共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 887 毫秒
1.
提出了一种新的叠前时间偏移方法和流程,可不必应用野外静校正,直接对起伏地表采集的地震数据进行叠前时间偏移.本文采用输入道成像方式,通过基于稳相点原理给出单道数据的走时和振幅计算方法,发展了一个表驱动的叠前时间偏移算法.偏移方法可依据同相轴是否被拉平确定叠加速度和修正近地表速度模型,也可依据拟成像的构造倾角,自适应地确定偏移孔径;后者既减少了偏移计算量,也压制了偏移噪声.文中用二维起伏地表的断陷盆地模型的理论数据验证了所发展方法的成像效果. 相似文献
2.
随着能源和资源勘查开采工作的深入,地形强烈起伏的盆山耦合地区的地震资料处理解释技术正日益成为山地地震勘探面临的重要挑战.逆时偏移方法作为精确的地震偏移成像方法之一,能对地下结构进行高精度成像.逆时偏移的核心是地震波场延拓,由于传统的地震波场延拓技术往往基于水平地表条件,相应的方法在直接处理强地形起伏条件下的地震资料时往往存在一定的精度损失.本文引入一种精度无损的处理起伏边界的模型参数化方法：基于贴体网格的地形"平化"策略发展了与地形有关的地震波波动方程数值模拟方法,采用零延迟归一化互相关成像条件实现了起伏地表条件下的弹性波场逆时偏移成像.对工业界的标准Marmousi模型和盐丘模型进行改造,获得了相应起伏地形条件下的复杂几何模型,开展了起伏地表下的地震偏移成像数值试验.结果表明基于贴体网格"平化"策略的逆时偏移成像方法具有较高的灵活性,可适应不同类型起伏地表采集的地震资料,显示出该方法在地震勘探领域的良好应用前景. 相似文献
3.
Modified image algorithm to simulate seismic channel waves in 3D tunnel model with rugged free surfaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 The existence of rugged free‐surface three‐dimensional tunnel conditions in the coal seams, caused either by geological or mining processes, will inevitably influence wave propagation characteristics when the seismic waves go through the coal mines. Thus, a modified image algorithm has been developed to account for seismic channel waves propagating through this complicated topography with irregular free surfaces. Moreover, the seismic channel waves commonly exhibit damped and dispersive signatures, which is not only because of their own unique sandwich geometry of rock–coal–rock but also because of the viscoelastic behavior of coal. Considering the complexity of programming in three‐dimensional tunnel models with rugged free surfaces, an optimized vacuum grid search algorithm, enabling to model highly irregular topography and to compute efficiently, is also proposed when using high‐order staggered finite‐difference scheme to simulate seismic channel wave propagations in viscoelastic media. The numerical simulations are implemented to investigate the accuracy and stability of the method and the impact of coal's viscoelastic behavior on seismic channel wave propagation characteristics. The results indicate that the automatic vacuum grid search algorithm can be easily merged into high‐order staggered finite‐difference scheme, which can efficiently be applied to calculate three‐dimensional tunnel models with rugged free surfaces in the viscoelastic media. The simulation also suggests that the occurrence of a three‐dimensional tunnel with free surfaces has a remarkable influence on the seismic channel wave propagation characteristics and elastic energy distribution. 相似文献
4.
We have pursued two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference (FD) modelling of seismic scattering from free-surface topography. Exact free-surface boundary conditions for the particle velocities have been derived for arbitrary 2D topographies. The boundary conditions are combined with a velocity–stress formulation of the full viscoelastic wave equations. A curved grid represents the physical medium and its upper boundary represents the free-surface topography. The wave equations are numerically discretized by an eighth-order FD method on a staggered grid in space, and a leap-frog technique and the Crank–Nicholson method in time.
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the surface topography modelling technique, we simulate incident point sources with a sinusoidal topography in seismic media of increasing complexities. We present results using parameters typical of exploration surveys with topography and heterogeneous media. Topography on homogeneous media is shown to generate significant scattering. We show additional effects of layering in the medium, with and without randomization, using a von Kármán realization of apparent anisotropy. Synthetic snapshots and seismograms indicate that prominent surface topography can cause back-scattering, wave conversions and complex wave patterns which are usually discussed in terms of inter-crust heterogeneities. 相似文献
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the surface topography modelling technique, we simulate incident point sources with a sinusoidal topography in seismic media of increasing complexities. We present results using parameters typical of exploration surveys with topography and heterogeneous media. Topography on homogeneous media is shown to generate significant scattering. We show additional effects of layering in the medium, with and without randomization, using a von Kármán realization of apparent anisotropy. Synthetic snapshots and seismograms indicate that prominent surface topography can cause back-scattering, wave conversions and complex wave patterns which are usually discussed in terms of inter-crust heterogeneities. 相似文献
5.
An upwind fast sweeping scheme for calculating seismic wave first‐arrival travel times for models with an irregular free surface 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The topography‐dependent eikonal equation formulated in a curvilinear coordinate system has recently been established and revealed as being effective in calculating first‐arrival travel times of seismic waves in an Earth model with an irregular free surface. The Lax–Friedrichs sweeping scheme, widely used in previous studies as for approximating the topography‐dependent eikonal equation viscosity solutions, is more dissipative and needs a much higher number of iterations to converge. Furthermore, the required number of iterations grows with the grid refinement and results in heavy computation in dense grids, which hampers the application of the Lax–Friedrichs sweeping scheme to seismic wave travel‐time calculation and high‐resolution imaging. In this paper, we introduce a new upwind fast sweeping solver by discretising the Legendre transform of the numerical Hamiltonian of the topography‐dependent eikonal equation using an explicit formula. The minimisation related to the Legendre transform in the sweeping scheme is solved analytically, which proved to be much more efficient than the Lax–Friedrichs algorithm in solving the topography‐dependent eikonal equation. Several numerical experiments demonstrate that the new upwind fast sweeping method converges and achieves much better accuracy after a finite number of iterations, independently of the mesh size, which makes it an efficient and robust tool for calculating travel times in the presence of a non‐flat free surface. 相似文献
6.
全球造山带及中国大陆中西部普遍具有强烈起伏的地形条件.复杂地形条件下的地壳结构成像问题像一面旗帜引领了当前矿产资源勘探和地球动力学研究的一个重要方向.深地震测深记录中反射波的有效探测深度可达全地壳乃至上地幔顶部,而初至波通常仅能探测上地壳浅部.为克服和弥补初至波探测深度的不足,本文基于前人对复杂地形条件下初至波成像的已有研究成果,采用数学变换手段将笛卡尔坐标系的不规则模型映射到曲线坐标系的规则模型,并将快速扫描方法与分区多步技术相结合,发展了反射波走时计算和射线追踪的方法.进而利用反射波走时反演,实现起伏地形下高精度的速度结构成像,从而为起伏地形下利用反射波数据高精度重建全地壳速度结构提供了一种全新方案.数值算例从正演计算精度、反演中初始模型依赖性、反演精度、纵横向分辨率以及抗噪性等方面验证了算法的正确性和可靠性. 相似文献
7.
The complex‐valued first‐arrival traveltime can be used to describe the properties of both velocity and attenuation as seismic waves propagate in attenuative elastic media. The real part of the complex‐valued traveltime corresponds to phase arrival and the imaginary part is associated with the amplitude decay due to energy absorption. The eikonal equation for attenuative vertical transversely isotropic media discretized with rectangular grids has been proven effective and precise to calculate the complex‐valued traveltime, but less accurate and efficient for irregular models. By using the perturbation method, the complex‐valued eikonal equation can be decomposed into two real‐valued equations, namely the zeroth‐ and first‐order traveltime governing equations. Here, we first present the topography‐dependent zeroth‐ and first‐order governing equations for attenuative VTI media, which are obtained by using the coordinate transformation from the Cartesian coordinates to the curvilinear coordinates. Then, we apply the Lax–Friedrichs sweeping method for solving the topography‐dependent traveltime governing equations in order to approximate the viscosity solutions, namely the real and imaginary parts of the complex‐valued traveltime. Several numerical tests demonstrate that the proposed scheme is efficient and accurate in calculating the complex‐valued P‐wave first‐arrival traveltime in attenuative VTI media with an irregular surface. 相似文献
8.
提出一种可对起伏地表采集的三维地震资料直接进行偏移成像的叠前时间偏移方法和流程.它用两个等效速度描述近地表和上覆层对地震波传播的影响,可对炮、检点不在同一水平面的三维地震资料直接进行叠前时间偏移处理.该方法不对近地表地震波传播做垂直出、入射假定,因此可适应高速层出露等不存在明显低、降速带情况.描述近地表和上覆层的两个等效速度参数可依据偏移道集的同相轴是否平直来确定,避免了确定近地表速度的困难;而对已知近地表速度的情况,则可进一步修正近地表速度,获得更好的成像效果.用三维起伏地表的理论数据和中国东部某工区实际数据验证了所发展方法和处理流程的有效性和实用性. 相似文献
9.
基于全程波波动方程的逆时偏移(Reverse Time Migration)可以对回转波、多次反射波成像,不受横向速度变化影响,没有倾角限制,随着计算机软硬件技术的进步,再次成为偏移方法研究热点.本文将格子法用于叠前逆时深度偏移成像.格子法作为波场延拓方法,处理起伏地表边界条件容易,可用于含起伏地表边界条件的逆时波场延拓;可利用变尺度非规则对计算域进行离散,因此可根据速度模型调整网格尺度来降低存储量,放大时间步长,降低计算量.采用光滑的曲人工边界,也可避免常规的PML吸收边界存在的角点区域需特别处理的麻烦.本方法通过事先计算和存储边界单元的局部几何参数,与直边界PML方法相比不增加任何计算量.格子法还具有容易实现并行计算的特点,非常适用于叠前逆时偏移.本文给出了二维问题算例. 相似文献
10.
随着我国陆上地震勘探向复杂地表探区的转移,高精度、适应性强的地震成像方法在地震资料的处理、解释及后续属性分析、储层预测中具有重要意义.本文基于有效邻域波场近似理论发展了一种成像精度更高且适用于复杂起伏地表条件的叠前保幅高斯束偏移方法.在传统水平地表高斯束偏移的基础上,本文根据中心射线附近有效邻域内高斯束表征的近似波场,导出了起伏地表条件下具有相对振幅保持的高斯束偏移公式,并给出了一种精度更高的旁轴射线传播角度计算方法.同现有的高斯束偏移方法相比,本文方法不仅考虑了起伏地表对高斯束走时的线性影响,而且首次引入了由地表高程差异和近地表速度变化引起的二次时差校正项和振幅校正项,使得成像结果更加准确可靠.两个典型模型算例验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
11.
Reverse‐time migration has become an industry standard for imaging in complex geological areas. We present an approach for increasing its imaging resolution by employing time‐shift gathers. The method consists of two steps: (i) migrating seismic data with the extended imaging condition to get time‐shift gathers and (ii) accumulating the information from time‐shift gathers after they are transformed to zero‐lag time‐shift by a post‐stack depth migration on a finer grid. The final image is generated on a grid, which is denser than that of the original image, thus improving the resolution of the migrated images. Our method is based on the observation that non‐zero‐lag time‐shift images recorded on the regular computing grid contain the information of zero‐lag time‐shift image on a denser grid, and such information can be continued to zero‐lag time‐shift and refocused at the correct locations on the denser grid. The extra computational cost of the proposed method amounts to the computational cost of zero‐offset migration and is almost negligible compared with the cost of pre‐stack shot‐record reverse‐time migration. Numerical tests on synthetic models demonstrate that the method can effectively improve reverse‐time migration resolution. It can also be regarded as an approach to improve the efficiency of reverse‐time migration by performing wavefield extrapolation on a coarse grid and by generating the final image on the desired fine grid. 相似文献
12.
复杂地表的单程波动方程地震叠前正演 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
作者基于数学检波器和等时叠加原理,实现了复杂地表的单程波动方程地震叠前正演模拟。该方法采用虚拟的数学检波器接收地下的反射地震信号,灵活地将接收点布置在地表的任何地方,从而满足地表起伏的要求。此外,根据等时叠加原理, 该方法采用单程波动方程进行波场延拓和成像,计算简单快速。通过复杂正断层的数值模拟,得到了高信噪比的共炮集地震记录,并采用适用于起伏地形的深度偏移方法对该共炮集地震记录进行了叠前深度偏移,较好地实现了地震波的偏移归位,从而证明了这里提出的起伏地表的单程波动方程地震叠前正演方法是正确和有效的。 相似文献
13.
三维起伏地表条件下的地震波走时计算技术是研究三维起伏地表地区很多地震数据处理技术的基础性工具.为了获得适应于任意三维起伏地表且计算精度高的走时算法,提出三维不等距迎风差分法.该方法采用不等距网格剖分三维起伏地表模型,通过在迎风差分格式中引入不等距差分格式、Huygens原理及Fermat原理来建立地表附近的局部走时计算公式,并通过在窄带技术中设定新的网格节点类型来获得三维起伏地表条件下算法的整体实现步骤.精度及算例分析表明:三维不等距迎风差分法具有很高的计算精度且能够适应于任意三维起伏地表模型. 相似文献
14.
中国大陆中西部普遍具有强烈的地形起伏,起伏地形会对地震资料的处理分析产生严重干扰.精细处理起伏地形成为高精度地震成像的必然要求.传统方法通过填充低速介质将不规则模型扩展为规则模型来处理起伏地形.近年来,借助坐标变换将物理空间不规则模型转换为计算空间规则模型的地形平化方法,为解决起伏地形问题提供了新思路.本文基于经典的模型扩展和新发展的地形平化方法分别处理起伏地形,从走时正演、射线追踪和反演成像三个方面,全面细致地评判了两种地形处理方法在起伏地形层析成像中的适用性和有效性.结果表明,模型扩展中阶梯状近似和填充介质速度参与计算,会造成起伏地形走时计算精度损失,出现虚假射线路径和错误出射角,导致反演分辨率降低,成像结果模糊甚至失真;地形平化中采用贴体网格参数化,能够保证离散模型完全匹配起伏地形,并且保持起伏地形在物理空间和计算空间中均为自由表面.在此基础上发展的层析成像技术具有高度的保真性,有效地处理了地形起伏效应,为起伏地形区域精细速度成像提供了有力的技术保障. 相似文献
15.
传统有限差分方法在处理起伏地表时存在一些困难,而坐标变换法可将起伏地表映射为水平地表以克服此缺点.但同时,地下构造被变换得更加复杂,导致了波传播和成像的不准确.本文提出了一种分层的坐标变换方法,并应用到了弹性波逆时偏移中,此方法既可以克服起伏地表的影响,又可以不破坏地下构造.波场正向延拓、逆时延拓和分离是在辅助坐标系下完成的,而成像是在笛卡尔坐标系下完成的.通过对简单起伏模型和中原起伏模型的试算证明了本文提出方法的准确性.同时,对两种极端起伏地层高程不准确的情况进行测试可以看出:分层坐标变换逆时偏移方法的成像效果远好于传统坐标变换方法. 相似文献
16.
本文提出了一种计算不规则起伏地形中SH波散射的有效方法——局域边界元法.本方法基于传统边界元法,为计算复杂地表散射问题提供了一种更加高效的解决方案.根据地震波满足的边界积分方程中牵引力格林函数的特性,我们将自由边界分解成水平部分和起伏部分.通过公式推导,可将水平部分的位移由起伏部分的位移通过格林函数线性叠加表示,因此只需对起伏部分的位移进行直接求解,从而极大地减少了待求解的未知数个数,显著提高了计算效率.通过与半圆形山谷SH波平面波入射的解析解比较,验证了方法的正确性.数值模型比较显示,局域边界元模拟结果与传统边界元数值解完全吻合,但是大幅提高了计算效率.因此,局域边界元法可以作为模拟不规则地形中地震波散射的有效工具. 相似文献
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18.
Jiangtao Hu Huazhong Wang Zhongyu Fang Tiancai Li Jiannan Zhang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(6):1483-1497
Least‐squares reverse time migration provides better imaging result than conventional reverse time migration by reducing the migration artefacts, improving the resolution of the image and balancing the amplitudes of the reflectors. However, it is computationally intensive. To reduce its computational cost, we propose an efficient amplitude encoding least‐squares reverse time migration scheme in the time domain. Although the encoding scheme is effective in increasing the computational efficiency, it also introduces the well‐known crosstalk noise in the gradient that degrades the quality of the imaging result. We analyse the cause of the crosstalk noise using an encoding correlation matrix and then develop two numerical schemes to suppress the crosstalk noise during the inversion process. We test the proposed method with synthetic and field data. Numerical examples show that the proposed scheme can provide better imaging result than reverse time migration, and it also generates images comparable with those from common shot least‐squares reverse time migration but with less computational cost. 相似文献
19.
Seismic wavefield modeling in media with fluid-filled fractures and surface topography 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We present a finite difference (FD) method for the simulation of seismic wave fields in fractured medium with an irregular (non-flat) free surface which is beneficial for interpreting exploration data acquired in mountainous regions. Fractures are introduced through the Coates-Schoenberg approach into the FD scheme which leads to local anisotropic properties of the media where fractures are embedded. To implement surface topography, we take advantage of the boundary-conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one. We use a stable and explicit second-order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the elastic wave equations (in a curvilinear coordinate system) in a 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI). Efficiency tests performed by different numerical experiments clearly illustrate the influence of an irregular free surface on seismic wave propagation in fractured media which may be significant to mountain seismic exploration. The tests also illustrate that the scattered waves induced by the tips of the fracture are re-scattered by the features of the free surface topography. The scattered waves provoked by the topography are re-scattered by the fractures, especially Rayleigh wave scattering whose amplitudes are much larger than others and making it very difficult to identify effective information from the fractures. 相似文献
20.
三维声波方程相比二维声波方程能够更好的模拟三维空间的地震波传播,模拟标量近似下的弹性波在三维复杂介质的传播过程.基于非规则网格的正演模拟方法的格子法可以处理很好的刻画起伏地表、速度间断面等复杂构造,但是这类方法需要大量的几何描述来描述网格.本文提出了三维六面体双重网格的格子法来模拟声波方程,一方面该方法继承了格子法能够灵活处理自由表面和速度间断面的特性.另一方面,该方法通过双重网格的实现极大的减少了几何描述文件的大小,可以最大的实现GPU加速,实现粗粒度并行,在节省了几何描述空间的同时达到了很高的加速比. 相似文献