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1.
《Ore Geology Reviews》2009,35(4):521-532
More than 190 occurrences of bauxitic–lateritic deposits were investigated in seven areas within the Zagros Simply Folded Mountain Belt in southwestern of Iran. The bauxitic horizons are situated in eroded major NW–SE trending anticlines and occur in karst cavities near or at the boundary between the Sarvak and Ilam Formations. Uplift in the Cenomanian–Turanian period had exposed the Sarvak limestone to karst weathering and, during a period of unconformity, layers of ferruginous–argillaceous limestone debris developed and accumulated on its surface. The ferruginous–argillaceous debris was partly converted to bauxite. Folding and faulting in Oligocene–Miocene time, with ensuing erosion, exposed the bauxitic horizons on the limbs and cores of anticlines. The karst bauxite deposits are probably of authigenic origin, as evidenced by their lithologic associations, textural and mineralogy.  相似文献   

2.
The Lebanese crustal segment is part of a much larger carbonate platform deposited along the northwestern margin of the Arabian Plate, in the eastern Mediterranean region. It is made up mainly of Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Most of this stratigraphic sequence is exposed in the Nahr Ibrahim canyon and surrounding areas in central Lebanon. The various formations, from the oldest unit (the Lower Jurassic Kesrouane Formation) to the Upper Cretaceous Chekka Formation, are made up of different types of carbonate rocks including micritic limestone, medium‐ to coarse‐grained dolostone, biomicritic (chalk), biosparrudite limestone, micritic dolostone, pelmicrite, marl and marly limestone. Results of this first chemical investigation on the Lebanese carbonate platform show that the micritic limestone of the Kesrouane Formation is relatively enriched in Ca, Na and Sc, and has low rare‐earth element (REE) contents. The marl units of the Hammana Formation are enriched in Al, Fe, K, Ti, Rb, Ga, Nb, U, Th and REE. The chalk of the Chekka Formation shows the highest phosphorus content. A significant increase in P and Sr contents with time (from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous carbonate units) characterizes the Lebanese sequence; this is interpreted to be related to a possible increase in continental weathering rates during the Mesozoic. Enrichment in Ni, Ti and Nb in some formations is interpreted to be linked to Mesozoic volcanism in central Lebanon. The Cretaceous formations are subdivided according to their REE patterns into two distinct groups: limestones (Mdairej, Sannine and Maameltain formations) which are depleted in REE; and marl/chalk (Hammana and Chekka formations) which are significantly enriched in REE. On several geochemical variation diagrams, such as the K–Ti–P triangular plot, the Lebanese Mesozoic carbonate formations are found to occupy distinct compositional fields. Thus, carbonate geochemistry could prove to be a powerful tool (especially when combined with petrographic data) in characterizing and correlating carbonate formations (chemical stratigraphy), particularly in regions where field evidence may be limited. Results of this study have significant implications for the entire carbonate platform that covers a large part of the eastern Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
在西藏自治区北部区域地质调查过程中 ,在班戈地层分区的下白垩统郎山组之上发现一套厚约 180 0 m的滨海—浅海相碳酸盐岩、陆源细碎屑岩岩石组合 ,该套组合不属于郎山组定义之内 ,且出露良好、层序稳定、标志清楚、厚度巨大、化石丰富 ,并具有很强的可填图性。因此 ,我们将整合于郎山组之上 ,岩性以杂色微—薄层状钙质泥岩、钙质 (粉 )砂岩与泥质生物灰岩的韵律产出为特征 ,产圆笠虫、腹足类、双壳类等化石的地层命名为康曲组 ;将整合于康曲组之上 ,下部以灰—深灰色中薄层状泥质生物灰岩、圆笠虫泥晶灰岩、钙质泥岩等韵律出现为特征 ,上部以灰色中—厚层状含硅质结核圆笠虫泥晶灰岩、圆笠虫泥晶灰岩夹灰绿色薄层状钙质砂岩为特征 ,富含圆笠虫、腕足类、腹足类、双壳类及海胆等化石的地层定名为余穷组。时代均置于早白垩世晚期  相似文献   

4.
云南兰坪中排李子坪铅锌矿矿床成因   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
孔云丽  戚林坤 《云南地质》2009,28(3):275-279
铅锌矿产于下白垩统景星组下段泥质粉砂岩、钙质砂岩和中侏罗统花开左组上段砂岩夹薄层泥灰岩介壳灰岩中,脉状、透镜状、层状、似层状等产出。NNE向断裂的交叉夹持部位的旁侧派生次级断裂及层间破碎带是主要容矿构造,矿床成因为沉积-中低温热液改造构造控矿型。  相似文献   

5.
西藏日喀则群昂仁组时代问题新资料   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
昂仁组是一套复理石和类复理石沉积,含晚白垩世土伦期的菊石Mammites[1,2],但因未发现直接的上覆地层和化石稀少而不能肯定是否还包括晚于土伦期或至早第三纪的沉积[1,3]。1980年,笔者在昂仁、萨噶一带的昂仁组中采到瓣鳃、腹足化石;我局区调队在仲巴县错江顶一带,发现连续沉积于昂仁组之上,整合于下第三系之下一套含Masstrichtian期菊石(Sphenodiscus)的杂色地层。本文报道这一发现和对昂仁组时代问题的认识(图1)。  相似文献   

6.
浙江江山砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩的成因   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
浙江江山地区砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩的结构构造及其形成机理复杂多样,一般可划分出五种岩石类型,即压扁瘤状泥灰岩、揉皱角砾状泥灰岩、压溶瘤状灰岩、干裂角砾状灰岩和粗砾屑灰岩。瘤状灰岩形成于碳酸盐台地浅水部位,水体为半浑浊。其发育程度及其层位的区域变化规律表明,泥质浑水系来自海盆东侧的华夏古陆。  相似文献   

7.
Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2+ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.  相似文献   

8.
一八九四年弗拉斯法(Frasch process)采硫成功之后,自然硫产量一直处于上升之势,从而改变了世界硫源结构的面貌。我国自然硫矿床研究较晚。近年由山东省地质矿产局一队发现,九队进行工作的汶蒙凹陷带中规模巨大的沉积型自然硫矿床,不仅填补了我国的空白,而且对该类矿床的成矿理论及国民经济建设均具有重要意义。  相似文献   

9.
The present study focuses on the Late Cretaceous Bidgol bauxite deposit in the Zagros Simply Fold Belt, SW Iran. The orebody is located in the eroded major NW–SE trending Koh-e-Hosseyn anticline and hosted as discontinuous stratified layers and lenses within the upper member of the Cenomanian–Turonian Sarvak Formation. Detailed mineralogical analysis reveals that diaspore, hematite, goethite, anatase, clinochlore, chamosite, and calcite are the major mineral components accompanied by minor amounts of detrital and REE-bearing minerals such as rutile, zircon and parisite. The ore texture suggest that the bauxite material has an authigenic origin but in some parts it has been transported short distances from a primary in situ environment and redeposited in karstic depressions. The spheroidal pisolites of the Bidgol bauxite formed under conditions of low water activity, favouring the formation of large diaspore cores and a single dry-to-wet climatic fluctuation. The mass change calculations relative to the immobile element Ti show that elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, K, Na and Sr are leached out of the weathered system; Al, Ni, Zr, Ga, Cr and Ba are concentrated in the residual system; and Hf, Ta, Co, Rb, Cs, Be, and U are relatively immobile during the bauxitisation processes. The Nb, Th, Y, V, Sc, Sn and ΣREE are relatively immobile in the initial stage of bauxitisation processes in the bauxite ores, but were slightly mobile at the later stage of bauxitisation. Geochemical data reveal progressive enrichment of the REE and intense LREE/HREE fractionation toward the lower parts of the bauxite profile. Cerium behaves differently from the other REEs (especially LREE) and show positive anomalies in the upper horizons that gradually become negative in the deeper parts of the profile. The distribution and fractionation of trace elements and REEs during the bauxitisation process in the Bidgol deposit are mainly controlled by the presence of REE-bearing minerals, fluctuations in soil solution pH, REE ionization potential and the presence of bicarbonates or organic matter. Geochemical analyses confirm a protolith contribution from the bedrock argillaceous limestone and suggest that the source material for the Bidgol bauxite was provided from a siliciclastic material derived from a continental margin. The mid-Turonian uplift led to the formation of karstic topography, rubbly breccia and a layer of ferruginous–argillaceous debris that was affected by lateritic weathering under humid tropical climate. Subsequently, mobile elements are removed from the profiles, while Al, Fe and Ti are enriched, resulting in the formation of the pristine bauxite materials. When the platform subsided into the water again, the pristine bauxitic materials were partly converted to bauxite. During the exposure of bauxite orebodies on the limbs and crests of anticlines and subsequent eroding and accumulation in the karstic depressions during folding and faulting in Oligocene–Miocene, important factors such as intensity of the weathering, drainage and floating flow may have improved the qualities of the bauxite ores.  相似文献   

10.
贵州修文小山坝铝土矿中稀土元素地球化学特征   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
前人已经积累了大量贵州铝土矿的研究成果,但关于铝土矿与其中稀土元素的关系至今不清。本研究以修文小山坝铝土矿为例,通过ICP-MS分析测试,研究了矿石和围岩的稀土元素组成。结果表明,矿石中稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集向右倾斜型,具明显Eu负异常,与下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩稀土特征参数和配分模式相似,指出该矿床成矿物质来源以下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩为主,在相对氧化环境下经风化作用成矿。矿床中稀土元素主要富集于矿体及其周围,与Al2O3含量具正相关关系。矿石中稀土元素含量大多达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。  相似文献   

11.
Bauxite deposits are widespread in NW Sardinia. They formed during the middle Cretaceous, in consequence of a period of emergence of the Mesozoic carbonate shelf. In the Nurra area the geometries derived by the Middle Cretaceous tectonic phases controlled the ore typologies. Two bauxite profiles, laying on different bedrocks, were sampled. The bauxitization proceeded from the surface downward, with the accumulation of Al2O3 and residual ‘immobile’ elements (Al, Ti, HFSE), and corresponding mobility and loss of SiO2 and Fe2O3. Epigenetic kaolinite formed close to faults and joints, probably as a result of silicification, introduced by low temperature hydrothermal solutions. Rare earth elements, especially LREE, are concentrated in Fe-rich bauxite horizons, probably due to scavenging by goethite. REE-enrichment is not observed in the boehmite-rich horizons. Very high REE contents are observed in a Fe-depleted horizon due to the occurrence of REE accessory minerals, probably of the bastnäsite group. Conservative indices, including TiO2/Al2O3 and Ti/Cr ratios, and Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*), suggest that the deposits formed by weathering of sediments derived from mafic rocks of the Hercynian basement. This, in turn, implies that the basement was exposed during middle Cretaceous.  相似文献   

12.
本文以丘北大铁铝土矿含铝岩系为研究对象, 通过ICP-MS分析测试, 研究了含铝岩系与下伏灰岩、玄武岩的稀土元素特征。研究结果表明, 丘北大铁铝土矿含铝岩系稀土配分模式曲线为向右倾斜的曲线, 与下伏马平组、黄龙组灰岩的稀土配分曲线相似, 而与峨眉山组玄武岩的稀土配分曲线相差较大; 灰岩具有较明显的Ce负异常和Eu负异常, 部分铝土矿和铁铝质岩具明显的Ce正异常和较明显的Eu负异常, 而多数铝土矿、铁铝质岩和铝质粘土岩则无明显的Ce、Eu异常。含铝岩系的稀土元素特征, 反映出其成矿物质来源于下伏灰岩而非玄武岩, 同时也反映出铝土矿的成矿物质来源于风化壳, 成矿物质搬运距离较近, 与海水的水合作用不甚明显。  相似文献   

13.
Limestone–marl alternations are usually directly interpreted to reflect cyclic palaeoenvironmental signals. However, uncertainty in such interpretations stems from the differential diagenesis that most limestone–marl alternations have undergone. Differential diagenesis results in markedly different alterations between limestones and marls and in the loss of comparability of many measurable parameters. For an unequivocal interpretation of the origin of rhythmic alternations, diagenetically robust parameters or parameters that clearly indicate the degree of diagenetic bias are required. The present study uses a multiproxy approach (independent biotic, sedimentary and geochemical parameters) in order to unravel the palaeoenvironmental signal recorded in Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) limestone–marl alternations from the Blake‐Bahama Basin (DSDP site 391). Using this approach, terrestrial and marine influences can be distinguished, changes in nutrient levels estimated and prediagenetic differences in the non‐carbonate fraction constrained. Surprisingly, no systematic variations in any of these parameters were observed between limestone and marl layers, implying that none of these was directly responsible for the formation of the rhythmic alternation. Hence, none of the current models of sedimentary formation of limestone–marl rhythmites is applicable here. Calcareous nannofossils are equally well preserved in limestone and marl layers, ruling out their dissolution in marl layers as a source of the calcite cement in the limestone beds. Sr values of 700–900 p.p.m. indicate that aragonite may have been present in the original, pelagic sediment. The assumption of fine‐grained sedimentary aragonite imported from nearby carbonate platforms as the source of the cement would explain a number of otherwise enigmatic features in these rhythmites, including the source of the calcite cement observed in the limestones, the equally good preservation of calcareous nannofossils in limestones and marls and the higher concentration of calcareous nannofossils in marl layers. The study demonstrates that examination of diagenetically inert parameters or parameters in which diagenetic effects can be filtered can yield unexpected results. Clearly, careful analysis of such parameters needs to be undertaken in order to make reliable palaeoenvironmental interpretations from rhythmite successions.  相似文献   

14.
湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩特征及生烃模式   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
据野外露头观察和采样分析,湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩以泥质灰岩、泥灰岩和石灰岩为主,生油母质以偏泥型为主,烃源岩的沉积厚度大、分布范围广,并具有有机碳丰度高、样品达标率高、热演化程度高的"三高"特点。在对碳酸盐岩烃源岩热演化研究的基础上总结出生烃模式,认为本区的生烃分为原始沥青解聚成烃、干酪根降解成烃、包裹有机质释放成烃和热裂解气共四个成烃阶段。  相似文献   

15.
The Early Paleozoic regional uplift(e.g.,the Qianzhong Uplift)and sea-level changes had obviously controlled the evolution of the Late Paleozoic palaeogeography and paleogeomorphology in Guizhou Province. However,the formation time and evolution of the Qianzhong Uplift is still in debate,which limits the understanding of the Permo-Carboniferous paleogeographic and paleogeomorphologic evolution that formed bauxite in Guizhou. In this paper,based on field surveys and data collection,we established the palaeogeography of several important geological periods from the Late Cambrian to Permian in Guizhou,and re-recognized the formation time and evolution of the Qianzhong Uplift,and revealed the coupling relationship between the Qianzhong Uplift and Guizhou bauxite formation. During the Cambrian to early-middle Early Silurian,the continent-marine transitional facies were missed in the northern margin of the Qianzhong Uplift,central Guizhou Province,such as Bijie,Jinsha and Zunyi. The large-scale uplift of the central Guizhou Province should begin with the tidal flat deposits of the Hanchiatien Formation in the Early Silurian. Because of the Qianzhong Uplift,the central Guizhou and Zunyi areas experienced long-lasting and intense weathering and erosion,forming karst depressions,funnels,and canyons in the Early Carboniferous. The karst landform provided material conditions and location for the formation of bauxite deposits in the Early Carboniferous. The bauxite ore formed under intense chemical wreathing and leaching induced by the glacio-eustasy and paleoclimate fluctuations. The early long-lasting and intense weathering and erosion occurred in the northern Guizhou along with the Permo-Carboniferous glacio-eustasy,had leaded to the formation of coastal wetland and depressions,which were favorable places for the Early Permian bauxite formation. The Early Permian bauxite ores in Guizhou Province have an obvious coupling relationship with the Late Paleozoic Ice Age.  相似文献   

16.
Tectono-stratigraphic models of foredeep sedimentation have generally presumed a direct link between changing rates of tectonism and concomitant sedimentological response as manifested by change in thickness, composition or depositional environment of sediment accumulating in adjacent basins. Lacustrine limestone units within the early Cretaceous fluvial/lacustrine Gannett Group of western Wyoming exhibit systematic variation in several geochemical proxies of relative rates of precipitation and evaporation, indicating that lakewater chemistry was controlled by variation in regional climate. Change in proportion of allochthonous terrigenous clastic vs. autochthonous carbonate deposition, as well as carbonate Mg/Ca ratio and stable isotopic composition, occurs at two scales. Metre-scale alternation of micritic limestone and argillaceous marl is accompanied by mineralogical and isotopic variation within individual beds, indicating preferential carbonate accumulation during intervals of decreased regional meteoric precipitation relative to lake-surface evaporation. Limestone deposition began during intervals of maximum aridity, and decreased as increased meteoric precipitation-driven flux of terrigenous clastic sediment overwhelmed sites of carbonate accumulation. Similar upsection variation in limestone mineralogy and isotopic composition at a scale of tens of metres reflects the multiple processes of long-term increase in meteoric precipitation and lakewater freshening prior to influx of terrigenous sediment, across-basin fluvial-deltaic progradation, and renewed accumulation of riverine terrigenous units. Such trends suggest that formation-scale alternation between fluvial clastic and lacustrine carbonate deposition was controlled by climate change.  相似文献   

17.
Climate and tectonics play important roles in controlling processes of transport and deposition on alluvial fans, but the bedrock lithology in the fan catchment area is also a significant, independent factor. Adjacent Oligo-Miocene alluvial fan deposits on the northern margin of the Ebro Basin display contrasting depositional characteristics with one dominated by the deposits of debris flows and the other by deposition from flows of water. A difference in clast compositions indicates that the two studied fans (the Nueno and San Julián fans) had contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. The proximal facies of the Nueno fan body contains matrix-supported conglomerate beds with up to 80% pebble clasts of gypsum in a matrix of gypsiferous sand, interbedded with gypsarenite beds. The drainage basin of this fan was dominated by Triassic bedrock consisting of beds of gypsum, marl and micritic limestone. The San Julián fan body comprises clast-supported, polymict conglomerate beds containing pebbles from Triassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene limestone units that are exposed in the adjacent part of the basin margin. The interfingering of the deposits of these two fans demonstrates that they were contemporaneous. Given the consistent climate, the differences in fan depositional processes must therefore be attributed to the contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. A drainage basin consisting mainly of marl and gypsum bedrock provided sufficient fine-grained material to generate debris flows, whereas more dilute, water-lain processes dominated where the drainage basin was largely limestone strata.  相似文献   

18.
奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。  相似文献   

19.
早古生代的区域隆升形成的古地貌和晚古生代海平面变化明显控制了贵州晚古生代古地理与古地貌的演化,“黔中隆起”表现尤为明显。然而对“黔中隆起”的形成时间及演化存在较大争议,限制了对贵州铝土矿的沉积古地理与古地理演化史的认识。通过野外踏勘、资料收集和整理,建立了贵州晚寒武世至二叠纪数个重要地质历史时期的古地理图,对“黔中”隆起的形成时间、演化等进行了再认识,揭示其与贵州铝土矿成矿的耦合关系。寒武纪至早志留世早—中期,“黔中隆起”北缘缺失与之相关的古陆边缘相沉积,黔中地区大规模的隆起时间应以下志留统韩家店组潮坪相沉积的出现作为开始。在“黔中隆起”的显著影响下,黔中和遵义地区经历长期而强烈的风化剥蚀,于早石炭世分别形成喀斯特洼地和漏斗、峡谷地貌,为九架炉组含铝岩系的形成提供了物质条件和成矿场所,并在晚古生代冰盖消长带来的海平面和气候变化的影响下,通过强烈的淋滤作用形成铝土矿。黔北务正道地区经历了长期的风化剥蚀后,在海平面高频变化下形成有利于下二叠统大竹园组铝土矿形成的滨岸湿地环境和洼地地貌。贵州早二叠世的铝土矿与晚古生代冰期具有更明显的耦合关系。  相似文献   

20.
中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取青山口组一段岩心81.41m,收获率为100%。青一段沉积时期应与土仑阶对应。通过对松科1井南孔青一段岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回的沉积序列及其过程。青一段识别出6种岩石类型(泥岩、白云岩、泥灰岩、重结晶灰岩、介形虫灰岩和火山灰)。相类型为深湖亚相以及白云岩沉积、泥灰岩沉积、灰岩沉积、深湖浊流沉积、火山灰沉积和深湖静水泥沉积共6种沉积微相。青一段中可识别的米级旋回(六级旋回)有4种类型,可划分出81个米级旋回。这些米级旋回叠加成25个五级旋回、6个四级旋回,识别出1个三级旋回界面。对青山口组一段暗色泥岩、白云岩、火山灰等特殊事件层的精细刻画对于松辽盆地的缺氧事件、烃源岩、湖海沟通事件研究具有重要意义。  相似文献   

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