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1.
Wolfgang EDER Wemer R. JANOSCHEK 《地质论评》2007,53(B08):175-179
In the years 2000 and 2001 a few visionaries in IUGS under the lead of Ed de Mulder, at that time President of IUGS, started to think out loudly about an ＂ International Year of Planet Earth＂ （YEAR）. It was their feeling that globally the geosciences did not get that part of public recognition that geosciences should earn, compared to ecology, economy, sustainable development and environmental sciences at large.[第一段] 相似文献
2.
Outlines of New Global Geochemical Mapping Program 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
<正>Since 1988,great efforts and enthusiasm had been paid by applied geochemists in the implementation of global geochemical mapping through the International Geological Correlation Program's Projects 259 and 360,and the Task Group on‘Global Geochemical Baselines' established by the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS),in collaboration with the International Association of Geochemistry(IAGC).But how to use extremely low-density sampling to obtain a global picture of the distribution of most elements in the periodic table in a reasonably short time is still a great challenge faced by the applied geochemistry community.It will depend on the continuous development of new mapping concept,and the advisable and courageous innovation of methodology for searching other suitable sample media and sampling layout.Based on the encouragement results obtained from the representativeness study of delta sediments conducted at the mouth of Yangtze River,and at the mouths of its four major tributary,it is expected to broadly apply the geochemical fractal self-similarity nature to main rivers and their estuaries with catchments up to hundreds of thousands or over a million square kilometers in the world.With this new mapping concept,a new outlines of a Global Geochemical Mapping Program was advanced and the establishment of an International Research Center of Global Geochemical Mapping was also suggested to facilitate the programs implementations. 相似文献
3.
青藏高原多年冻土区地温监测结果分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Ground temperatures monitored at four observation sites in permafrost regions on the Tibetan Plateau was analyzed. It was found that the ground temperature at the depth of 12～20 m increased 0.2～0.4 K and the permafrost thickness decreased 4～5 m from the base in Xidatan Site from 1975 to 1989; and the ground temperature at the depth of 6～15 m increased 0.2～0.4 K in Kunlun Pass Site from 1982 to 1997. Contrast observations show that a sand cover, 15～20 cm in depth, can result in a ground temperature decrease of 0.1～ 0.2 K in MS66 Site; and a removal of vegetation can result in a ground temperature decrease of some 0.2 K in Hoh Xil Site. The monitor demonstrates that many factors that control permafrost developing have duality, e.g., sand and vegetation are able to increase or decrease the ground temperature. These factors, in conjunction with permafrost behaviour, play different roles under different conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to study, understand and evaluate permafrost and its engineering geological properties taking the viewpoint of dynamic variation. 相似文献
4.
Eduardo de Mulder Edward Derbyshie Ted Nield 《《幕》》2008,31(2):268-269
The Global Launch Event of the International Year of Planet Earth （IYPE）, proclaimed by the United Nations＇ General Assembly for 2008, took place on 12 and 13 February 2008 at the Paris headquarters of UNESCO. 相似文献
5.
Olle C. Selinus Robert B. Finkelman Jose A. Centeno 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):81-81
Because of the importance of geological factors on health an International Working Group on Medical Geology was established in 1998, with the primary aim of increasing awareness of this issue among scientists, medical specialists, and the general public. In 2000 a new project was established by UNESCO. The primary aim of the projects was to bring together, on a global scale, scientists working in this field in developing countries with their colleagues in other parts of the world. The International Council of Scientific Unions （ICSU） also sponsored international short courses in this subject, a cooperation involving The Geological Survey of Sweden, US Geological Survey and the US Armed Forces of Pathology. In 2006 a new association was established： International Medical Geology Association, IMGA. Regional Divisions all over the world have been established. Two text books have been published, the most recent one by Elsevier 2005： Essentials of Medical Geology which has received two prestigious international awards. A website （ http：//www.medicalgeology.org ） and regular newsletters have been published. Short courses on medical geology, have been held since 2001 in more than 30 countries. Medical geology will also be one of the ten main topics within the Year of Planet Earth declared by UN General Assembly December 22, 2005. Medical geology is also one of the five topics within the GeoUnion initiative. The international impact has been tremendous. Universities all around the world are starting courses and education in medical geology, the first centers are under construction, symposias have been held and a world wide collaboration has started between geoscientists, environmental researchers, epidemiologists, toxicologists, pathologists and other scientists. 相似文献
6.
侯渭 《中国地球化学学报》1996,15(2):100-104
The data available show that some Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites are similar to Cl meteorites.Tehy contain a lot of phyllosilicate aggregates and the oxygen isotopic composition of the whole-rock samples is approximate to that of C1 chondrites,so they are named after quasi-C1(Q-C1)chondrites Unlike Cl metcorites,the Q-Cl chondites possess chondrule structrue,and the compositions of hih temperature condensates(chondrule fragments,mineral grains or aggregates)show that the oxygen fugacity varied within a wide range in the surroundings where they were formed,similar to the variation range from E.H.L,LL to C group chondrites.It is inferred that the Q-C1 chondrites could be formed at the edges far from the equator in the whole asteroid region of the solar nebular disk.where the nebula was lower in density and the condensates were lower in accretion velocity,so that the hydration of chon drules and matrix occurred during the late stage of nebular condensation.The discovery of the Q-Cl chondrites and the fact that the earth and other terrestrial planets contain water indicate that at the edges far from the equator in the terrestrial reigion of the solar nebular disk,a large amount of water was incorporated into the lattice of minerals in the condensates as a result of hydration during nebular condensation,and then found its way into the interior parts of the Earth and other terrestrial planets due to accretion. 相似文献
7.
A New Progress of the Proterozoic Chronostratigraphical Division 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Precambrian, an informal chronostratigraphical unit, represents the period of Earth history from the start of the Cambrian at ca. 541 Ma back to the formation of the planet at 4567 Ma. It was originally conceptualized as a "Cryptozoic Eon" that was contrasted with the Phanerozoic Eon from the Cambrian to the Quaternary, which is now known as the Precambrian and can be subdivided into three eons, i.e., the Hadean, the Archean and the Proterozoic. The Precambrian is currently divided chronometrically into convenient boundaries, including for the establishment of the Proterozoic periods that were chosen to reflect large-scale tectonic or sedimentary features(except for the Ediacaran Period). This chronometric arrangement might represent the second progress on the study of chronostratigraphy of the Precambrian after its separation from the Phanerozoic. Upon further study of the evolutionary history of the Precambrian Earth, applying new geodynamic and geobiological knowledge and information, a revised division of Precambrian time has led to the third conceptual progress on the study of Precambrian chronostratigraphy. In the current scheme, the Proterozoic Eon began at 2500 Ma, which is the approximate time by which most granite-greenstone crust had formed, and can be subdivided into ten periods of typically 200 Ma duration grouped into three eras(except for the Ediacaran Period). Within this current scheme, the Ediacaran Period was ratified in 2004, the first period-level addition to the geologic time scale in more than a century, an important advancement in stratigraphy. There are two main problems in the current scheme of Proterozoic chronostratigraphical division:(1) the definition of the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at 2500 Ma, which does not reflect a unique time of synchronous global change in tectonic style and does not correspond with a major change in lithology;(2) the round number subdivision of the Proterozoic into several periods based on broad orogenic characteristics, which has not met with requests on the concept of modern stratigraphy, except for the Ediacaran Period. In the revised chronostratigraphic scheme for the Proterozoic, the Archean–Proterozoic boundary is placed at the major change from a reducing early Earth to a cooler, more modern Earth characterized by the supercontinent cycle, a major change that occurred at ca. 2420 Ma. Thus, a revised Proterozoic Eon(2420–542 Ma) is envisaged to extend from the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at ca. 2420 Ma to the end of the Ediacaran Period, i.e., a period marked by the progressive rise in atmospheric oxygen, supercontinent cyclicity, and the evolution of more complex(eukaryotic) life. As with the current Proterozoic Eon, a revised Proterozoic Eon based on chronostratigraphy is envisaged to consist of three eras(Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic), but the boundary ages for these divisions differ from their current ages and their subdivisions into periods would also differ from current practice. A scheme is proposed for the chronostratigraphic division of the Proterozoic, based principally on geodynamic and geobiological events and their expressions in the stratigraphic record. Importantly, this revision of the Proterozoic time scale will be of significant benefit to the community as a whole and will help to drive new research that will unveil new information about the history of our planet, since the Proterozoic is a significant connecting link between the preceding Precambrian and the following Phanerozoic. 相似文献
8.
《《幕》》2004,27(4):293-294
While attendance at previous IGC‘s was remarkable, the more than 7,000 earth scientists, exhibitors and guests who met in Florence for the 32^nd International Geological Congress set an all-time record as the highest number of participants. They came from 120 countries and 75% were not Italian. This proportion of foreign attendees was the largest ever; in line with a trend of increasing nonlocal participation, it testifies to the vitality and international character of the IGCs. 相似文献
9.
Experimental Study on Hydrocarbon Formation Due to Reactions Between Carbonates and Water or Water—Bearing Minerals in Deep Earth 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to investigate the mechanism of formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the depth of the Earth,experimental research on reactions between carbonates and water or waterbearing minerals was carried out at the pressure of about 1GPa and the temperature range of 800-1500℃.The reactions took place in an open and nonequilibrium state.Chromatographic analyses of the gas products indicate that in the experiments there were generated CH4-dominated hydrocarbons,along with some CO2 and CO.Accordingly,we think there is no essential distinction between free-state water and hydroxy in the minerals in the process of hydrocarbon formation.This study indicates that reactions between carbonates and water or water-bearing minerals should be an important factor leading to the formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the Earth‘s depth. 相似文献
10.
11.
TIAN Kaiming WAN Li TIAN Jiping Department of Water Resources Environmental Science China University of Geosciences Xueyuan Ro Beijing Department of Computer Sciences Guangzhou University Guangzhou Guangdong 《《地质学报》英文版》2003,77(1):125-128
Permeability tensors of both macrofracture and microfracture systems were measured progressively along the depth of limestone formations at severed sites. It was found that the principal permeability values KX, Ky and Kz in these permeability tensors all decrease simultaneously and logarithmically with depth. However, the limestone aquifers are composed of an upper region where the larger permeability ellipsoid is upright or prolate and characterized by Kz>Kx and Kz>Ky, a transitional zone, and a lower zone whose smaller permeability ellipsoid is horizontal or oblate and characterized by KZ相似文献
12.
《《幕》》2008,31(4):422-422
William Watt Hutchison, ＂Hutch＂ to his many friends around the world, was a Scots-born Canadian geologist who served Canada and the IUGS in myriad dynamic and creative ways. Most notably, he served as the IUGS Secretary General （1976-1980） at a pivotal time in its history, and as IUGS President （1984-1987）. The same boundless energy, enthusiasm, skill in communications, and ability to foster teamwork that characterized his work with the IUGS also carried him to preeminent scientific administrative positions in the Canadian Government, 相似文献
13.
Digital Element Earth 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The resources and environmental problems are the two most fundamental issues facing all nations in the world. Everything in and on the Earth – minerals, animals and plants – is made from one, or generally some combination of, chemical elements, which are scientifically listed in the periodic table. Thus it is important to understand the present abundance and spatial distribution of all the elements across the Earth’s surface. Such kinds of data can only be obtained at present and for the foreseeable future by on-earth geochemical mapping at all scales. The 30-year efforts made by Chinese geochemists in carrying out multi-element, multi-media, multi-scale geochemical mapping projects to delineate 39–76 element distribution at home and abroad culminated in a successful case of high-quality geochemical data acquirement. The new idea for a four-level plan for global geochemical mapping was advanced to obtain global data in the foreseeable future and the collection of updated geochemical information. Such information needs to be easily accessible not only by the science community, but also by industry, agriculture, governments, and even individuals, by all who would make an effort to promote sustainable living on our planet. The concept of a Digital Element Earth (DEE) fulfills the aims. 相似文献
14.
Wei LIU Jun MORIIZUMI Hiromi YAMAZAWA Takao IIDA 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):198-198
Soils contain about twice the amount of carbon presented in the atmosphere, so a small change in the soil carbon will influence atmospheric chemistry and heat balance. The soil carbon ultimately exchanged with the atmospheric CO2 as soil CO2, which mainly exists at the depth of 0-20 cm. The transport of soil CO2 is affected by the sources of soil CO2. Thus, separation of the contributions of sources of soil CO2 is a fundamental need to understand and predict implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. It is a complicated task, so that a number of different methodological approaches such as component integration, root removal, and gap analyses have been developed. However, these methods could not avoid changing soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity, soil temperature and soil water contents. Consequently, fractional contributions of respiration of living root and decomposition of soil organic matter to the total soil CO2 cannot be estimated correctly. In this study, based on mass balance theory of both concentrations and δ^13C of soil CO2, a trenching method with a stable-isotope technique was used to determine both soil CO2 sources at the depth of 3-13 cm in a Japanese larch forest area during 30 May to 7 October 2005 and fractional contributions of these sources. Experimental results showed that the amount of atmospheric CO2 invaded the soil air was not significantly variable while its percent rate in the total soil CO2 had significantly temporal variations with the lower values between 5 August and 1 September. The litter-layer decomposition was very small. The soil CO2 derived from the respiration of living root and the decomposition of soil organic matter showed significantly temporal variations with increase from 30 May to 5 Aug. and decrease from 1 September to 7 October, 2005; and it accounted for 82%-98% of the total soil CO2 in which the respiration of living root was in the range from 32% to 62%. 相似文献
15.
BjoernSundquist ChristerNordlund 《《幕》》2004,27(4):284-292
In the late 19th and the early 20th century, with expanding industrialism and urbanisation, the idea of the nation state grew strong in Sweden. In this nationalistic environment, nature and the natural sciences assumed an important unifying role. The search for natural resources and sources of energy inspired political support and research. The exploitation of nature was looked upon as a prerequisite for the modernization of the country, and indeed was to become the basis for Sweden‘s welfare. It was under these circumstances that, in 1906, the 11th IGC was invited to Stockholm in 1910. A request for a Government grant focused on the international development of science but also stressed the national importance. Sweden had, it was said, its ranking position among nations to defend, to uphold its position among civilized nations, and to maintain its distinguished tradition in the spheres of natural sciences and mining operations. The main topics of the Congress were iron ore resources, post-glacial climate change, glacial erosion, the Cambrian fauna, geology of the Precambrian, and geology of the polar regions. Three exhibitions and 24 excursions were arranged, and 41 guidebooks printed. The number of members present was 625, from 37 countries and six continents. The final cost for arranging the 11th IGC was SEK 125,000 (approximately ∈540,000 today). A novel experience in the tradition of the IGCs was the world-wide inquiries about the resources of iron ore and about climate change. Such thematic, worldwide investigations subsequently came to attract the attention of many IGCs. A proposition to establish a commission for the publication of an international stratigraphic dictionary was approved by the Congress, and a subcommission was set up with commissioners from ten countries, but it was not until 1956 that the first volumes of Lexique Stratigraphique International appeared. From a Swedish point of view, the Congress compelled Swedish geologists to carry out an inventory of the results of Swedish geological research of about half a century. The Congress was, in other words, an incentive to finish ongoing projects and bring together summaries of the major research areas. In the history of Swedish geosciences there is thus reason to speak about a pre- and a post-1910. 相似文献
16.
The palynomorph assemblage of lake sediments younger than 51.9 kaBP from Wulagai Gobi in Inner Mongolia was analyzed to reconstruct the vegetation and climate.From 51.9 to 30.6kaBP,the vegetation was arid to semi-arid grassland with only slight changes.According to the palynomorphs,trees and shrubs were very rare.The large number and diversity of algae indicate the presence of a lake.Quantitative climatic conditions were reconstructed using the Best Analogues Method.The results indicate that the annual mean temperature was higher than that at present.The combination of temperature and annual precipitation suggests a change in the climate from cool dry to warm dry and then cool humid.Our results show that the annual precipitation values were mostly higher than that at present but were lower than 400 mm.It infers that the study area was already within the arid to semi-arid regions but with a stronger influence of the summer monsoon during 51.9to 30.6 kaBP than at present.With slight differences mainly in time scale,the changing trend of the annual temperature curve is consistent with the other climatic records from Antarctica,Greenland,Hulu Cave(East China),and the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial period.From 30.6 kaBP to present,very few palynomorphs were detected in the samples.Hence,no information about the vegetation and climate could be extracted.Combined with other studies during Late Pleistocene,we presume that the reason for the lack of pollen during this period was caused by an abrupt temperature fall after 30.6 kaBP or that the lacustrine conditions were unsuitable for pollen deposition.It was probably incurred by the oxidation on land prior to deposition.But for those samples only with algae,it might be caused by the fact that algae could finish their life history in a very short time in a seasonal lake. 相似文献
17.
《《地质学报》英文版》2000,74(4)
1. Papers should be devoted mainly to various aspects of research concerning geosciences and related disciplines in China. such as stratigraphy, palaeontology, origin and history of the Earth, structural geology, tectonics, mincralogy, petrology, geochemistry. geophysics, geology of mineral deposits, hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental geology, regional geology and new theories and technologies of geological exploration. Those of scientific interest to the geological community in China or of international interest are also welcome. 2. Only unpublished original papers, not simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere, will be accepted, and copyright in 相似文献
18.
孙玉壮 《中国地球化学学报》2004,23(2):101-111
Thirty-seven Kupferschiefer samples from southwestern Poland were analyzed by microscopy, Rock-Eval approach and instrumental neutron activation analysis to understand the geochemical and morphological characteristics of kerogen present in the samples. The analytical results indicate that there are two different types of kerogens. One type was only subjected to thermal alteration processes, and the other was further oxidized after deposition of the sediment.In the oxidized samples migrabitumen was transformed into pyrobitumen. Rock-Eval analyses show a significant decrease in HI values in the oxidized samples and an increase in OI values in relation to the samples that were not influenced by oxidation. Variations in S2 versus Corg contents indicate a change in kerogen from Type II to Type III with progressing oxidation. The presence of pyrobitumen and the depletion of hydrogen in the altered kerogen allow one to conclude that the kerogen was used as hydrogen donor for thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR). 相似文献
19.
The Ordos Basin of North China is not only an important uranium mineralization province, but also a major producer of oil,gas and coal in China.The genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and hydrocarbons has been recognized by a number of previous studies,but it has not been well understood in terms of the hydrodynamics of basin fluid flow.We have demonstrated in a previous study that the preferential localization of Cretaceous uranium mineralization in the upper part of the Ordos Jurassic section may have been related to the interface between an upward flowing,reducing fluid and a downward flowing,oxidizing fluid.This interface may have been controlled by the interplay between fluid overpressure related to disequilibrium sediment compaction and which drove the upward flow,and topographic relief,which drove the downward flow.In this study,we carried out numerical modeling for the contribution of oil and gas generation to the development of fluid overpressure,in addition to sediment compaction and heating.Our results indicate that when hydrocarbon generation is taken into account,fluid overpressure during the Cretaceous was more than doubled in comparison with the simulation when hydrocarbon generation was not considered.Furthermore,fluid overpressure dissipation at the end of sedimentation slowed down relative to the no-hydrocarbon generation case.These results suggest that hydrocarbon generation may have played an important role in uranium mineralization,not only in providing reducing agents required for the mineralization,but also in contributing to the driving force to maintain the upward flow. 相似文献
20.
Heinz-GerdRioehling MichaelSchmidt-Thom&#; 《《幕》》2004,27(4):279-283
Geotopes or geological sites provide information on the evolution, structure and properties of the Earth‘s crust and on the geological past. They also represent the great variety of features that characterize a landscape, For this reason, their preservation is of special concern to geosciences. As early as in the 19th century, outstanding rock formations became important tourist sites although the modern terms ““geosites““ and ““geotourism““ were unknown. The paper describes the German initiatives on geotope conservation and the implementation of National GeoParks in Germany and their use for education and tourism. 相似文献