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1.
河流与地下水的脱节现象广泛存在于干旱及半干旱地区,二者间的相互作用已成为目前的研究热点。在简要分析河流与地下水关系的基础上,综述了河流与含水层之间由饱和连接,经过渡脱节,演化为完全脱节系统的物理过程及机理和脱节系统形成的必要条件。总结分析了最大渗漏量法、临界地下水位法、水位波动法等河流与地下水关系判别方法以及优缺点。讨论了非稳定演化过程中河水的入渗规律以及介质时空非均质性对脱节系统的影响。分析认为目前脱节形成机理仍不完全明晰;简便有效的判别方法还需进一步研究;介质时空非均质性对河水渗漏的影响是未来研究的重要方向。 相似文献
2.
A. Pulido-Bosch S. Bensi L. Molina A. Vallejos J. M. Calaforra P. Pulido-Leboeuf 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(7):791-799
Relatively high concentrations of NO3 usually have their origin in processes of organic pollution and excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. In the case of agricultural
areas, these activities may generate great quantities of nitrates. This fact has enabled us to use the nitrate ion to characterize
an exploited aquifer unit of a very complex aquifer system, as is the case for the Campo de Dalías aquifer system (SE Spain).
The shallow boreholes, which draw water from intensively cultivated superficial formations, yield waters with a high NO3 content. When the boreholes are deeper and penetrate low-permeability formations in the superficial layers, the waters contain
little NO3; similar to what happens in areas of recharge where agricultural activities are absent. In addition, using longitudinal sections,
it is possible to demonstrate the possible existence of connections between superficial and deep aquifers using NO3 as a tracer. Similarly one can locate those sectors responsible for contamination caused by the poorly lined boreholes themselves,
when they perforate more than one aquifer in a multiple aquifer formation.
Received: 22 December 1998 · Accepted: 20 March 1999 相似文献
3.
In an attempt to delineate heavy metal contamination precincts and to evaluate the extent and degree of toxic levels, besides
their possible sources, 38 water samples from Ankaleshwar Industrial Estate, south Gujarat, India were analyzed. By clutching
geochemical analyses and GIS-based colour composites areas depicting anomalously high concentration of heavy metals (Mo, Zn,
Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, etc.) in the groundwater were revealed. The multicomponent overlays in grey-scale facilitated in identifying
situates of heavy metal ‘hot spots’, and lateral protuberances of the contamination plume around defile stretch of the main
stream Amla Khadi flowing through the area. The multiple pollution plumes emerging from other parts of the area further coincide
with effluent laden streams and small channels indicating industrial establishments as major sources of groundwater contamination.
Influent nature of the streams, accelerated infiltration process, high mass influx and shallow groundwater table are the factors
conducive for easy access of heavy metals to the phreatic aquifers affecting over 20 km2 area. On the basis of P/U ratios (concentration of metals in polluted water to unpolluted water), geogenic and anthropogenic sources have been identified.
Very high levels of technogenic elements present in the ground water raise concerns about possible migration into food crops,
as the area is an important horticultural locale and is highly cultivated. 相似文献
4.
The impact of groundwater withdrawals on the interaction between multi-layered aquifers with different water qualities in the Viterbo geothermal area (central Italy) was studied. In this area, deep thermal waters are used to supply thermal spas and public pools. A shallow overlying aquifer carries cold and fresh water, used for irrigation and the local drinking-water supply. Starting with a conceptual hydrogeological model, two simplified numerical models were implemented: a steady-state flow model of the entire groundwater system, and a steady-state flow and heat transport model of a representative area, which included complex interactions between the aquifers. The impact of increased withdrawals associated with potential future development of the thermal aquifer must be considered in terms of the water temperature of the existing thermal sources. However, withdrawals from the shallow aquifer might also influence the discharge of thermal sources and quality of the water withdrawn from the shallow wells. The exploitation of the two aquifers is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the intervening aquitard, which maintains the delicate hydrogeological equilibrium. Effective methods to control this equilibrium include monitoring the vertical gradient between the two aquifers and the residual discharge of natural thermal springs. 相似文献
5.
The impact of a railway tunnel on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy) was demonstrated and characterised by multi-tracer tests and hydrological observations. The 15-km-long Firenzuola tunnel crosses turbidite marls and sandstones previously not considered as aquifers. During the drilling, water inrushes occurred at fracture zones, and the tunnel still continues to drain the aquifer. The water table dropped below the level of the valleys, and gaining streams transformed into losing streams or ran completely dry, as did many springs, causing severe damage to the aquatic fauna and other elements of the ecosystem. Two multi-tracer tests, each using uranine and sulforhodamine G, were carried out in two impacted catchments in order to confirm and quantify the stream–aquifer–tunnel interrelations. The results proved connection between losing streams and numerous water inlets in the tunnel, with maximum linear distances of 1.4 km and velocities up to 135 m/d. Several of the demonstrated flowpaths pass under previous groundwater divides (mountain ridges), proving that the tunnel has completely modified the regional flow system. Water balance estimations demonstrate that the observed water losses cannot be explained by climate change but can largely be attributed to the tunnel drainage. 相似文献
6.
历史上淄河下游的人畜供水一直依赖地下水,但20世纪80年代以来区内淄河下游河道长期接纳上游污水,地表水和浅层地下水受到污染,浅层地下水已不适于人畜饮用。污染区沿淄河呈条带状展布,污染区边界距淄河约1.0~1.5 km,其中距淄河500 m以内的区域污染最为严重。中深层地下水水质良好,仅个别井点因井管损坏造成点状串层污染,可做为人畜用水水源。基本可满足2010年前区内人畜供水要求。人畜供水开采中深层地下水时,应根据地下水污染特征和中深层含水层水文地质特征,分区分层开采,实现地下水合理开发,防止中深层地下水串层污染,保护宝贵的地下水资源。 相似文献
7.
M. F. Rotar Dr. 《GeoJournal》1992,27(2):185-193
The generalization of the data available, field and laboratory investigations made it possible to estimate the pesticide inflow with large rivers to the NW part of the Black Sea, and the degree of pollution of the soil cover, bottom sediments of water bodies, confined aquifers with pesticides and ground water with nitrates. As a result of the uncontrolled use of agrochemicals their residual quantities were found in 66–93% of the samples. In connection with economic activities the greatest damage was caused to the ground water — the main source of water supply in the region: in some areas the depletion of their resources, intrusion of sea water and salt ground waters into aquifers as well as presence of residual quantities of pesticides in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limit were detected.Ideas on limitation of the harmful impact of agrochemicals upon the region's environment are presented here. 相似文献
8.
扬-泰-靖地区地下水系统水力联系与硫酸盐污染特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文对长江三角洲扬-泰-靖地区第四系松散层地下水中环境同位素(D、18O、34S)的分布特征进行了分析,旨在揭示大气降水、长江水、潜水及承压水之间的水力联系,辨别地下水中硫酸盐的来源及其污染状况。研究结果表明潜水含水层接受大气降水及长江水的补给,硫酸盐主要为农业污染来源或与海源硫酸盐的混合。承压含水层主要接受大气降水的补给,与潜水含水层及长江之间的水力联系较差,硫酸盐来源不同。在研究区顶部和沿江地段的浅层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐来源于硫化物的氧化;在东部的深层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐主要来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解或海源硫酸盐的滞留,基本未受到潜水或地表水中硫酸盐的污染。 相似文献
9.
The isotopic composition of groundwater sources of the Sinai Desert was surveyed. The results are characterized by a large spread in the oxygen-18 and deuterium abundances, compared to equivalent systems from less arid climates. The variability reflects differences in the altitude at which precipitation occurred, the evaporation from stagnant surface waters prior to their infiltration into the ground and admixtures of waters which are not of meteoric or recent origin. It is difficult to distinguish between water sources recharged by direct infiltration and others recharged through the intermediary of flood waters, on the basis of their isotope composition. The isotopio composition enables a clearcut distinction, however, between paleowaters and more recently recharged groundwaters. Among the conclusions: paleowaters play a central role in the deep aquifers of desert areas; direct rain recharge to aquifers is widespread; surface waters which have undergone extensive evaporation contribute their water to local perched aquifers which are found along their route. 相似文献
10.
11.
Hydrological and hydrogeological characterization of groundwater and river water in the North Hanoi industrial area,Vietnam 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nguyen Van Giang Le Ngoc Thanh Vu Quang Hiep Noboru Hida 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(11):4915-4924
Degradation of groundwater quality by human activities is a widespread environmental problem in Vietnam. Groundwater there is a major source of water for domestic and industrial purposes. This paper reviews, compiles, and comprehensively analyzes spatiotemporal variations of hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater aquifers in northern Hanoi industrial zones and in nearby Red River water. Groundwater level, electrical conductivity, and water temperature were measured in six monitoring wells, complemented by anion, cation, and stable isotope analyses of ground and surface water. The results show that the groundwater in both shallow and deep aquifers was fresh, but mainly calcium-bicarbonate type contaminants and human activities affect groundwater and surface water composition. With the goal of devising sustainable water use regulations, more research must be directed toward long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality, as well as toward detailed investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of local aquifers in the study area. 相似文献
12.
Thermal and mineral waters in north-eastern Slovenia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Mura basin in north-eastern Slovenia is made up of two depressions, developed during the Late Neogene and Early Pliocene
all within a widespread system of Pannonian basins. Both depressions are characterized by the occurrence of thermal waters
of somewhat different hydrogeochemical character. Radgona depression is in the northern part of the basin and reaches depths
of about 2 km. Thermal waters are generally dominated by sodium-bicarbonate, not related to the age of an aquifer, its wallrock
composition, the type of porosity or total concentration of dissolved solids. Locally, sulphate-rich waters are encountered,
and they are related to the presence of gypsum in the rocks of pre-Tertiary basement. The adjacent Ljutomer depression is
over 4 km deep and comprises compartments with stagnant or semi-stagnant aquifers. Herein saline waters predominate, even
in the aquifers of carbonate composition and abundant CO2 gas. In shallower, unconsolidated, intergranular aquifers sodium-bicarbonate waters predominate. Thermal aquifers of this
type are very important to the economy of the region, but they are also subjected to overexploitation which is reflected in
time-dependent changes of dynamic pressures, temperature, conductance, salinity, pH and concentration of major ions, trace
elements, dissolved gasses, and total organic carbon. Mineral waters occur in shallow aquifers or springs in marginal areas
of the Radgona depression. Bicarbonate waters are dominated by calcium, or both calcium and sodium. Some mineral waters are
formed mainly by penetration of CO2 gas into shallow aquifers and consequent water–rock interaction. Composition of some mineral waters indicate their possible
evolution from thermal waters which have risen from central parts of the Radgona depression along deep-seated faults, and
have been modified by cooling and mixing processes.
Received: 30 November 1998 · Accepted: 22 March 1999 相似文献
13.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(5):675-691
The small karstic watershed of Lanmuchang, in a Hg–Tl mineralized area in SW Guizhou Province, China, exhibits an enrichment of toxic Tl in groundwater and related stream water. This affords an excellent demonstration of the natural processes of Tl dispersion, and the resultant impact on the local ecosystem. The distribution of Tl in the water system follows a decreasing concentration pattern from deep groundwater to stream water to shallow groundwater. Tl shows high levels (13–1100 μg/L) in deep groundwater within the Tl-mineralized area, decreasing with distance away from the mineralized area to background levels (0.005 μg/L). The distribution of Tl in the water system is constrained by Tl mineralization, water–rock interactions and hydrogeological conditions. Tl concentrations in waters generally correlate with concentrations of total dissolved solids, sulphate, Ca and pH values, suggesting the contribution of water-rock interactions to water geochemistry. Water–rock interactions are driven by weathering of Tl-bearing sulfides which decreases pH values in groundwater, and by dissolution of limestone enhanced by acid fluids. Tl in stream water in both the base-flow and flood-flow regimes shows higher concentrations than it does in shallow groundwater that serves as the stream's source (mainly springs, dug-well flows and karstic cave waters). Concentrations of Tl in stream water in the flood-flow regime are generally lower than in the base-flow regime due to dilution effects, but those in the waters of mid-stream are almost the same as in the base-flow regime, probably due to contribution from Tl-rich soil water seepage or from acid mine drainage (AMD). Unexpectedly, Tl concentrations in stream water in both regimes are remarkably higher (2–30 fold) downstream than up- and mid-stream. These pronounced increases of Tl concentration are likely caused by unidentified discharges of deep groundwater through fractured zones to the downstream trace. The groundwater-related Tl transfer processes affect the ecosystem through contamination of water supply and arable soil and ultimately the food chain with undoubted risks to human health. Therefore, the results of this study are important for environmental planning and regulations, and will also serve as baseline data for future research on Tl natural dispersion processes. 相似文献
14.
西南典型紧窄褶皱小尺度浅层岩溶水系统特征及隧道涌水分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
西南地区典型紧窄褶皱控制下的浅层岩溶水,具有循环交替快、水量丰富等特点。精细刻画小尺度浅层岩溶水系统模式类型及其特征,对于探讨岩溶水资源量以及中—浅埋隧道涌水条件具有重要意义。本文以西南典型紧窄褶皱——重庆铜锣山背斜和遵义铜锣井背斜为研究对象,细致地梳理岩溶水系统特征的控制性因素,提出地层空间结构的细微差异导致含水介质及地下水补给、径流、排泄特征等不尽相同。据此,将研究区浅层岩溶水系统细分为四类小尺度模式,并基于各模式差异分析中—浅埋隧道涌水条件。研究认为:穿越不同小尺度岩溶水系统的隧址段,其涌水条件具有一定差异;间互式地层空间结构导致小尺度浅层岩溶水系统之间因地表水体的转换而存在联系,计算涌水量时需考虑相邻可溶岩地层外源补给,而包裹式结构则造成各系统相对独立,计算时需考虑相邻非可溶岩地层外源补给;深切河谷排泄边界,不可忽略降雨对隙流散排型模式的补给,计算涌水量时,降雨量参数应小于年均降雨量,但若边界为浅切河谷,降雨量参数可直接选用年均降雨量。 相似文献
15.
宝鼎矿区深部水文地质条件研究及涌水量计算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
宝鼎矿区浅部资源行将枯竭,深部开采已迫在眉睫,而预测深部涌水量成为其首要解决的问题。通过对矿区深部水文地质条件研究与矿井充水因素的分析,认为矿区各含水间水力联系差,同一含水层组的不同地段间的含水裂隙的连通性亦差;断层多为高角度压性逆断层,导水性差,富水性弱;矿区上部水平及下部水平的浅埋区的充水水源主要为大气降水和老窑水,而下部水平主要的充水水源为上覆水平的采空区积水和地下水。运用比拟法和地下水动力学对延深的第一接替水平四个区段的较大涌水量和一般涌水量进行了计算,经过比较,采用了比拟法的计算结果：矿井的一般涌水量为2860.88m3/d,据此提出了切实可行防治水措施,从而为矿井深部建设提供了水文地质依据。 相似文献
16.
Giorgio Pilla Elisa Sacchi Gianmaria Zuppi Giovanni Braga Gianfranco Ciancetti 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(5):795-808
A multicriteria approach in studying hydrodynamics of a multilayer aquifer system has been used in the Lomellina region (Northern Italy). It involves the reconstruction of the hydrogeological framework coupled to the definition of the hydrochemical and isotopic features of the aquifers. A shallow phreatic aquifer, reaching depths of about 60–80 m from the surface, and deeper aquifers containing confined groundwater, were distinguished. Groundwater generally shows mineralisation decreasing with depth; dissolved ions depict calcium-bicarbonate hydrochemical facies and stable isotopes define the recharge mechanisms, the origin of groundwater, and the hydraulic confinement of deep aquifers. The phreatic aquifer is fed by local infiltration and by streams and irrigation channels. Tritium and Carbon-14 groundwater dating indicate long residence times (on the order of thousands of years) for confined aquifers. The confined aquifers show essentially passive hydrodynamic conditions and maintain a higher piezometric level than the phreatic aquifer. This inhibits the possibility of recent water penetrating far below the surface. The hydrogeological setting of the Lomellina region displays features which are common to other sectors of the Po plain. As a consequence, the results of this study, although conducted on a restricted area, are highly illustrative of groundwater hydrodynamics in large sedimentary aquifers. 相似文献
17.
深层灰岩水在长时间水岩耦合作用下各含水层的水化学成分有所不同,但随着地壳运动、采动影响等因素导致不同含水层产生水力联系。重大的突水事故都是深层高压灰岩水以浅层灰岩水为通道突入矿井发生的。依据对淮南煤田潘谢矿区9对矿井2015—2018年182个地面水文观测孔的水位数据及潘二矿突水后各水文观测孔水位变化的时空规律,得出水文观测孔的水位变化数据比水位高程数据更灵敏,潘谢矿区深层灰岩水由下向上对浅层灰岩水进行补给,通过聚类分析算法识别出矿井与深层灰岩水存在补给关系的浅层灰岩含水层区域;另一方面基于改进的随机森林算法对收集的7 000多条矿井水质化验资料进行分析,基于错分数据识别出与深层灰岩水水力联系紧密的各矿含水层信息。综合分析水位变化数据聚类分析结果,得出各矿井的突水风险区域。基于含水层分类显著因子、水化学空间分布特征,结合温度、流量、水位、水质等参数的高精度传感器,构建快速准确突水预警系统,对矿井出水点进行智能监测,为实施防治水措施提供快速、可靠的依据,可以极大地避免矿井发生突水事故和减少突水事故产生的损失。 相似文献
18.
The water system in a rural area of Lanmuchang in Southwest Guizhou is facing a risk of thallium (Tl) contamination due to Tl mineralization around the area. The major trace elements and Tl in the water system are studied to understand the hydrogeochemical processes of Tl constrained by Tl mineralization. The results showed that the dispersion pattern of Tl follows a descending order in concentration from mine groundwater (deep groundwater) →stream water→shallow groundwater→background water, reflecting the impact of Tl mineralization on the hydrogeochemical composition. Tl concentrations in stream water in both regimes are remarkably higher (2-30 fold) downstream than up- and mid-streams, probably caused by the unidentified discharge of deep groundwater. Low Tl levels are detected in the current drinking water, however, the highly elevated Tl in stream water and ground water may pose a potential environmental risk through daily washing and agricultural irrigation. This study suggests that human activities, such as agricultural irrigation, could intensify the environmental risk of Tl. 相似文献
19.
羊八井地热田深、浅层热水都是Cl-Na类型,具有相同的B/Cl比值,说明深层热水在上升通道中与冷水相混合形成了浅层热水。浅层流体自西北向东南流动,温度逐渐降低。浅层热储内普遍存在着水岩交换反应,对热水的化学组成有一定的影响。石英和玉髓地热温度计分别适用于计算深、浅层的热储温度。纳木错(湖)不是羊八井地热田的补给区。深层热水在井筒内绝热汽化时不会出现SiO2结垢,CaCO3是否会在井筒壁沉淀需要放喷较长时间来检验。文中还阐述了对热水的化学组分进行监测的必要性。 相似文献
20.
Samir Kamel 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(1):189-199
The hydrodynamic groundwater data and stable isotopes of water have been used jointly for better understanding of upward leakage
and mixing processes in the Djerid aquifer system (southwestern Tunisia). The aquifer system is composed of the upper unconfined
Plio-Quaternary (PQ) aquifer, the intermediate (semi-)confined Complex Terminal (CT) aquifer and the deeper confined Continental
Intercalaire (CI) aquifer. A total of 41 groundwater samples from the CT and PQ aquifers were collected during June 2001.
The stable isotope composition of waters establishes that the CT deep groundwater (depleted as compared to present Nefta local
rainfall) is ancient water recharged during late Quaternary time. The relatively recent water in the shallow PQ aquifer is
composed of mixed water resulting from upward leakage and sporadic meteoric recharge. In order to characterize the meteoric
input signal for PQ in the study area, rainfall water samples were collected during 4 years (2000–2003) at the Nefta meteorological
station. Weighted mean values of isotopic contents with respect to rainfall amounts have been computed. Despite the short
collection period in the study area, results agree with those found in Beni Abbes (southwestern Algerian Sahara) by Fontes
on 9 years of rainfall surveillance. Stable isotopic relationships provide clear evidence of shallow PQ aquifer replenishment
by deep CT groundwater. The 18O/upward leakage rate allowed the identification of distinctive PQ waters related to CT aquifer configuration (confined in
the western part of the study area, semi-permeable in the eastern part). These trends were confirmed by the relation 18O/TDS. The isotope balance model indicated a contribution of up to 75% of the deep CT groundwater to the upper PQ aquifer
in the western study area, between Nefta and Hazoua. 相似文献