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1.
华北两次副高边缘暴雨过程卫星云图释用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用实况探空资料与FY 2C、2E卫星探测资料,对2005年8月16日、2010年8月20—21日两次西太副高与西风槽共同作用下出现的华北暴雨过程进行分析,将两次过程卫星云图与各种物理要素场的配置进行对比,得到以下结果。两次过程云系均表现为典型的锋面云系特征,靠近冷空气一侧云带边界光滑整齐。从结构上看,锋面云带主要由多层云系组成。整个云系位于高空槽前580 dagpm线与副高外围588 dagpm线之间;降水云带由对流云团、稳定性降水云带及混合性降水云带3部分组成,对流云团集中发展在云带靠近副高边缘晴空区一侧,通常位于在584 dagpm线与588 dagpm线之间靠近副高一侧;稳定性降水集中高空槽前,即云带后部,580 dagpm线与584 dagpm线之间;混合性降水位于两个云系之间,多产生于584 dagpm线附近。云系的分布与各层的垂直速度场、涡度场、散度场,以及中高层的涡度平流场有很好的对应关系。比湿通量、比湿通量散度与假相当位温等温湿参量的分布特征,清楚的解释了锋面云带的移动、发展和分布特征。 相似文献
2.
副高外围对流雨带中的对流—对称不稳定及锋生的诊断分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
对2009年8月25日西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）西北外围对流雨带的云图特征进行了分析,利用WRF3.3中尺度模式对对流雨带的发生发展进行了数值模拟,在模拟较成功的基础上,利用模式输出结果分析了对流雨带发生时的对称不稳定、对流不稳定、惯性不稳定以及锋生等。结果表明：副高外围对流雨带由若干具有一定间隔的对流单体构成,单体在随对流层中层气流的移动中逐渐发展直至消亡。对流雨带的西北侧为宽广的带状斜压云系,东南侧为副高控制的晴空区。对流雨带发生于对流层低层（700 hPa以下）的对称不稳定区,700～500 hPa存在对流不稳定和弱的惯性不稳定。随着对流的发展,700～500 hPa的对流不稳定度明显减弱,而惯性不稳定明显加强。对流层低层为倾斜上升区,中高层为垂直上升区,左侧对应下沉气流,呈现明显的倾斜对流和垂直对流的混和特征,体现了对流—对称不稳定的作用。对流层低层（750 hPa以下）锋生的存在提供了对流—对称不稳定能量释放的有利条件。对流雨带与500～800 hPa等厚度线基本平行,而与500 hPa等高线存在明显的交角,雨带中的对流单体随环境气流移动,雨带符合与对称不稳定相联系的带状降水特征。上述结论对实际预报副高外围对流雨带的位置和走向具有指示意义。 相似文献
3.
Summary ?This paper describes a numerical study of the major spiral rainband in typhoon Flo (1990) using the Meteorological Research
Institute Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model (MRI-NHM). The effects of precipitation schemes and horizontal resolution on the
representation of the simulated rainband are discussed.
Dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the simulated major rainband to the north of the storm center are well represented
in the model with a 5 km horizontal resolution. The structures are consistent with observational results reported for other
tropical cyclones. Among the realistic features are: a cold pool and convergence on the inner side of the band; convergence
above low-level inflow layers; and the outward slope of the updraft with height. The band is caused by the motion of the storm
through its surroundings where horizontal wind has vertical shear.
The simulation of the structure and precipitation pattern associated with the major rainband depends on the precipitation
scheme rather than the horizontal resolution. The band appears more realistic when using explicit cloud microphysics as a
precipitation scheme, rather than moist convective adjustment. This result is attributable to the difference in scheme triggering.
In the simulation with moist convective adjustment, the elimination of vertical instability in low-level atmosphere is excessive,
suppressing band formation. The overall structure of the band is also more realistic in the simulation using explicit cloud
microphysics, because a cold pool exists in the lower layers and the vertical axis of upward flow tilts outward. This result
suggests that prediction will partly depend on variables associated with cloud microphysics, such as the mixing ratio of cloud
water.
The horizontal grid distance, which varied between 5 and 20 km, quantitatively influenced the rainfall amount, although the
large-scale band structure remained unchanged. The rainfall amount increased as the grid interval was reduced from 20 to 10-km
but decreased as the interval was further reduced from 10 to 5 km.
Received March 20, 2001; revised August 20, 2001 相似文献
4.
本文利用实况探空资料和风云2C、2D卫星探测资料,对2014年7月西太平洋副高与西风带低槽共同作用下长江流域出现的三次暴雨过程进行分析,将三次过程卫星云图以及各种物理要素场配置进行对比,得到以下结论。云系表现为典型的梅雨锋云系特征,云系位于高空槽前580线与副高外围588线之间。降水云带由对流云团、稳定性降水云团及混合性降水云带三部分组成。梅雨锋中的MCC云团十分活跃。随着云团最强对流的逐渐减弱,云团面积迅速膨胀,并持续数小时后很快减小,强降水主要发生在云团发展和成熟期中。强降水还与对流有关,降水强度总体上跟TBB强度呈反相关,TBB越低降水越强。梅雨锋云系的分布与各层的垂直速度场、涡度场、散度场有很好的对应关系,与中高层的涡度平流场也有较好的对应关系,云带总体位置与上升运动区、低层辐合和高层辐散区、正涡度平流区位置近乎重叠。比湿通量、比湿通量散度和假相当位温等温湿参量的分布特征能很好锋面云带的移动、发展和分布特征。 相似文献
5.
在华南北部或长江流域有锋面雨带活动时,华南沿海常常会出现对流性强降水,突发性很强,给预报造成很大的困惑。文章采用多种观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°逐6 h再分析资料,对2017年6月15～16日华南北部的锋面雨带及沿海强降雨过程开展分析,对比了二者降水特征与环境条件,重点探讨了该次过程华南沿海强降雨的对流触发与维持,揭示了一种由边界层风切变强迫造成涡度持续发展的动力效应。结果表明:（1）锋面雨带与华南沿海强降雨在降水特征上有显著差异,并各有特点。锋面雨带以大尺度层状云降水和弱对流性降水为主,降水强度东段弱西段强。沿海强降雨以对流性降水为主,局地性强、落区集中、强降雨持续时间长、夜发性明显。（2）水汽方程诊断发现沿海强降雨在边界层水平水汽平流项、垂直水汽输送项比锋面雨带东段具有更大量级,大气层结反映出更深厚的暖层、湿层与对流不稳定,是二者降水强度及性质差异的主要原因。（3）莲花山、峨眉嶂造成气流侧向摩擦与正面阻挡促使漯河河谷内垂直涡度发展,暖湿空气堆积上升并达到自由对流高度,触发了华南沿海最初的降水。夜间建立的西南风急流使边界层垂直风速切变增强,水平涡度倾斜部分转化为垂直涡度发展,与风速水平切变造成的垂直涡度叠加,是强降雨持续时间长的动力机制。海陆边界摩擦差异造成水平、垂直两个方向的风切变增强,共同强迫垂直涡度发展是此次强降雨过程对流维持的动力效应。（4）
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An acoustic echo sounder situated in downtown Toronto has been used to detect convective plumes in the planetary boundary layer and to measure, by means of the Doppler effect, the vertical air motions associated with them. The plumes observed were the order of 390 m in horizontal extent, were detectable to a height of about 400 m, and were characterized by peak upward velocities in excess of 1 m s?1. The sounder measurements are shown to be consistent with surface meteorological parameters, and suggest that free convection over an urban area of considerable surface roughness and non‐uniformity is not greatly different from that over uniform land surfaces or water. 相似文献
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9.
Cloud Microphysical Budget Associated with Torrential Rainfall During the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006) 
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下载免费PDF全文 WANG Donghai LIU Ying ZHU Ping YIN Jinfang LI Xiaofan TAO Wei-Kuo 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(2):263-272
Effects of vertical wind shear, radiation, and ice clouds on cloud microphysical budget associated with torrential rainfall during landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated by using a series of analysis of two-day grid-scale sensitivity experiment data. When upper-tropospheric upward motions and lower-tropospheric downward motions occur on 15 July 2006, the removal of vertical wind shear and ice clouds increases rainfall contributions from the rainfall type (CM) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence, whereas the exclusion of cloud radiative effects and cloud-radiation interaction reduces rainfall contribution from CM. The elimination of vertical wind shear and cloud-radiation interaction increases rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (Cm) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence, but the removal of cloud radiative effects and ice clouds decreases rainfall contribution from Cm. The enhancements in rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (cM) associated with negative net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence are caused by the exclusion of cloud radiative effects, cloud-radiation interaction and ice clouds, whereas the reduction in rainfall contribution from cM results from the removal of vertical wind shear. When upward motions appear throughout the troposphere on 16 July, the exclusion of all these effects increases rainfall contribution from CM, but generally decreases rainfall contributions from Cm and cM. 相似文献
10.
Hongrong SHI Hongbin CHEN Xiang&# ao XIA Xuehua FAN Jinqiang ZHANG Jun LI Chao LING 《大气科学进展》2017,34(6):783-790
Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus(SCu) clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km.Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion(~2.9℃). Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio(high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux), which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus. 相似文献
11.
Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China. 相似文献
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The structure of radar echo in stratiform cloud which was found in mei-yu frontal cloud system is generally inhomogeneous, especially in the structure of bright band echoes. The inhomogeneous structure of warm region in stratiform cloud and the shower feature of precipitation are closely related to the inhomogeneous structure of bright band and convective cells embedded in stratiform cloud.During Summer time the mei-yu cloud system is an important precipitating system in the southern part of China. To study its structure is of great significance for weather forecast and understanding the physical processes of cloud and precipitation. Therefore, we have observed mei-yu frontal cloud system by use of 711 type radar (3 cm) and airplane at Tunxi, Anhui Province since 1979. It was found that the structure of stratiform cloud, especially the structure of its warm region appears to be inhomogeneous1),2). This is a significant feature of cloud structure in mei-yu frontal cloud system. In this paper, we shall further analyse this inhomogeneous structure of stratiform cloud and study its effect on the precipitation. 相似文献
14.
梅雨锋云带内α-中尺度对流系统周边水汽风的分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用准静止卫星水汽图像导出的风 (简称为水汽风 )分析东亚梅雨锋云带内中尺度对流系统 (MCS)在对流层上层的流出通道。结果表明梅雨锋云带内MCS有二类流出通道。一类MCS在对流层上层呈现为一个中尺度反气旋。MCS的东部有一支中尺度高空急流 ,这支中尺度高空急流向东流出后转向南 ,流入 2 0°N附近的南亚东风急流内 ,是MCS在对流层上层的主要流出通道。另一类MCS发生在中纬度西风急流的南侧。中纬度西风与MCS南部的偏东北风构成一个反气旋环流带。MCS前方的流出通道 (中尺度高空急流 )是中纬度西风急流的一个中尺度分支。梅雨锋云带内垂直方向水平风速切变小于 1m/ (s·10 0hPa) ,垂直方向“不通风”有利于云带内MCS的维持。初步分析验证了以前数值模拟得到的中尺度高空急流及其流出通道。 相似文献
15.
为进一步研究闪电活动特征,利用ADTD闪电定位资料、静止气象卫星葵花八号等气象资料,对2016年7月20日一次强对流天气过程中的闪电活动进行分析,探讨闪电活动与LAPS云分析场的关系,探索地闪资料在LAPS云分析中的应用。结果表明,地闪活动集中区域对应着强降水区,降水峰值与闪电活动峰值为重合的现象;大部分闪电发生处于对流云系影响范围之内且对应了中高层次的云顶性质;在LAPS云分析场中地闪活动频繁的区域,云柱更为厚实且出现了更为强烈的上升运动,水汽也更为充沛,闪电活动与积雨云的对应关系不仅可以反向验证卫星反演的云分类产品,也可以对LAPS三维云场进行订正和调整,并作为多源数据融合云分析的补充资料。 相似文献
16.
This paper examines the springtime cloud properties in the Taiwan Strait (TS), with emphases on their dependence on synoptic controls and local processes, using a suite of in situ and remote sensing observations. Cloud properties in the TS are inferred from a combination of MODIS and in situ observations and further classified into two synoptic conditions: continental cold air surge and frontal system. The study reveals a predominance of synoptic-scale controls in regulating the cloud properties in the TS. The sensitivity of clouds to the local thermodynamic mechanisms as well as the underlying surface conditions is fundamentally dependent on synoptic-scale flow patterns. The springtime clouds over the TS are commonly a mixture of stratocumulus and alto clouds. More precisely, there is a preponderance of stratocumulus over the strait. A preferential occupancy of stratiform alto clouds is recognized during cold air surge, whereas vertical development of cloud layers (mostly the stratocumulus) is commonly observed with frontal passage. The most distinct difference between the local clouds formation associated with the two synoptic conditions is the suppression of very low cloud and fog along with cold air surge. Stratus clouds and fog are present within the northward prefrontal airflow from warmer to colder water sites, along with an increase in stability relating to lower altitudes of boundary layer clouds. Although the rainfall occurrences are about the same for both synoptic conditions, the frontal rain amounts are larger on average. 相似文献
17.
利用河北省中南部地区皇寺国家观测站布设的毫米波云雷达、微雨雷达结合飞机等联合观测数据，对2019年2 月14日河北中南部地区一次冷锋降雪云系微物理演变特征进行分析，探讨雷达回波与冰雪晶粒子微结构的关系，以便更好地认识该地区自然降雪的宏微观结构特征。研究结果表明：降雪初生阶段表现为双层云结构，中云云顶高约4100 m，云底高约3600 m，低云云顶高约3100 m，云底高约200 m，中间存在一干层，3000 m以下高度粒子增长以凇附过程为主。降雪发展阶段上下两层云相接，雷达回波强度较强的时段地面降水量也较大，该时段降雪过程主要以凝华〖CD*2〗聚并增长为主。降雪后期回波强度最大值减小，云顶高降低，3000 m以下高度范围内回波强度、多普勒速度、谱宽随高度降低呈增大趋势；飞机观测结果显示，降雪消散阶段逆温层底部由于水云云层较薄，催化潜力较小,冰雪晶粒子主要位于云的中上部，随着高度降低，冰雪晶粒子在下落过程中增大，与雷达观测结果一致，毫米波云雷达和微雨雷达反射率因子随高度变化与降水粒子有效粒径之间相关系数分别为0.89和0.83, 雷达反射率因子主要受冰雪晶等大尺度粒子主导。 相似文献
18.
加密外场试验可提供云降水物理过程新的数据。2014年7月1日—8月31日,第3次青藏高原大气科学试验项目组在那曲开展了水汽、云和降水的综合观测,使用了中国最先进的Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Ku波段微降水雷达、C波段连续波雷达和激光雷达,并配以微波辐射计、雨滴谱仪等设备,获取了高时空分辨率的云和降水宏微观垂直结构特征数据;利用C波段双线偏振雷达与新一代天气雷达配对,进行双多普勒雷达观测,获取青藏高原对流云三维风场和降水粒子相态的结构和演变数据。文中简单介绍了本次试验的情况,并利用这次观测的云雷达数据对那曲地区夏季云的云顶和云底高度、云厚、云量、云层数等特征的日变化进行了初步统计分析,对不同类型云的宏观特征进行了讨论。结果表明:本次外场试验首次成功获取到了多种雷达的云观测数据。那曲地区夏季云主要集中在6 km(距地面高度,下同)以上和4 km以下;总云量、高云的云顶、云量和云厚等云的统计参数有明显的日变化,10时(北京时)为云发展最弱的时段,20时云发展最为旺盛;初生的积云和层云常常出现在3 km高度上,这一高度上常常存在明显的上升气流;深对流系统高度可达16.5 km,同时存在上升气流和下沉气流,对流中可能存在过冷水。这些数据和初步结果为进一步开展高原云和降水机理、云和降水物理过程参数化方案研究及卫星反演结果的订正提供了基础。 相似文献
19.
为了进一步研究地形对华北暴雨的影响,本文从云微物理学的角度出发,选取了2005年7月22～24日的一次华北暴雨过程为研究对象,利用中尺度数值模式ARPS,通过地形高度敏感性试验,详细讨论了地形高度变化对流场、云及降水微物理过程的影响.结果表明:地形高度变化对水平和垂直流场的大小和分布都有较大影响;地形高度增加有利于迎风坡附近水平风场辐合和垂直上升运动发展,这对云的垂直和水平发展影响都很大,尤其是对中高层云的发展影响最明显,并且能明显扩大地面降水的分布范围,地面最大降水量也有所增多.这主要是由于地形高度增加后能促进中高层云水的产生,尤其是零度层之上的过冷云水含量的增多,这大大促进了冰相粒子(雪和霰)的增多,从而使得以冷云过程为主的此次降水过程中,冰相粒子融化形成的雨水含量增多.虽然地形高度的增加会抑制云系发展前期的暖云过程,但对冷云过程有持续加强作用,而且不会明显改变云内降水的形成机制,冷云过程依然是降水的最大贡献项,总体上促进了云和降水的发展. 相似文献
20.
高空西风急流和低空南风急流中的冷锋环流 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
文中利用原始方程模式研究了不同背景风场中的冷锋环流，计算结果显示，对越锋非地转环流和锋区垂直运动起主要作用的是垂直于锋面的背景风场，沿锋的背景风场也有影响，但比前者小得多，后者产生的越锋非地转环流和上升速度也比前者弱得多；具有强垂直切变的西风急流更有利于在锋区产生强的越锋环流和大的上升速度；此外，越锋非地转环流还与Richardson数的小值区相联系。 相似文献