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1.
古温度的定量重建已成为理解地球气候系统演化的关键性环节,然而目前可靠的陆地温度重建指标仍然较少。来源于微生物细胞膜的甘油二烷基甘油四醚膜类脂（GDGTs）及其相关指标（甲基化/环化指标MBT/CBT和四醚指标TEX86）在湖泊古温度的定量重建中具有一定的潜力,但由于湖泊系统的复杂性及高原气候的特殊性等问题,使得相关指标在青藏高原湖泊的应用受到影响。因此,对目标湖泊开展详细的现代过程分析,考察GDGTs温度指标的应用潜力尤为重要。以位于藏北高原的黑海作为研究对象,采集表层沉积物、流域土壤以及入湖河流沉积物共24个样品。分析了黑海沉积系统中GDGTs的来源,探讨了GDGTs及其相关指标对环境因子的响应,考察了MBT/CBT指标及温度转换函数在高原湖泊温度重建中的适用性。结果表明：黑海中存在部分内源性GDGTs;水体深度对GDGTs的组成与分布影响较显著,电导率与总有机碳的影响较弱;MBT/CBT指标在高海拔和寒冷地区的湖泊古温度重建中有一定的局限性,应该结合区域特点、气候类型及母源微生物对特殊环境的生态响应等,建立更加适用于高原湖泊的温度指标及校正方程。  相似文献   

2.
<正>土壤中都存在微生物来源的支链结构甘油二烷基甘油四醚类脂物(GDGT)。研究发现,支链结构GDGTs的分布能够很好地指示温度、干燥度和p H等环境参数。其中基于该类化合物的CBT/MBT温标在环境温度的重建以及以此为基础的古高程重建方面都有潜在的应用。本文对支链结构GDGTs在青藏高原东南缘沿高度的剖面(1 850.1m~5 139m)的表层土壤进行采样分析,以验证CBT/MBT类指标所计算的温度与本研究区海拔高度之间的相关性。结果表明:1.土壤中支链  相似文献   

3.
通过对中国第3次和第4次北极考察在白令海和西北冰洋采集的65个表层样沉积物中生物标记物四醚膜类脂物(GDGTs)的研究,发现西北冰洋表层沉积物中类异戊二烯和支链GDGTs的浓度分布大致以楚科奇海和波弗特海的陆坡为界线,呈现南高北低的特征,这一特征主要与水体生产力和陆源有机质的输入量有关.基于GDGTs的陆源输入指数BIT显示,从楚科奇海北部到高纬度区的阿尔法脊,陆源有机质的相对比例明显增加,与有机碳稳定同位素等结果一致,表明BIT可以用来指示北极陆源有机质输入量的变化.应用前人TEXL86-SST方程估算的研究区表面海水温度SST与现代年均SST和夏季平均SST的相关性较差,原因可能与陆源输入的类异戊二烯GDGTs干扰以及低的古菌生产力有关.从季节性海冰覆盖区到永久性海冰覆盖区,基于支链GDGTs的环化指数CBT明显升高,可能反映了CBT对海冰覆盖状况的响应,但其响应机制还不清楚.基于支链GDGTs的环化指数CBT和甲基化指数MBT估算的北极陆地年均大气温度和土壤pH差异较大,可能是由表层沉积物的来源复杂以及混合作用造成的.  相似文献   

4.
滇池湖泊沉积物中游离类脂物的有机地球化学特征   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
在对滇池湖泊沉积物有机质总体特征分析的基础上,对沉积物中可溶性有机质的组成进行了定量测定,并揭示了其剖面变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)正构烷烃组分具有较强的稳定性,反映出滇池沉积有机质以菌藻类来源为主,沉积柱上、下两段存在陆源高等植物输入相对增加的特征,且从下往上存在草本植物相对贡献增加的特征;(2)脂肪醇组分,以具有强烈偶碳优势的高碳数脂肪醇为主,反映了沉积有机质中陆源输入的部分;(3)脂肪酸组分揭示出可溶有机质中以浮游植物贡献为主,局部层段存在相对较强的细菌改造作用.因此,湖泊沉积物记录了滇池从一个贫营养的湖泊演变成富营养化湖泊的过程,特别是最近几十年,滇池内源有机物和陆源有机物的输入都呈现快速增长的趋势,结合同位素组成特征表明滇池进入了重富营养化阶段.  相似文献   

5.
以古菌和细菌细胞膜脂甘油四烷基甘油四醚(GDGTs)为基础建立的古温度指标四醚指数(TEX86)与甲基化/环化指标(MBT/CBT),以及陆源输入指标(BIT)与干旱和盐碱化指标Ri/b,在海洋、湖泊、黄土-古土壤等沉积物的古环境重建中得到了广泛的应用.然而,利用这些微生物分子指标来重建古环境时,氧化等降解因素对GDGTs化合物,尤其是对细菌支链GDGTs的影响目前还不是很清楚.本研究通过过氧化氢模拟不同氧化程度对土壤中GDGTs化合物产生的影响,进而分析古菌和细菌GDGTs不同结构化合物抗氧化能力的差异,了解化学氧化降解对GDGTs各指标的影响.结果表明,古菌类异戊二烯GDGTs抗氧化能力低于细菌支链GDGTs,同时含环的古菌和细菌GDGTs抗化学氧化能力均要低于无环GDGTs.古菌GDGTs古温度指标TEX86在氧化过程中逐渐降低,在氧化条件下沉积的古菌GDGTs的TEX86指标用于古温度的重建存在低估的可能.在以无环细菌支链GDGTs为主的环境中,细菌MBT/CBT指标随氧化程度加深其重建温度基本不受影响.古菌与细菌GDGTs抗降解能力的差异导致陆源输入指标BIT指数随着氧化程度增加而升高,在地质体中应用此指标恢复古陆源输入存在高估的可能性.干旱化和盐碱化指标Ri/b随着氧化程度加深表现出逐渐降低的趋势,从而在应用上也可能存在低估.需要指出的是,实验室用的过氧化氢比自然条件下氧气的氧化作用强得多,本文的结论反映了一种比较极端的状况.  相似文献   

6.
微生物四醚膜脂化合物在湖泊环境中的研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
近十几年来,甘油二烷基甘油四醚类化合物(GDGTs)已成为生物地球化学研究的热点,此类化合物广泛分布在海洋、湖泊、土壤、泥炭以及热泉等不同类型的环境载体中,并且携带丰富的环境信息,基于此类化合物分布构建的参数已成为重建古环境变迁的重要指标。本文首先从GDGTs化合物的结构以及生物来源出发,重点阐述了基于此类化合物构建的几个指标TEX86、BIT、MBT/CBT以及ACE在湖泊环境研究中的应用及存在的不足,随后概述了特殊类型湖泊即富营养、高盐度湖泊中GDGTs化合物的分布特征,最后对GDGTs化合物在湖泊环境的研究提出总结以及展望。  相似文献   

7.
甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂（GDGTs）是一类来自于微生物细胞膜脂的新兴生物标志物,广泛存在于海洋、湖泊、土壤、泥炭等环境。在活体细胞中,GDGTs通常以完整极性膜脂（IPL-GDGTs）的形式存在,而在地质环境中主要以脱去极性头基的核心脂（CL-GDGTs）的形式存在。CL-GDGTs结构稳定、不易降解,并且对环境变化响应敏感,因此被认为是重建古气候-古环境变化的有力工具。GDGTs结构复杂、种类多样,在环境中的含量通常较低且常与其他化合物共存,因此分析难度较高,现有技术和方法在其分离、纯化、定量等方面仍然面临挑战。本文总结了近年来GDGTs在分析技术方面的研究进展,概述了GDGTs的分类与结构,对环境中IPL-GDGTs和CL-GDGTs的分离、纯化等方法进行总结和比较,其中CL-GDGTs可选择多种提取方法,而极性较强、热稳定性较差的IPL-GDGTs应尽量选取Bligh-Dyer提取法。普通的分离、纯化通常采用柱层析法,而涉及GDGTs单体分离时,一般采用制备液相色谱法。液相色谱-质谱、核磁共振波谱、气相色谱-同位素比值质谱是GDGTs含量测定、结构鉴定、同位素分析的主要分析手段。本...  相似文献   

8.
微生物细胞膜脂甘油二烷基甘油四醚（GDGTs）样品在实验室冰箱储存过程中可能会遭受降解,进而对GDGTs各指标应用的准确性产生影响.了解GDGTs各类化合物抗降解能力的差异能够为指标的准确应用提供重要的判别手段.2017年,通过对2012年的石笋样品提取物（GDGTs）进行二次测试,发现GDGTs化合物绝对含量明显减少且各化合物的相对含量变化明显:细菌brGDGTs含量相对于古菌isoGDGTs含量变化较小,对应的干旱化指标Ri/b值略有减小,陆源输入指数BIT值增大,故细菌brGDGTs化合物在保存过程中更稳定;古菌isoGDGTs含环少的化合物变化较小,环化指数CBT值增加,表明少环的化合物在降解过程中更稳定;基于古菌isoGDGTs建立的古温度指标TEX86值显著降低;基于细菌brGDGTs建立的甲基化指数MBT值增加,表明甲基越多的化合物越易降解.   相似文献   

9.
为了探讨南海碳酸盐台地的发育过程及控制因素, 采用有机分子化合物指标方法对其进行了研究.有机分子化合物指标BIT(branched isoprenoid tetraether)是沉积物中源自陆源的细菌膜脂支链甘油双烷基链甘油四醚(branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers,简称bGDGTs)与主要来自海洋泉古菌中的类异戊二烯GDGTs(isoprenoid GDGTs,简称iGDGTs)的含量之比,在古环境研究中,用来区分沉积物有机质的来源、判断沉积环境.通过对西科1井的数据研究发现,西科1井BIT指数随深度呈现三段式规律性变化,从下到上呈现高-低-高的变化,反映了中中新世以来南海海平面变化及碳酸盐台地生长发育的过程:在中中新世晚期,受全球及区域海平面变化下降影响,西沙地区碳酸盐台地形成礁-滩交互的沉积地层,由于大气淡水的影响,造成BIT指数呈现高值;到晚中新世至上新世,全球及区域海平面出现持续上升,有利于西沙碳酸盐台地的生长发育,使该井沉积环境以礁内泻湖相为主,造成BIT指数呈现低值;在第四纪冰期,全球及区域海平面出现总体下降趋势,西沙碳酸盐台地又频繁暴露于地表,造成BIT指数又呈现高值.研究表明,西沙地区碳酸盐台地受区域相对海平面变化影响更大,说明南海海平面变化既受全球海平面变化的影响,也受南海区域构造沉降的控制.   相似文献   

10.
￣（１３７）Ｃ及￣（２１０）Ｐｂ＿（ｅｘ）方法广泛应用于湖泊现代沉积计年。不扰动沉积物柱心的采样和高精度的分样装置是获取准确计年结果的前提。沉积物剖面中１９７５年层节￣（１３７）Ｃｓ次级峰值可作为辅助计年时标；沉积物中绝大部分￣（１３７）Ｃｓ处于稳定态保证了￣（１３７）Ｃｓ计年时标的可靠性。季节性滞水带缺氧湖泊中￣（２１０）Ｐｂ沉积后再迁移可能导致￣（２１０）Ｐｂ＿（ｅｘ）计年结果偏低。沉积物早期成岩过程中，铅化学相的转移提供了铅扩散迁移的地球化学条件；Ｐｂ－Ｐｏ的扩散机理分别受Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ循环控制。  相似文献   

11.
Lipid biomarkers widely dotted in marine sediments, as their distribution characteristics accurately record huge information on the metabolism of the original organisms and migration and transformation of these organic components, are often used to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions. This paper reviewed the progress in the study of paleoclimatic-environmental changes during the late Quaternary using abundant core lipids Glycerol Dialkyl Glyceryl Tetraethers (GDGTs) and long-chain alkyl diols in marginal sea sediments. It is pointed out that clarifying the “source-sink” process of lipid biomarkers buried in marine sediments is a prerequisite for paleoclimatic-environmental reconstruction. It is believed that the use of multiple indicators that are less affected by early diagenesis can increase the accuracy of reconstructing paleoclimatic changes. In the large-river dominated marginal seas, the mechanism of land-sea climate coupling evolution stimulated by the paleoclimatic-environmental changes can be elucidated based on paleoclimatic records reconstructed from core lipids GDGTs and long-chain alkyl diols in marine sediments. It is hoped that this paper can provide reliable technical means and a solid theoretical basis for predicting future temperature and rainfall changes.  相似文献   

12.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) from sediment and soil samples has become a widely adopted approach for reconstructing past ocean and continental climate variables such as temperature and pH. The LC–MS data used for constructing these GDGT climate proxies are taken directly from the peak area values of individual GDGT [M+H]+ ions, often determined from manual peak integration due to unreliable computer integrators in commercial software, particularly in cases of complex baselines, asymmetric peak shapes and peak coelution. Manual integration is not only time consuming, but also prone to user induced inconsistency when individuals utilize different criteria for peak/baseline definition. To overcome these problems, we have developed a user friendly, graphical user interface (GUI) programmed in the MATLAB environment, allowing users to efficiently and reproducibly perform batch processing and peak integration of LC–MS data. The program, “TEXPRESS” v1.0 (“tetraether index express”), incorporates modern chemometric based techniques for baseline definition and deconvolution of complex chromatographic peaks and we show that LC–MS data processed using the TEXPRESS toolbox are in strong agreement with results obtained from manual peak integration. We provide a general overview of the concepts and architecture of the TEXPRESS toolbox and discuss the advantages of chemometric based peak integration methods for processing branched and isoprenoid GDGT LC–MS data.  相似文献   

13.
The distribution of isoprenoid and branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids was studied in material from various sources in and around Lake Challa, a crater lake on the southeastern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), to examine the provenance of GDGTs in lake sediments and their potential application as palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies. The study material included samples collected at monthly intervals in a sediment trap over one complete annual cycle, particles suspended in the stratified water column, profundal surface sediments, and soils surrounding the lake. The sediment trap time series revealed that crenarchaeol and related isoprenoid GDGTs were predominantly produced in January and February, following the locally prominent short rain season (November-December). The TEX86-inferred temperature derived from sedimenting particles corresponded well with lake surface-water temperature at this time of largest crenarchaeol flux. Molecular ecological analysis showed that Group 1.1a and 1.1b crenarchaeota are the most likely source organisms of these GDGTs. GDGT-0 in the lake sediments does not only originate from lake surface-dwelling crenarchaeota but seems predominantly derived from archaea residing in the deeper, anoxic part of the water column. The main flux of branched GDGTs to the sediment was during the short rain season and is most probably derived from eroded catchment soils in surface run-off. However, a contribution from in-situ production of branched GDGTs in the lake sediment or water, or in groundwater cannot be fully excluded. We conclude that palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on branched GDGT distributions in lake sediments should only be performed when the origin of those branched GDGTs is well constrained.  相似文献   

14.
This study of five small (<3.0 ha) lakes in southwestern Greenland examines the veracity of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (br GDGTs) as a temperature proxy in lacustrine systems. The proximity (<5 km) of the lakes suggests that their temperature history, and thus their br GDGT records, should be similar. Distributions of br GDGTs in (i) surface sediments from all five lakes, (ii) 14C-dated sediment cores from two lakes (Upper and Lower EVV Lakes) and (iii) soil samples from the area surrounding the lakes were examined. The temporal records of br GDGT-based temperature for the two cores exhibited both similarities and major discrepancies. The differences between the paleotemperature records for the two lakes suggest that br GDGTs are not solely soil-derived, reflecting air temperature, but also indicate an additional br GDGT contribution from another source. Among the broader suite of lake sediments, there was a strong correlation (R2 0.987) between br GDGT-based surface sediment temperatures and measured summer bottom water temperatures for the four lakes with hypoxic/anoxic bottom waters, including Upper EVV Lake. The correlation suggests production of br GDGTs by anaerobic bacteria within the bottom water and/or sediment–water interface, reflecting environmental temperature for the individual lakes and augmenting the uniform, soil-derived signal. Hence, assessment of br GDGTs in Greenland lake sediments provides evidence for their origin from anaerobic autochthonous bacteria and indicates that interpretation of lacustrine br GDGT-based paleotemperature records requires contextual knowledge of individual lake systems and potential source(s) of sedimentary br GDGTs.  相似文献   

15.
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids are abundant and ubiquitous in lake sediments, potentially allowing for a paleolimnological application of the so-called MBT/CBT proxy (methylation index of branched tetraethers/cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers). To investigate the origin and characteristics of these compounds in lacustrine environments, we examined the distributions of GDGTs in soils, river sediments and lake sediments from Lake Towuti on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. We found significant differences in the degree of methylation and cyclization (expressed by way of the MBT and CBT indices) between the soil samples and the aquatic samples, suggesting that there may be in situ production of GDGTs in the aquatic environment. Based on these findings, we urge caution in the application of the MBT/CBT paleoproxy to lake sediments and encourage more rigorous study of these compounds in freshwater environments.  相似文献   

16.
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are bacterial membrane lipids, ubiquitously present in soils and peat bogs, as well as in rivers, lakes and lake sediments. Their distribution in soil is controlled mainly by pH and mean annual air temperature, but the controls on their distribution in lake sediments are less well understood. Several studies have found a relationship between the distribution of branched GDGTs in lake sediments and average lake water pH, suggesting an aquatic source for them, besides that for soil transported to the lake via erosion. We sampled the surface water suspended particulate matter (SPM) from 23 lakes in Minnesota and Iowa (USA), that vary widely in pH, alkalinity and trophic state. The SPM was analyzed for the concentration and distributions of core lipid (presumed fossil origin) and intact polar lipid (IPL, presumed to derive from living cells) branched GDGTs. The presence of substantial amounts (18–48%) of IPL-derived branched GDGTs suggests that branched GDGTs are likely of autochthonous origin. Temperature estimates based on their distribution using lake-specific calibrations agree reasonably with water temperature at time of sampling and average air temperature of the season of sampling. Importantly, a strong correlation between the distribution of branched GDGTs and lake water pH was found (r2 0.72), in agreement with a predominant in situ production. An stronger correlation was found with lake water alkalinity (r2 0.83), although the underlying mechanism that controls the relationship is not understood. Our results raise the potential for reconstructing pH/alkalinity of past lake environments, which could provide important knowledge on past developments in lake water chemistry.  相似文献   

17.
Bacterially produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are ubiquitous in soils and lake sediments and can potentially be used to reconstruct past temperatures. In lakes, however, it is still unclear if these compounds are derived from eroded soils or if they are produced in situ. To better understand environmental controls on the distributions of these compounds and the sources of branched GDGTs to lake sediments, we compare branched GDGT distributions and concentrations in lake sediments and catchment soils within a 3600 m altitudinal transect in western Uganda. Reconstructed mean annual air temperature (MAAT), determined from the degree of methylation (MBT) and cyclisation (CBT) of branched GDGTs in soils, decreases with increasing altitude, as is expected from the air temperature gradient in our transect. However, we observe significant offsets between observed and reconstructed temperatures in soils from wet, high elevation soils but not in most dry, low elevation soils. Branched GDGT distributions differ significantly between lake sediments and soils at all elevations, with greater differences at low elevations than at high elevations. These data support previous hypotheses that branched GDGTs are produced in situ in lakes and suggest that the abundance of water in soil environments may play a role in controlling the distribution of branched GDGTs. While branched GDGTs in lacustrine sediments can be used to reconstruct temporal temperature variations in lakes, we urge caution in utilizing this proxy in lacustrine systems with high soil loadings, especially if there is evidence of changing clastic fluxes through time.  相似文献   

18.
Absence of seasonal patterns in MBT-CBT indices in mid-latitude soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The degree of methylation and cyclization of bacteria-derived branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipids in soils depends on temperature and soil pH. Expressed in the methylation index of branched tetraethers (MBT) and cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers (CBT), these relationships are used to reconstruct past annual mean air temperature (MAT) based on the distribution of branched GDGTs in ancient sediments; the MBT-CBT proxy. Although it was shown that the best correlation of this proxy is with annual MAT, it remains unknown whether a seasonal bias in temperature reconstructions could occur, such as towards a seasonal period of ‘optimal growth’ of the, as yet, unidentified soil bacteria which produce branched GDGTs. To investigate this possibility, soils were sampled from eight different plots in the USA (Minnesota and Ohio), The Netherlands (Texel) and the UK (Devon) in time series over 1 year and analyzed for their branched GDGT content. Further analyses of the branched GDGTs present as core lipids (CLs; the presumed fossil pool) and intact polar lipids (IPLs; the presumed extant pool) were undertaken for two of the investigated soil plots. The amount of IPL-derived branched GDGTs is low relative to the branched GDGT CLs, i.e. only 6-9% of the total branched GDGT pool. In all soils, no clear change was apparent in the distribution of branched GDGT lipids (either core or IPL-derived) with seasonal temperature change; the MBT-CBT temperature proxy gave similar temperature estimates year-round, which generally matched the mean annual soil temperature. In addition to a lack of coherent changes in relative distributions, concentrations of the branched GDGTs did not show clear changes over the seasons. For IPL-derived GDGTs these results suggest that their turnover time in soils is in the order of 1 year or more. Thus, our study does not provide evidence for seasonal effects on the distribution of branched GDGTs in soils, at least at mid-latitudes, and therefore, no direct evidence for a bias of MBT-CBT reconstructed temperatures towards a certain season of optimal growth of the source bacteria. If, however, there is a slight seasonal preference of branched GDGT production, which can easily be obscured by natural variability due to the heterogeneity of soils, then a seasonal bias may potentially still develop over time due to the long turnover time of branched GDGTs.  相似文献   

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