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分析了2011—2013年夏季(6—8月)滁州地基雨滴谱观测资料,根据雨强及其随时间的变化将降水分成对流降水和层云降水,分析不同降水类型的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:滁州地区对流降水的质量加权直径D_m和标准化参数lgN_w的平均值分别为1.67 mm和3.91 mm^-1·m^-3,层云降水D_m和lgN_w的平均值分别为1.18 mm和3.57 mm^-1·m^-3,对流降水雨滴平均尺度更大。N_w相比Γ分布参数N₀能更好地反映总数浓度N_t的大小。Γ分布3参数均随雨强的增大而减小,当雨强增长到一定程度时,μ(谱型)和Λ(斜率)趋于常数。研究了μ-Λ关系和Z(反射率因子)-R(雨强)关系。对流降水和层云降水的Z-R关系分别为Z=408R^1.20和Z=301R^1.21。新的Z-R关系和经典Z-R关系(Z=300R^1.40)反演的雨强相比实际观测值均偏小,但新的Z-R关系反演的雨强与实际观测值更接近。相似文献

6.

带阻尼项的欧拉-泊松方程组的爆破解

张金娥朱旭生《南京气象学院学报》2014,6(4):380-384

研究了N维空间中带阻尼项的欧拉-泊松方程组的径向对称解的爆破.当方程组非奇异的经典解（ρ,u）在[0,R]上有紧支集（R>0是正常数）,且初始速度u满足一定的初值条件,借助积分法,其径向对称解会在有限时间内爆破. 相似文献

7.

近49年来河北省干旱时空变化特征研究

王宏余锦华李宗涛《南京气象学院学报》2015,7(3):260-267

基于河北省及邻近地区73个气象站1961—2009年逐季、年降水资料,应用降水Z指数、经验正交函数分解、小波分析等方法分析了河北省干旱的时空变化特征.结果表明:近49年来河北省年、各季的干旱空间分布特征,最常见的是全省一致的干旱(雨涝)型,其次是南涝(旱)北旱(涝)的南北相反分布型;小波分析方法得出年、各季干旱的出现不仅存在明显的年代际尺度变化,而且年际变化也显著;河北省年干旱指数呈下降趋势,1979年后,年干旱指数发生突变,该区域进入干旱期. 相似文献

8.

线状中尺度对流系统内多个强降水单体的结构演变及闪电活动特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1

易笑园张义军王红艳董昊张楠徐姝《气象学报》2013,71(6):1035-1046

利用多普勒雷达、SAFIR3000三维闪电定位系统和气象自动站等观测资料,以线状中尺度对流系统内多个γ中尺度强降水单体为研究对象,揭示了单体之间、单体与β中尺度线状对流系统的多种相互关系,设计多种雷达参量对单体的结构演变进行定量化描述,进一步建立了对流单体结构演变与闪电活动的相互关系。得到以下结论：（1）线状中尺度对流系统内顺义、房山、固安、宝坻对流单体分别造成了1 h降雨23、50、27、70 mm,在其演变过程中,顺义单体被另一个单体追逐、供给,房山单体包括2个更小单体的合并过程,而固安、宝坻单体的初生和发展与线状中尺度对流系统是被喂养、吞食的关系。（2）设计的雷达参量V₄₀（40 dBz强回波核的体积大小）、V_40UP-6（6 km高度以上40 dBz强回波核的体积大小）、S_ET11（回波顶在11 km处的回波范围大小）量化描述了单体的三维结构演变特征,F_ic（云闪频数）和F_cg（地闪频数）与上述雷达参量关系密切,如与V_40UP-6的相关系数为0.63—0.97;而F_ic比F_cg更敏感地呼应单体结构的变化。（3）固安单体在成熟阶段,主正电荷区（即辐射点最大密集区所处的地方）维持在较低位置,远低于其他单体在成熟阶段主正电荷区的高度。（4）在对流单体合并后,F_ic和F_cg增大且主正电荷区明显抬升、闪电频数陡增对应降水强度增大、闪电频数峰值超前于降雨强度极值等特征,对灾害天气的预警具有积极意义。相似文献

9.

酸雨观测异常数据的试验分析和处理方法

茆越孙明施勇茆金祥《气象科学》2012,32(S1):46-50

本文就酸雨观测仪器在测量操作中出现的异常状态进行了试验和分析,且对校错电极常数、测温系统故障、"后测K值"3种异常状态, 结合酸雨观测业务实践进行了试验、分析和讨论。推导出校错电极常数的电导率订正公式;制定了仪器测温系统故障的应急观测方案;指出"后测K值"会导致数据严重失真, 测量中必须严格遵循 "先测K值"规程;并建议在《酸雨观测业务规范》修订时, 增加本文有关的分析和处理方法。相似文献

10.

二阶p-Laplacian方程多点边值问题正解的存在性与拟线性迭代

仓曰华肖建中刘勤凤《南京气象学院学报》2010,(6):503-509

利用上下解构造辅助方程,结合Leray-Schauder度理论研究二阶p-Laplacian方程多点边值问题正解的存在性,并用单调迭代技巧与拟线性化方法讨论了正解迭代序列的收敛性. 相似文献

11.

Aerodynamic Roughness Length of Fresh Snow 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0

Christof Gromke Costantino Manes Benjamin Walter Michael Lehning Michele Guala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(1):21-34

This study presents the results from a series of wind-tunnel experiments designed to investigate the aerodynamic roughness length z ₀ of fresh snow under no-drift conditions. A two-component hot-film anemometer was employed to obtain vertical profiles of velocity statistics in a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer for flow over naturally deposited snow surfaces. The roughness of these snow surfaces was measured by means of digital photography to capture characteristic length scales that can be related to z ₀. Our results show that, under aerodynamically rough conditions, the mean value of the roughness length for fresh snow is ${\langle{z}_{0}\rangle= 0.24}$ mm with a standard deviation σ(z ₀) = 0.05 mm. In this study, we show that variations in z ₀ are associated with variations in the roughness geometry. The roughness measurements suggest that the estimated values of z ₀ are consistent with the presence of irregular roughness structures that develop during snowfalls that mimic ballistic deposition processes. 相似文献

12.

Numerical simulations of the tropical air-sea planetary boundary layer

Joseph P. Pandolfo Clifford A. Jacobs 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1972,3(1):15-46

A one-dimensional numerical model of the planetary boundary layer was used to investigate thermal and kinetic energy budgets. The simulation experiments were based on two sets of data. The first set was based on a ‘typical’ June with climatological data extracted for the oceanic region slightly northeast of Barbados. The second set used data from the third phase of project BOMEX, for approximately the same area and time of year as the first set. Comparison with observations of three simulated elements (viz., sea surface temperature and wind and humidity at 6 m) which are important in determining the near-interface energy transports shows that:

the model is capable of realistic simulations of both ‘typical’ conditions, and conditions for a specific four-day period;
the model is capable of realistically simulating the differences between prevailing values of these parameters in the two cases (‘typical’ and specific four-day period).

The simulated interface fluxes are those of incoming and outgoing short- and long-wave radiation; transmitted radiation at -0.5 m in the ocean, sensible heat transfer into the ocean and air, and latent heat flux of evaporation. Comparison with observational analyses shows that the diurnal variations in net radiation and heat storage in the mixed layer are realistically simulated. The simulated values of evaporation are consistent with other estimates for both ‘typical’ conditions and specific conditions during this four-day period. The rate of heat storage varies between +51 and -37 percent of the diurnal maximum incoming radiation, and the evaporation varies between +16% and -13% of this term. The non-dimensional transfer coefficients (C _D, C_T, C_q) computed from the model show general agreement with the coefficients calculated from observations in the simulated region (Pondet al., 1971). The simulated vertical profiles of temperature are in general agreement with observed profiles, except in the uppermost portions of the atmospheric boundary layer where deviations of approximately 1.5C occur. Simulated vertical profiles of wind speed are generally consistent with observed profiles, with the largest deviations appearing to be of the order of 0.5 m s^-1. Simulated vertical profiles of the eddy fluxes of sensible heat, water vapor, and momentum are generally consistent with Bunker's (1970) aircraft-based measurements of these quantities. The time averages of these simulated profiles show regular decreases with height, while simulated profiles for specific hours of the day show intermediate maxima and minima, which are also seen in the measured profiles. The vertically integrated kinetic energy budgets of the modelled atmospheric layer are presented through the four terms of the kinetic energy budget, viz., the upper and the lower boundary drags, dissipation, and potential-to-kinetic conversion. The dominant terms in the atmospheric energy budgets are the production and dissipation terms, with kinetic energy being exported both to the overlying atmospheric layer and to the underlying oceanic layer at rates of about 2 to 6% of the production, respectively. Comparisons between the climatological and BOMEX simulations are presented. The vertically integrated humidity budgets are presented for the two simulation experiments. Under ‘typical’ conditions, the humidity budget reveals an upper boundary flux of about +29% of the lower boundary flux with the vertically integrated advective flux being -59% of the lower flux. For the specific four-day simulation, the upper boundary flux and advection are about +28 and -70%, respectively, of the lower boundary flux. 相似文献

13.

Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer

J. R. Garratt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,26(1):69-80

Near-surface wind profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer, depth h, above relatively flat, tree-covered terrain are described in the context of the analysis of Garratt (1980) for the unstable atmospheric boundary layer. The observations at two sites imply a surface-based transition layer, of depth z _*, within which the observed non-dimensional profiles Φ_M ⁰ are a modified form of the inertial sub-layer relation $\Phi _M \left( {{z \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {z L}} \right. \kern-0em} L}} \right) = \left( {{{1 + 5_Z } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 + 5_Z } L}} \right. \kern-0em} L}} \right)$ according to $$\Phi _M^{\text{0}} \simeq \left( {{{1 + 5z} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 + 5z} L}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} L}} \right)\exp \left[ { - 0.7\left( {{{1 - z} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 - z} z}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} z}_ * } \right)} \right]$$ , where z is height above the zero-plane displacement and L is the Monin-Obukhov length. At both sites the depth z _* is significantly smaller than the appropriate neutral value (z _*N) found from the previous analysis, as might be expected in the presence of a buoyant sink for turbulent kinetic energy. 相似文献

14.

On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2

Sven-Erik Gryning Ekaterina Batchvarova Burghard Brümmer Hans Jørgensen Søren Larsen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(2):251-268

Analysis of profiles of meteorological measurements from a 160 m high mast at the National Test Site for wind turbines at Høvsøre (Denmark) and at a 250 m high TV tower at Hamburg (Germany) shows that the wind profile based on surface-layer theory and Monin-Obukhov scaling is valid up to a height of 50–80 m. At higher levels deviations from the measurements progressively occur. For applied use an extension to the wind profile in the surface layer is formulated for the entire boundary layer, with emphasis on the lowest 200–300 m and considering only wind speeds above 3 m s^?1 at 10 m height. The friction velocity is taken to decrease linearly through the boundary layer. The wind profile length scale is composed of three component length scales. In the surface layer the first length scale is taken to increase linearly with height with a stability correction following Monin-Obukhov similarity. Above the surface layer the second length scale (L _MBL) becomes independent of height but not of stability, and at the top of the boundary layer the third length scale is assumed to be negligible. A simple model for the combined length scale that controls the wind profile and its stability dependence is formulated by inverse summation. Based on these assumptions the wind profile for the entire boundary layer is derived. A parameterization of L _MBL is formulated using the geostrophic drag law, which relates friction velocity and geostrophic wind. The empirical parameterization of the resistance law functions A and B in the geostrophic drag law is uncertain, making it impractical. Therefore an expression for the length scale, L _MBL, for applied use is suggested, based on measurements from the two sites. 相似文献

15.

Bulk characteristics of heat transfer in the unstable,baroclinic atmospheric boundary layer

J. R. Garratt R. J. Francey 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,15(4):399-421

Field data for the unstable, baroclinic, atmospheric boundary layer over land and over the sea are considered in the context of a general similarity theory of vertical heat transfer. The dependence of δθ/θ_* upon logarithmic functions of h _cz_Tand stability (through the similarity function C) is clearly demonstrated in the data. The combined data support the conventional formulation for the heat transfer coefficient δθ/θ_* when,

the surface scaling length is z _T(« z ₀), the height at which the surface temperature over land is obtained by extrapolation of the temperature profile
the height scale is taken as the depth of convective mixing h _c
the temperature profile equivalent of the von Karman constant is taken as 0.41
areal average, rather than single point, values of δθ are employed in strongly baroclinic conditions. No significant effect of baroclinity or the height scale ratio as proposed in the general theory is found. Variations in C about a linear regression relation against stability are most probably due to uncertainties in the areal surface temperature and to experimental errors in general temperature measurements.

相似文献

16.

Sensitivity of lidar equation solution to boundary values and determination of the values

Qiu Jinhuan 《大气科学进展》1988,5(2):229-241

An analytical dependence of the optical depth solution to lidar equation on boundary values was con-firmed. According to the dependence this paper analyzed the sensitivity of lidar equation solutions obtained by forward and backward integration algorithms to the boundary values and quantitatively expounded an error limit to the boundary values under a given inversion accuracy. Furthermore, this paper presented a method for determination of the far-end boundary value in the case of inhomogeneous atmosphere, improving the accuracy of lidar equation solution. 相似文献

17.

中国单季稻种植北界的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1

段居琦周广胜《气象学报》2012,70(5):1165-1172

确定单季稻种植北界可为调整单季稻生产布局和科学应对气候变化提供依据.基于中国单季稻种植区地理分布及其主导气候因子,结合最大熵模型,研究了雨养(水热共同作用)与灌溉(热量限制)条件下中国单季稻种植区的北界,并与已有方法确定的中国单季稻北界进行了对比验证.结果表明:雨养条件下,中国单季稻种植北界可达黑龙江漠河县北部,沿漠河—塔河—呼玛中部以西的大兴安岭地区及龙江—泰来—杜尔伯特—大庆—肇州—肇源以西的地区不适合种植水稻;灌溉条件下中国单季稻种植的北界则不存在,即在中国最北部的漠河地区仍可种植单季稻,沿漠河—塔河—呼玛中部的水稻种植界限往西略有偏移.本研究确定的中国单季稻种植北界与当前单季稻种植北界更为接近,明显优于已有方法确定的单季稻种植北界. 相似文献