共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
早期贫氧地球如何演化至现今富氧地球是理解地球宜居性形成与演化的关键,但重建地质历史时期地球大气与海洋氧含量仍是地球科学领域的重大挑战.金属稳定同位素的高精度测试分析为示踪地球大气与海洋氧化历史提供了新的研究手段.以Mo、U、Tl、Cr四种氧化还原敏感金属稳定同位素体系为例,详细介绍了氧化还原敏感金属稳定同位素地球化学行为及分馏机理.在此基础上,系统回顾了金属稳定同位素在研究产氧光合作用的起源、大氧化事件（Great Oxidation Event,GOE）、中元古代大气和海洋氧化还原状态、新元古代氧化事件（NOE）等重大科学问题中的研究进展.金属稳定同位素在重建地球表层圈层氧化过程具有广阔的应用前景,对认识地球宜居性的演化历史以及探索其未来发展趋势具有深远意义. 相似文献
2.
宇宙成因核素在地球科学中的应用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
随着加速器质谱的出现 ,宇宙成因核素展示了其在地球科学中的生命力。文中介绍了宇宙成因核素的生成、示踪原理及近些年来在地球科学中的应用 ,特别着重地介绍了原地生成宇宙成因核素定年这一新的技术。宇宙成因核素是宇宙射线粒子 (包括原生和次生粒子 )与大气及岩石发生核反应所生成的新的核素 ,其在大气及岩石中的生成量可用已知物理过程定量地描述。大气生成宇宙成因核素在考古、古环境及地球各圈层的相互作用方面得到了广泛的应用 ,原地生成宇宙成因核素则在地貌学研究中扮演着重要的角色 ,成为一门新的实验技术。这门技术可以定量地描述地表的暴露历史和侵蚀速率 ,在解决许多地质问题上成为惟一的手段 相似文献
3.
N. -A. Mörner 《GeoJournal》1995,37(4):419-430
During the 20 Ka glaciation maximum Earth's rate of rotation was significantly faster. The subsequent glacial eustatic rise in sea level meant an increase of the equatorial radius and hence led to a general deceleration in the Earth's rate of rotation. At about 6000 BP the glacial eustatic rise in sea level finished and a new situation began which was characterized by feedback interchanges of angular momentum between the solid Earth and the hydrosphere. There is a strong linkage between Earth's rate of rotation — total as well as differential — and the changes in ocean surface circulation. The ocean circulation changes are, in their turn, strongly linked to the paleoclimatic evolution of the boardering land masses. This is due to the high heat-storing capacity of the oceans, the ocean/ atmosphere heat flux, and the ocean/land interaction via heat transport by the winds. Consequently, we see a causal connection between Earth's rotation, oceanic circulation, ocean/atmosphere heating, atmospheric (wind) heat transport and continental paleoclimatic changes. We propose that the paleoclimatic changes on the decadal to millennial time scale are primarily driven by this mechanism. Observational data of changes in ocean water masses and paleoclimate are presented for the 20 Ka situation, for the high-amplitude changes 13-10 Ka ago, for the decadal-to-century changes during the Holocene, for the last centuries' instrumental data and for the ENSO-events. This implies that the oceanic system (the ocean surface circulation system) has a much more important role than previously appreciated. 相似文献
4.
讨论了高精度GPS观测中的负荷效应问题。根据地表质量负荷理论的Green函数方法,计算了地球表面质量负荷（包括大气、非潮汐海洋和陆地水）对中国部分IGS台站垂直位移的影响。其中,大气负荷对各台站的影响比较一致,变化幅度约为20 mm,非潮汐海洋对沿海台站的负荷影响显著,其变化幅度达到10 mm,水负荷对各台站的影响差异较大,最大的变化幅度约20 mm;总的负荷效应达到厘米量级,与GPS观测结果的比较说明在高精度的GPS观测的时间序列中,存在明显的季节性变化,而该变化与表面负荷有着直接的关系。特别是对于房山和乌鲁木齐2个台站,GPS观测的垂直变化中的季节项基本上就是来自于地球表面的质量负荷;而昆明和拉萨这2个台站尽管位于板块运动活跃区域,垂直季节性变化也主要源于地表负荷。因此扣除这些负荷影响的GPS观测资料将更有利于研究地壳的运动特征。 相似文献
5.
Cesare Emiliani 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1992,81(3):791-794
The giant impact on Earth proposed by some to generate the Moon could not have happened because the amount of carbonate rock and organic carbon present on Earth closely approximates the amount of CO2 predicted for the Earth's early atmosphere by comparison with the present atmosphere of Venus. It is suggested that the Moon may have fissioned from Mercury more than 4.4 billion years ago and may have been captured by the Earth no later than 3.2 billion years ago.A model for the origin of the Earth-Moon system that has been gaining favor recently visualizes a Marssize body impacting Earth and excavating enough material from the Earth to form the Moon (Newsome &Taylor, 1989). This giant impact not only would have sterilized the planet (Maher &Stevenson, 1988), obliterating any form of life that might have existed at the time, but also would have blown off the Earth's atmosphere (Kaula, 1990). As the story goes, Venus suffered no giant impact and conserved its CO2 atmosphere, whereas the loss of her CO2 atmosphere cooled the Earth's surface allowing the oceans to rain out (Kaula, 1990). It is widely believed that the different histories in the early evolution of their atmospheres set markedly different courses for the subsequent evolution of the two planets. I agree with this conclusion but disagree with the cause for the difference.If the giant impact really happened, it must have taken place not only after the Earth's accumulation was practically completed but also after a substantial core had formed (to account for the lesser density of the Moon).Venus has approximately 89 kg/cm2 of CO2 for a total of 4.11020kg. The Earth with a mass 1.226 greater than Venus, should have had 5.01020 kg of CO2. If entirely precipitated as carbonate, the Earth should now have 1.11021 kg of carbonate. A recent estimate (Hay, 1985) gives the total volume of carbonate rock on Earth as 276.1106 km3 which, for an average density of 2.83, corresponds to a mass of 7.81020 kg. This figure and the ratio limestone/shale/sandstone of 15/74/11 (Garrels &Mackenzie, 1971) leads to the carbonate inventory shown in Table 1. 相似文献
6.
设立“地下明灯研究计划”的建议 总被引：34，自引：2，他引：34
20世纪末，空间对地观测技术的发展，获得了地球表面清晰的图像，使人们可以实时地观测地球水圈和大气圈的结构、状态和运动过程，及其与生物圈的相互作用，这是地球系统科学革命性的进展。介绍的“地下明灯研究计划”，其目标是获得地球内部不同深度情况下不同尺度的图像，这些图像是新型的地球内部“三维地图”，它将完善和改变我们对大陆动力学、岩石圈结构和状态的认识。 相似文献
7.
The Moon has an anorthositic primordial continental crust. Recently anorthosite has also been discovered on the Martian surface. Although the occurrence of anorthosite is observed to be very limited in Earth's extant geological record,both lunar and Martian surface geology suggest that anorthosite may have comprised a primordial continent on the early Earth during the first 600 million years after its formation. We hypothesized that differences in the presence of an anorthositic continent on an Earthlike planet are due to planetary size. Earth likely lost its primordial anorthositic continent by tectonic erosion through subduction associated with a kind of proto-plate tectonics(PPT). In contrast, Mars and the Moon, as much smaller planetary bodies, did not lose much of their anorthositic continental crust because mantle convection had weakened and/or largely stopped, and with time, they had appropriately cooled down. Applying this same reasoning to a super-Earth exoplanet suggests that, while a primordial anorthositic continent may briefly form on its surface, such a continent will be likely transported into the deep mantle due to intense mantle convection immediately following its formation. The presence of a primordial continent on an Earth-like planet seems to be essential to whether the planet will be habitable to Earth-like life. The key role of the primordial continent is to provide the necessary and sufficient nutrients for the emergence and evolution of life. With the appearance of a "trinity" consisting of(1) an atmosphere,(2) an ocean, and(3) the primordial continental landmass, material circulation can be maintained to enable a "Habitable Trinity" environment that will permit the emergence of Earth-like life. Thus, with little likelihood of a persistent primordial continent, a super-Earth affords very little chance for Earth-like life to emerge. 相似文献
8.
Among three main stages of the process of earthquake nucleation long-, middle- and short-term the final stage is characterized by abrupt activation of the process of stress-strain state variation. The strain rates increase by orders of magnitude throughout the whole region of preparation, which increases the signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore the fracture, is easier to detect through monitoring geophysical parameters. The near-critical stresses existing in the Earth's crust and near the surface make it necessary to take into account the real rheology of the rocks, which, as is well known, is characterized by clearly pronounced plastic properties. The condition is favorable for developing creep processes in general and in its avalanche phase immediately before the fracture. The process is completely nonlinear but not chaotic. Based on the assumption that the attenuation of the stress-strain field is proportional to r− 3, a possible scenario of the final stage of earthquake nucleation process is proposed on the basis of the slip weakening mechanism in the source and the associated mosaic pattern of precursors on the Earth's surface. The formulas for estimating the ultimate distance of precursor detection and the duration of precursor events depending of normalized epicentral distance at the final stage of inelastic deformation preceding brittle failure of rocks are proposed. The data of electromagnetic precursors are interpreted in terms of a multiple fracture model. The results of in situ observations of electric field anomalies in the atmosphere are analyzed in relation to seismic activity. The possibility of constructing a physical model for the generation of a quasi-stable field and electromagnetic emission on the basis of the deformation process prior to an earthquake is discussed. Numerical estimates are obtained for polarization density and life time of an ensemble of electric dipoles generated in surface layers of the crust due to opening of microcracks and other dislocation mechanisms. The origin of quasi-constant electric field along a deformation region on a scale of the preparation zone is advantageous for the propagation of seismic anomalous atmospheric electric fields from the Earth's surface into the ionosphere. The field can be regarded as a physical agent of lithosphere–ionosphere connection. 相似文献
9.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2015,6(5)
The "Arctic" region,where the North Pole occupies the center of the Arctic Ocean,has been affecting the environmental variation of the Earth from geological time to the present.However,the seismic activities in the area are not adequately monitored.Therefore,by conducting long term monitoring of seismic phenomenon as sustainable parameters,our understanding of both the tectonic evolution of the Earth and the dynamic interaction between the cryosphere and geosphere in surface layers of the Earth will increase.In this paper,the association of the seismicity and structure of the Arctic region,particularly focused on Eurasian continent and surrounding oceans,and its relationship with regional evolution during the Earth's history is studied.The target areas cover representative tectonic provinces in the Eurasian Arctic,such as the wide area of Siberia,Baikal Rift Zone.Far East Russia,Arctic Ocean together with Greenland and Northern Canada.Based on discussion including characteristics of seismicity,heterogeneous structure of the crust and upper mantle,tectonic history and recent dynamic features of the Earth's surface in the Arctic are summarized. 相似文献
10.
地球的表面形态结构,是一种随机型的空间分布格局。本文企图以某种定量的、预测的方式,对于此种格局加以理论上的归纳。分别应用力能学分析和统计学分析两种完全不同的思考方法,获得了地球表层的海拔高度上限约21km。这一基本理论问题的合理解决,将使地球表层的一系列基本特性如动力学参数、热力学参数、行为学参数、系统学参数等有更加精确和更加严谨的表达。在此基础上,作者又从理论上推演了地球表层高度-面积分布的宏观趋势,并将其计算的结果与实际统计的结果进行对比分析,取得了比较满意的总体检验。 相似文献
11.
动高压物理在地球与行星科学研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
综述了动高压物理应用于地球和行星科学研究中的一些最新进展,包括地球内部的物质组成与热力学状态,巨行星的物质组成模型,太阳系中的碰撞成坑与吸积相互作用等。依据铁的冲击波数据,结合其他热力学数据,可以得到一条统一的铁的熔化曲线,将动高压与静高压数据完全统一,初步解决了长期困扰高压界的动、静压关于铁的熔化温度存在系统偏差的诘难。外推到ICB处(330 GPa),铁的熔化温度(亦称锚定温度)约为(5 950±100) K。冲击Hugoniot 数据,结合地震学模型可以约束地幔与地核的物质组成。冲击压缩下钙钛矿型(Mg0 9,Fe0 1)SiO3的高压声速测量结果表明,1 770 km深度的不连续面不仅是一个相变界面而且是一个化学成分或矿物学分界面。低温可凝聚气体(H2、He)或冰(H2 O, CH4, CO2, NH3 和N2 )的冲击波数据,及Jeffrey 数等其他数据可以用来构建巨行星(如木星和土星)的物质组成模型。地球深部矿物的冲击温度测量可以用来研究它们的高压熔化行为,据此建立的高压相图可以为控制地幔对流的地幔物质的准静态蠕变提供约束条件。熔融硅酸盐在上地幔压力条件下的冲击压缩数据,可以约束地幔熔岩稳定存在的深度,在此深度地幔熔岩不会因固体围岩提供的浮力而向上运移到地表,从而在此深度形成稳定的低速带。冲击波数据在描写行? 相似文献
12.
系统介绍了近些年来国外在表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体均一温度、水体组分、δD和δ18O同位素、气体成分及微生物等信息提取和应用方面的研究进展。这些研究进展充分表明表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体是目前利用蒸发盐定量获取古气候环境（温度、湿度）参数、揭示海洋和盐湖水体地质历史时期的长期演化以及丰富和深化成盐成矿理论的良好地质载体。分析了我国目前在这一研究领域同国外相比的差距、潜在优势和发展前景。 相似文献
13.
大洋钻探与大洋地壳研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近代地球科学有两大发展趋势：一是向地球深部延伸，目的于探查地球深部的物质组成与作用过程，其代表性学科即地球动力学；二是向全球性扩展，把区域性的地学问题同全球变化联系起来，研究大气圈，生物圈，水圈和冰冻圈的变化及其复杂的相互作用，代表性学科即广义的环境科学。由于海洋占地球表面的７１％以上，洋壳只有５～６ＫＭ，海底又有丰富的矿产资源，因此人类目前比以往任何时候都更加重视海洋科学的研究。多国合作、学科光 相似文献
14.
Illawarra Reversal: The fingerprint of a superplume that triggered Pangean breakup and the end-Guadalupian (Permian) mass extinction 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Permian magnetostratigraphic record demonstrates that a remarkable change in geomagnetism occurred in the Late Guadalupian (Middle Permian; ca. 265 Ma) from the long-term stable Kiaman Reverse Superchron (throughout the Late Carboniferous and Early-Middle Permian) to the Permian–Triassic Mixed Superchron with frequent polarity changes (in the Late Permian and Triassic). This unique episode called the Illawarra Reversal probably reflects a significant change in the geodynamo in the outer core of the planet after a 50 million years of stable geomagnetism. The Illawarra Reversal was likely led by the appearance of a thermal instability at the 2900 km-deep core–mantle boundary in connection with mantle superplume activity. The Illawarra Reversal and the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary event record the significant transition processes from the Paleozoic to Mesozoic–Modern world. One of the major global environmental changes in the Phanerozoic occurred almost simultaneously in the latest Guadalupian, as recorded in 1) mass extinction, 2) ocean redox change, 3) sharp isotopic excursions (C and Sr), 4) sea-level drop, and 5) plume-related volcanism. In addition to the claimed possible links between the above-listed environmental changes and mantle superplume activity, I propose here an extra explanation that a change in the core's geodynamo may have played an important role in determining the course of the Earth's surface climate and biotic extinction/evolution. When a superplume is launched from the core–mantle boundary, the resultant thermal instability makes the geodynamo's dipole of the outer core unstable, and lowers the geomagnetic intensity. Being modulated by the geo- and heliomagnetism, the galactic cosmic ray flux into the Earth's atmosphere changes with time. The more cosmic rays penetrate through the atmosphere, the more clouds develop to increase the albedo, thus enhancing cooling of the Earth's surface. The Illawarra Reversal, the Kamura cooling event, and other unique geologic phenomena in the Late Guadalupian are all concordantly explained as consequences of the superplume activity that initially triggered the breakup of Pangea. The secular change in cosmic radiation may explain not only the extinction-related global climatic changes in the end-Guadalupian but also the long-term global warming/cooling trend in Earth's history in terms of cloud coverage over the planet. 相似文献
15.
土壤矿物学特征在华南赤红壤有机质稳定中的调控作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以广州市从化的赤红壤剖面为研究对象,系统测定了土壤的pH值和机械组成,土壤剖面中有机质含量、氧化铁矿物和粘土矿物的含量及分布特征,并进行了相关性分析。研究结果表明,赤红壤剖面的总有机质、稳定有机质含量、矿物稳定有机质含量和生化稳定有机质含量的变化趋势在整体上是一致的,均随深度的增加而降低。其中,矿物稳定有机质主要存在于土壤剖面的中间层,氧化铁矿物则大都集中在土壤剖面的中上层;赤红壤剖面各层位中高岭石含量都占绝对优势,为58.7%~84%,蒙脱石的含量次之,为8.5%~16.8%,除此之外,还含有较多的三水铝石。蒙脱石的含量随深度增加而降低,高岭石和三水铝石的含量随深度增加而升高。土壤有机质与氧化铁矿物的相关性较之与粘土矿物、三水铝石要大得多,有机质含量与无定形铁含量的相关系数均高于0.90,与蒙脱石、高岭石、三水铝石的相关系数分别为0.697 1、-0.681 2、-0.049 8,可见无定形铁在土壤有机质稳定中起着重要作用,提醒应更加关注土壤中有机质碳库稳定锁定中的矿物学机制及其影响因素。 相似文献
16.
南极和北极地区在全球变化中的作用研究 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
近半个世纪的调查基本揭示了极地在地球系统中的作用。两极保持了世界 99%的冰川 ,相当于全球淡水的 78% ,全部融化将使地球海平面上升 70m。极区又是世界气候系统中最活泼的组成 ,通过其冰盖、大气和周围海域的强烈耦合过程而影响全球。同时 ,南极上空臭氧空洞的出现 ,北极地区冻土带的北移等都表明全球变化也在明显地影响着两极。中国 2 0年来对南极的考察过程中 ,建立两个南极科学考察站 ,拥有极地考察破冰船 ,1999年开展了中国首次北极科学考察 ,对南北极的区域特征及其在全球变化中的作用提出了新的认识。 相似文献
17.
During their deceleration through the Earth's atmosphere, meteoritic materials, i.e., interplanetary dust particles, micrometeorites and meteorites, experience thermal shocks which may alter their pristine mineralogy, texture or chemical characteristics. Among these changes, one of the most ubiquitous is the formation of spinels resulting from partial melting and subsequent crystallization of the meteoritic material. These “cosmic spinels” differ from terrestrial spinels by their high Ni and Fe3+ contents and show large variations in composition. In order to better understand the factors controlling their chemistry, pulse-heating experiments simulating atmospheric entry of extraterrestrial objects were carried out using Orgueil samples as proxies of meteoritic material. Covering a large range of experimental conditions (temperature 500°C < T <1500°C, duration: 5 s < t < 120 s, and oxygen fugacity: −0.68 < log fO2 < −8), this work shows (1) that the whole range of composition of cosmic spinels analyzed so far at the micrometer scale in fine-grained and scoriaceous micrometeorites, in cosmic spherules or in the fusion crust of several stony meteorites can be reproduced, and (2) that these compositional changes can be expressed as a function of temperature, time and oxygen fugacity.We also show that, due to their fast crystallization kinetics, cosmic spinels can record through their composition, i.e., Al2O3 contents and FeO/Fe2O3 ratio, the diverse conditions of the atmosphere crossed by the extraterrestrial object during its fall towards the Earth's surface. Chemistry of cosmic spinels is thus a powerful tool for constraining the entry conditions in the Earth's atmosphere of any extraterrestrial object, including altitude of deceleration, entry angle and incident velocity. These in turn, may provide valuable information on the origin of the extraterrestrial material. 相似文献
18.
地幔氧逸度与俯冲带深部碳循环 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
地幔氧逸度通过改变含碳相的存在形式和迁移方式来影响深部碳循环。本文结合最新的地幔氧逸度实验模拟和岩石学研究成果,探讨了地幔氧逸度时空分布对深部碳循环的影响。文章重点结合地幔减压熔融形成洋壳、新生洋壳蚀变、洋壳俯冲变质、深俯冲洋壳熔融以及俯冲洋壳物质(流体和固体)通过岩浆(岛弧和地幔柱)作用循环出地表等重要地质过程,探讨了伴随洋壳俯冲作用的深部碳循环过程。由于地幔氧逸度的时空变化,俯冲带含碳相表现出不同的存在形式和迁移能力。通过对西南天山俯冲带碳循环的岩石学和实验研究,我们认为应当进一步深入研究俯冲带氧化还原状态及其对俯冲带深部碳循环的影响。 相似文献
19.
天长（一天时长）是地球自转速度的直接反映。古生代-中生代化石记录的天长数据表明,古生代-中生代期间的天长随时间呈线性增加。根据角动量守恒定律,这意味着同时段地球自转速度呈线性衰减。如果把这个趋势应用于地球历史的全过程,计算结果为4.519～4.495 Ga,与目前公认的地球绝对年龄4.54 Ga一致。这意味着,从这个时间点起,地球有一种自转速度衰减的总趋势。地球自转速度衰减年龄等值于地球年龄说明：1）所测量的陨石样本生成的时间（表征地球年龄）与地球受月球吸引形成自转减速的时间几乎相同。这意味着地-月体系形成之前的地球比该陨石表征的地球年龄更为古老。2）地球、月球、自转速度衰减时长,三者的年龄呈现等值状态,因而此结果与月球起源于大碰撞的假说可以匹配。 相似文献
20.
Global changes in postglacial sea level: A numerical calculation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The sea-level rise due to ice-sheet melting since the last glacial maximum was not uniform everywhere because of the deformation of the Earth's surface and its geoid by changing ice and water loads. A numerical model is employed to calculate global changes in relative sea level on a spherical viscoelastic Earth as northern hemisphere ice sheets melt and fill the ocean basins with meltwater. Predictions for the past 16,000 years explain a large proportion of the global variance in the sea-level record, particularly during the Holocene. Results indicate that the oceans can be divided into six zones, each of which is characterized by a specific form of the relative sea-level curve. In four of these zones emerged beaches are predicted, and these may form even at considerable distance from the ice sheets themselves. In the remaining zones submergence is dominant, and no emerged beaches are expected. The close agreement of these predictions with the data suggests that, contrary to the beliefs of many, no net change in ocean volume has occurred during the past 5000 years. Predictions for localities close to the ice sheets are the most in error, suggesting that slight modifications of the assumed melting history and/or the rheological model of the Earth's interior are necessary. 相似文献