during spring and summer. Further analyses showed that higher snow anomalies over TP cooled the surface, resulting in lower near- surface air temperature over the TP in spring and summer. The surface cooling over TP weakened the Asian summer monsoon and brought more precipitation in South China in spring and more precipitation to Southeast China during summer. 相似文献
5.
Seasonal climate forecasts mainly rely on the atmospheric sensitivity to its lower boundary conditions and on their own predictability.
Besides sea surface temperature (SST), soil moisture (SM) may be an additional source of climate predictability particularly
during boreal summer in the mid-latitudes. In this work, we investigate the role of SM initial conditions on near-surface
climate predictability during ten boreal summer seasons using three complementary ensembles of AMIP-type simulations performed
with the Arpège-Climat atmospheric general circulation model. First we have conducted an assessment of the SM predictability
itself through a comparison of simple empirical SM models with Arpège-Climat. The statistical and dynamical models reveal
similar SM prediction skill patterns but the Arpège-Climat reaches higher scores suggesting that it is at least suitable to
explore the influence of SM initialization on atmospheric predictability. Then we evaluate the relationships between SM predictability
and some near surface atmospheric predictability. While SM initialization obviously improves the predictability of land surface
evaporation, it has no systematic influence on the precipitation and near surface temperature skills. Nevertheless, the summer
hindcast skill is clearly improved during specific years and over certain regions (mainly north America and eastern Europe
in the Arpège-Climat model), when and where the SM forcing is sufficiently widespread and strong. In this case, a significant
impact is also found on the occurrence of heat waves and heavy rains, whose predictability at the seasonal timescale is a
crucial challenge for years to come. 相似文献
6.
The Decadal Shift of the Summer Climate in the Late 1980s over Eastern China and Its Possible Causes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, it is pointed out that a notable decadal shift of, the summer climate in eastern China occurred in the late 1980s. In association with this decadal climate shift, after the late 1980s more precipitation appeared in the southern region of eastern China （namely South China）, the western Pacific subtropical high stretched farther westward with a larger south-north extent, and a strengthened anticyclone at 850 hPa appeared in the northwestern Pacific. The decadal climate shift of the summer precipitation in South China was accompanied with decadal changes of the Eurasian snow cover in boreal spring and sea surface temperature （SST） in western North Pacific in boreal summer in the late 1980s. After the late 1980s, the spring Eurasian snow cover apparently became less and the summer SST in western North Pacific increased obviously, which were well correlated with the increase of the South China precipitation. The physical processes are also investigated on how the summer precipitation in China was affected by the spring Eurasian snow cover and summer SST in western North Pacific. The change of the spring Eurasian snow cover could excite a wave-train in higher latitudes, which lasted from spring to summer. Because of the wave-train, an abnormal high appeared over North China and a weak depression over South China, leading to more precipitation in South China. The increase of the summer SST in the western North Pacific reduced the land-sea thermal contrast and thus weakened the East Asian summer monsoon, also leading to more precipitation in South China. 相似文献
7.
一个海气耦合模式对东亚夏季气候预测潜力的评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用一个具有较高分辨率的海气耦合模式SINTEX-F(Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change coupled GCM)的多年回报结果,评估了该海气耦合模式对东亚区域,尤其是中国地区气候异常的预测潜力.与观测实况的比较结果表明:SINTEX-F模式对夏季降水、500 hPa高度场和地表气温都有一定的预测技巧,但是相比而言降水与高度场的回报技巧要高于地表气温;而且耦合模式对东亚地区气候异常的主要空间分布和年际变化特征也有较好的预测潜力,对500 hPa高度场效果较好;对降水异常的年际变化也有一定的预测潜力,尤其是我国中部地区效果较好,但是模式预测的降水异常的幅值较观测相对偏弱;此外对我国西部的极端气候也有一定的预测潜力. 相似文献
8.
The Argo(Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography) data from 1998 to 2003 were used in the Beijing Climate Center-Global Ocean Data Assimilation System(BCC-GODAS). The results show that the utilization of Argo global ocean data in BCC-GODAS brings about remarkable improvements in assimilation effects. The assimilated sea surface temperature(SST) of BCC-GODAS can well represent the climatological states of observational data. Comparison experiments based on a global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model(AOCGM) were conducted for exploring the roles of ocean data assimilation system with or without Argo data in improving the climate predictability of rainfall in boreal summer. Firstly, the global ocean data assimilation system BCC-GODAS was used to obtain ocean assimilation data under the conditions with or without Argo data. Then, the global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model(AOCGM) was utilized to do hindcast experiments with the two sets of the assimilation data as initial oceanic fields. The simulated results demonstrate that the seasonal predictability of rainfall in boreal summer, particularly in China, increases greatly when initial oceanic conditions with Argo data are utilized. The distribution of summer rainfall in China hindcast by the AOGCM under the condition when Argo data are used is more in accordance with observation than that when no Agro data are used. The area of positive correlation between hindcast and observation enlarges and the hindcast skill of rainfall over China in summer improves significantly when Argo data are used. 相似文献
9.
Both seasonal potential predictability and the impact of SST in the Pacific on the forecast skill over China are investigated by using a 9-level global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP9L-AGCM). For each year during 1970 to 1999, the ensemble consists of seven integrations started from consecutive observational daily atmospheric fields and forced by observational monthly SST. For boreal winter, spring and summer,the variance ratios of the SST-forced variability to the total variability and the differences in the spatial correlation coefficients of seasonal mean fields in special years versus normal years are computed respectively. It follows that there are slightly inter-seasonal differences in the model potential predictability in the Tropics. At northern middle and high latitudes, prediction skill is generally low in spring and relatively high either in summer for surface air temperature and middle and upper tropospheric geopotential height or in winter for wind and precipitation. In general, prediction skill rises notably in western China, especially in northwestern China, when SST anomalies (SSTA) in the Nino-3 region are significant. Moreover,particular attention should be paid to the SSTA in the North Pacific (NP) if one aims to predict summer climate over the eastern part of China, i.e., northeastern China, North China and southeastern China. 相似文献
10.
中国东部夏季气候20世纪80年代后期的年代际转型及其可能成因 总被引：27，自引：7，他引：20
指出了中国东部夏季气候在20世纪80年代末出现了一次明显的年代际气候转型.伴随着这次年代际转型,80年代末以后中国东部南方地区降水明显增多,500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西伸且南北范围变大,西北太平洋上空850 hPa反气旋增强.中国东部夏季80年代后期出现南方多雨的年代际转型与欧亚大陆春季积雪、西北太平洋夏季海面温度的年代际变化存在密切联系,它们也都在80年代末出现年代际转型.从80年代末以后,伴随着欧亚大陆春季积雪明显减少和西北太平洋夏季海面温度明显增高,中国夏季南方降水明显增加.文中分析了欧亚大陆春季积雪和西北太平洋夏季海面温度影响中国降水的物理过程,指出欧亚大陆春季积雪能够在500 hPa激发出大气中的遥相关波列,所激发出的波列可以从春季一直持续到夏季,造成中国北方为高压控制,南方为微弱低压控制,使得降水出现在中国南方.西北太平洋夏季海面温度的升高能够减小海陆热力差异,使得夏季风减弱,导致中国南方地区降水增多. 相似文献
11.
Relative contribution of soil moisture and snow mass to seasonal climate predictability: a pilot study 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Hervé Douville 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(6):797-818
Land surface hydrology (LSH) is a potential source of long-range atmospheric predictability that has received less attention
than sea surface temperature (SST). In this study, we carry out ensemble atmospheric simulations driven by observed or climatological
SST in which the LSH is either interactive or nudged towards a global monthly re-analysis. The main objective is to evaluate
the impact of soil moisture or snow mass anomalies on seasonal climate variability and predictability over the 1986–1995 period.
We first analyse the annual cycle of zonal mean potential (perfect model approach) and effective (simulated vs. observed climate)
predictability in order to identify the seasons and latitudes where land surface initialization is potentially relevant. Results
highlight the influence of soil moisture boundary conditions in the summer mid-latitudes and the role of snow boundary conditions
in the northern high latitudes. Then, we focus on the Eurasian continent and we contrast seasons with opposite land surface
anomalies. In addition to the nudged experiments, we conduct ensembles of seasonal hindcasts in which the relaxation is switched
off at the end of spring or winter in order to evaluate the impact of soil moisture or snow mass initialization. LSH appears
as an effective source of surface air temperature and precipitation predictability over Eurasia (as well as North America),
at least as important as SST in spring and summer. Cloud feedbacks and large-scale dynamics contribute to amplify the regional
temperature response, which is however, mainly found at the lowest model levels and only represents a small fraction of the
observed variability in the upper troposphere. 相似文献
12.
用混合海气耦合模式长期积分的模拟结果, 分析了模式大气的年际变化性; 用1979~1994年间的“回报”个例, 探讨了该模式对ENSO引起的全球气候异常的预报。结果表明:模式能较好地再现与ENSO相关的全球大气环流的年际变化特征; 对预报而言, 模式较高的预报技巧主要分布在热带地区, 全球热带大气具有较稳定的1年左右的可预报时效; 基本上可预报中、高纬地区由ENSO引起的冬、夏季大气环流异常 (包括气温和降水), 超前时间可达9个月至1年。 相似文献
13.
春季欧亚大陆积雪对春夏季南北半球大气质量交换的可能影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文基于春季欧亚雪盖资料与大气再分析资料的奇异值分解(SVD)分析结果,结合数值试验,研究了春季欧亚大陆积雪变化与春、夏季南北半球大气质量交换的联系。研究表明,当春季欧亚积雪异常偏多时,同期欧亚大陆中高纬大范围地区的地面气温异常偏低,这种冷却效应可能持续至夏季,同时,冷空气的堆积造成了欧亚大陆地表气压(气柱大气质量)的增加,并且对应了夏季北半球大气总质量的异常上升,而南半球大气质量却明显下降。分析发现,春季欧亚积雪异常与夏季南北半球际大气质量涛动存在显著的滞后相关,而且前者还与同期及后期包括索马里急流和对流层上部80°E~120°E区域高空急流在内的多处越赤道气流变化联系密切。从数值模拟结果分析发现,以改变春季初始积雪状况作为驱动,欧亚大陆中高纬地区的低层大气环流出现了显著响应,即当积雪增加时,同期及其后夏季地面气温显著降低,并且冷异常区域对应着气柱质量的异常升高。 相似文献
14.
Since the last International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly(2003),predictability studies in China have made significant progress.For dynamic forecasts,two novel approaches of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation and nonlinear local Lyapunov exponents were proposed to cope with the predictability problems of weather and climate,which are superior to the corresponding linear theory.A possible mechanism for the"spring predictability barrier"phenomenon for the El Ni(?)o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)was provided based on a theoretical model.To improve the forecast skill of an intermediate coupled ENSO model,a new initialization scheme was developed,and its applicability was illustrated by hindcast experiments.Using the reconstruction phase space theory and the spatio-temporal series predictive method, Chinese scientists also proposed a new approach to improve dynamical extended range(monthly)prediction and successfully applied it to the monthly-scale predictability of short-term climate variations.In statistical forecasts,it was found that the effects of sea surface temperature on precipitation in China have obvious spatial and temporal distribution features,and that summer precipitation patterns over east China are closely related to the northern atmospheric circulation.For ensemble forecasts,a new initial perturbation method was used to forecast heavy rain in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces on 8 June 1998.Additionally, the ensemble forecast approach was also used for the prediction of a tropical typhoons.A new downscaling model consisting of dynamical and statistical methods was provided to improve the prediction of the monthly mean precipitation.This new downsealing model showed a relatively higher score than the issued operational forecast. 相似文献
15.
Impact of snow initialization on sub-seasonal forecasts 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Y. J. Orsolini R. Senan G. Balsamo F. J. Doblas-Reyes F. Vitart A. Weisheimer A. Carrasco R. E. Benestad 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(7-8):1969-1982
The influence of the snowpack on wintertime atmospheric teleconnections has received renewed attention in recent years, partially for its potential impact on seasonal predictability. Many observational and model studies have indicated that the autumn Eurasian snow cover in particular, influences circulation patterns over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. We have performed a suite of coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble forecast system to investigate the impact of accurate snow initialisation. Pairs of 2-month ensemble forecasts were started every 15 days from the 15th of October through the 1st of December in the years 2004–2009, with either realistic initialization of snow variables based on re-analyses, or else with “scrambled” snow initial conditions from an alternate autumn date and year. Initially, in the first 15 days, the presence of a thicker snowpack cools surface temperature over the continental land masses of Eurasia and North America. At a longer lead of 30-day, it causes a warming over the Arctic and the high latitudes of Eurasia due to an intensification and westward expansion of the Siberian High. It also causes a cooling over the mid-latitudes of Eurasia, and lowers sea level pressures over the Arctic. This “warm Arctic—cold continent” difference means that the forecasts of near-surface temperature with the more realistic snow initialization are in closer agreement with re-analyses, reducing a cold model bias over the Arctic and a warm model bias over mid-latitudes. The impact of realistic snow initialization upon the forecast skill in snow depth and near-surface temperature is estimated for various lead times. Following a modest skill improvement in the first 15 days over snow-covered land, we also find a forecast skill improvement up to the 30-day lead time over parts of the Arctic and the Northern Pacific, which can be attributed to the realistic snow initialization over the land masses. 相似文献
16.
A set of global atmospheric simulations has been performed with the ARPEGE-Climat model in order to quantify the contribution of realistic snow conditions to seasonal atmospheric predictability in addition to that of a perfect sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. The focus is on the springtime boreal hemisphere where the combination of a significant snow cover variability and an increasing solar radiation favour the potential snow influence on the surface energy budget. The study covers the whole 1950?C2000 period through the use of an original snow mass reanalysis based on an off-line land surface model and possibly constrained by satellite snow cover observations. Two ensembles of 10-member AMIP-type experiments have been first performed with relaxed versus free snow boundary conditions. The nudging towards the monthly snow mass reanalysis significantly improves both potential and actual predictability of springtime surface air temperature over Central Europe and North America. Yet, the impact is confined to the lower troposphere and there is no clear improvement in the predictability of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Further constraining the prescribed snow boundary conditions with satellite observations does not change much the results. Finally, using the snow reanalysis only for initializing the model on March 1st also leads to a positive impact on predicted low-level temperatures but with a weaker amplitude and persistence. A conditional skill approach as well as some selected case studies provide some guidelines for interpreting these results and suggest that an underestimated snow cover variability and a misrepresentation of ENSO teleconnections may hamper the benefit of an improved snow initialization in the ARPEGE-Climat model. 相似文献
17.
18.
我国近年来短期气候预测研究的若干进展 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
回顾了近年来我国短期气候预测研究的若干进展,主要是在中国科学院大气物理研究所完成的以气候模式为基础的短期气候预测方面工作.第一个基于气候数值模式开展短期气候预测试验的是曾庆存等人,他们所采用的是IAP AGCM耦合一个热带太平洋环流模式(OGCM);1997年,基于耦合气候模式基础上的ENSO预测系统建立起来;同时开展了东亚区气候可预测性研究;利用气候变动的准两年信号提出了对模式预测结果进行有效修正的方案;为了考虑初始土壤湿度异常对夏季气候的影响,建立了气象变量和土壤湿度的经验关系;还系统地研究了1998年海面温度异常和大气春季异常对夏季气候(特别是发生于中国的大水)预测的影响. 相似文献
19.
BCC二代气候系统模式的季节预测评估和可预报性分析 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
本文利用国家气候中心（BCC）第二代季节预测模式系统历史回报数据,从确定性预报和概率预报两个方面系统地评估了该模式对气温、降水和大气环流的季节预报性能,并与BCC一代气候预测模式的结果进行了对比,重点分析了二代模式的季节可预报性问题。结果显示,BCC二代模式对全球气温、降水和环流的预报性能整体上优于一代模式,特别在热带中东太平洋、印度洋和海洋大陆地区的温度和降水的预报效果改进尤为明显。这些热带地区降水预报的改进,可以通过激发太平洋—北美型（PNA）、东亚—太平洋型（EAP）等遥相关波列提升该模式在中高纬地区的季节预报技巧。分析表明,厄尔尼诺和南方涛动（ENSO）信号在热带和热带外地区均是模式季节可预报性的重要来源,BCC二代模式能够较好把握全球大气环流对ENSO信号的响应特征,从而通过对ENSO预报技巧的改进有效地提升了模式整体的预报性能。从概率预报来看,BCC二代模式对我国冬季气温和夏季降水具备一定的预报能力,特别是对我国东部大部分地区冬季气温正异常和负异常事件预报的可靠性和辨析度相对较高。因此,进一步提高模式对热带大尺度异常信号和大气主要模态的预报能力、加强概率预报产品释用对提高季节气候预测水平具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
有关南半球大气环流与东亚气候的关系研究的若干新进展 总被引：14，自引：15，他引：14
南半球大气环流是全球大气环流的重要组成部分,也是影响气候变化和亚洲季风系统的一个重要因素.中国气象学家很早就注意到南半球大气环流对东亚夏季风降水的影响.近年来,有关南半球气候变率的研究目前正受到世界气象学家越来越多的关注.南半球中高纬大气资料的丰富及南极涛动的确定,使得认识南半球高中纬环流的年际变动规律及其与东亚气候关系成为可能.本文主要介绍近年来有关南极涛动的年际变化与沙尘天气发生频次及东亚冬春季气候的关系,古气候资料揭示的南极涛动与华北降水的关系,以及南半球大气环流与长江中下游夏季降水的关系和南极涛动变率的可预测性等方面的研究进展.并对未来研究方向作了初步的展望. 相似文献