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1.
张金来 《地球化学》1983,(4):347-356
Na^ , Ca^ and Mg^ are known to be the principal mineralizing cations in oil-field waters.Chemical controls on their activity and concentration are solubility, adsorption capacity and hydration which are dependent on the primary chemical bond parameters, such as ionic potential (Z/L)and dectronegativity (x). This paper aims at expounding the regularities governing the quantitative distribution of Na, Ca, and Mg in nil-field waters in terms of the variation of φ(Z/L, x). Our studies have shown that the log concentrations of Na, Ca and Mg in oil-field water shave a linear correlation ,vith their ionic potential and dectronegativity. Therefore, the concentrations of these cations must follow the φ(Z/L, x) regularity which has found ,vide application in the following aspects: (1) to define various types of nil-field water; (2) to define the distribution of oil-field and non-oil-field waters; and (3) to define the boundaries of hydrochemical vertical zonation.  相似文献   

2.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(6):1639-1648
Cohesion(c) and friction angle(φ) of rock are important parameters required for reliability analysis of rock slope stability. There is correlation between c and φ which affects results of reliability analysis of rock slope stability. However, the characterization of joint probability distribution of c and φ through which their correlation can be estimated requires a large amount of rock property data, which are often not available for most rock engineering projects. As a result, the correlation between c and φ is often ignored or simply assumed during reliability studies, which may lead to bias estimation of failure probability. In probabilistic rock slope stability analysis, the influence of ignoring or simply assuming the correlation of the rock strength parameters(i.e., c and φ) on the reliability of rock slopes has not been fully investigated. In this study, a Bayesian approach is developed to characterize the correlation between c and φ, and an expanded reliability-based design(RBD) approach is developed to assess the influence of correlation between c and φ on reliability of a rock slope. The Bayesian approach characterizes the sitespecific joint probability distribution of c and φ, and quantifies the correlation between c and φ using available limited data pairs of c and φ from a rock project. The expanded RBD approach uses the joint probability distribution of c and φ obtained through the Bayesian approach as inputs, to determine the reliability of a rock slope. The approach gives insight into the propagation of the correlation between c and φ through their joint probability into the reliability analysis, and their influence on the calculated reliability of the rock slope. The approaches may be applied in practice with little additional effort from a conventional analysis. The proposed approaches are illustrated using real c and φ data pairs obtained from laboratory tests of fractured rock at Forsmark, Sweden.  相似文献   

3.
The hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids can reveal the genesis of geothermal systems and act as important references for developing and using geothermal resources.This study presents hydrogeochemical processes and thermal cycle mechanisms of typical geothermal fields in Western Sichuan.Based on the geological conditions in Western Sichuan,29 hot springs in three geothermal fields in the Batang and Litang areas were selected for hydrochemical and isotopic (δD andδ~(18)O) analyses.Furthermore,the temperature of the thermal reservoir was calculated and the upflow cooling process of the hot springs was analyzed.Most of the subterranean hot waters in Batang and Litang are of the HCO_3-Na hydrochemical type.The ion variation in Batang is primarily affected by water-rock interactions.There is a strong positive correlation between Na~+,B~-,and Cl~-in Litang,suggesting that they have the same material source.The Na~+and metaboric acid content is relatively high,which indicates that the groundwater runoff in both areas is relatively long-lasting,with reduced flow velocity;moreover,the metasilicic acid content is relatively high,which supports this conclusion.Both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes plot near the atmospheric precipitation line,indicating that groundwater recharge is functionally obtained from precipitation.The calculated thermal storage temperatures in Batang and Litang were 88–199°C and 96–154°C,respectively.The proportion of cold water mixing in Batang was 64%–67%,while that in Litang was 60%–68%.According to the calculated results,the initial thermal cycle depth of the Batang area (4540–4780 m) was greater than that of the Litang area (3150–3960 m).The enthalpy of the deep parental geothermal fluid in Batang was 1550 J/g with a Cl~-concentration of 37 mg/L,while that in Litang was 2100 J/g with a Cl~-concentration of 48 mg/L.  相似文献   

4.
Whether groundwater resources can be sustainably utilized is largely determined and characterized by hydrogeological parameters.Estimating the groundwater recharge is one of the essential parameters for managing water resources and protecting water resources from contamination.This study researched the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater recharge in the Thepkasattri sub-district through integrating chloride mass balance(CMB)and water table fluctuation(WTF)methods.The chloride content of representative rainfall and groundwater samples was analyzed.Besides,WTF method was adopted from groundwater level data from 2012 to 2015.According to the CMB method,the mean recharge was estimated to be 1172 mm per year,accounting for 47%of the annual rainfall.Moreover,the estimated recharge from the WTF method took 26%of annual rainfall in 2015.The recharge was underestimated according to the WTF method,because of the uncertainty in specific yield estimates and the number of representative wells in the study area.Moreover,the correlation between rainfall and water table fluctuation data indicated the positive linear relationship between two parameters.The spatial recharge prediction indicated that recharge was higher(1200-1400 mm/yr)in the eastern and western catchment,while that in the central floodplains was between 800 mm/yr and 1100 mm/yr.In addition,low recharge value between 450 mm/yr and 800 mm/yr was observed in the south-west part of Thepkasattri.The spatial variation of recharge partly reflects the influences of land use and land cover of the study area.  相似文献   

5.
The distance between 4-H and adjacent H on the substitutional benzene ring in benzo[c]carbazole was calculated in terms of molecular structure parameters. The result showed that the distance is shorter than the sum of van der Vaals＇ radii of two hydrogen atoms. This means that there is a steric hinderance between them. This effect will make the bond angle stretch and the bond length extend, or cause the molecule to distort, thus making benzo[c]carbazoles become unstable in thermodynamics. On the contrary there is no such effect for benzo[a]carbazoles. This conclusion has been confirmed by the result of calculation of the distance between the same two atoms with software GaussView. So the skeleton of benzo[c]carbazoles in sediments may be breached or isomerized with increasing maturity. It is consistent with the decrease of the ratio of benzo[c]carbazole to benzo[a]carbazole in hydrocarbon migration, suggesting that [c]/[a] not only changes with the distance of migration, but also may be influenced by maturity.  相似文献   

6.
<正>The oil source of the Tarim Basin has been controversial over a long time.This study characterizes the crude oil and investigates the oil sources in the Lunnan region,Tarim Basin by adopting compound specific isotopes of n-alkanes and biomarkers approaches.Although the crude oil has a good correlation with the Middle-Upper Ordovician(O_(2+3)) source rocks and a poor correlation with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician((?)-O_1) based on biomarkers,theδ~(13)C data of n-alkanes of the Lunnan oils show an intermediate value between(?)-O_1 and O_(2+3) genetic affinity oils,which suggests that the Lunnan oils are actually of an extensively mixed source.A quantification of oil mixing was performed and the results show that the contribution of the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks ranges from 11%to 70%(averaging 36%),slightly less than that of the Tazhong uplift.It is suggested that the inconsistency between the biomarkers andδ~(13)C in determining the oil sources in the Lunnan Region results from multiple petroleum charge episodes with different chemical components in one or more episode(s) and different sources.The widespread marine mixed-source oil in the basin indicates that significant petroleum potential in deep horizons is possible.To unravel hydrocarbons accumulation mechanisms for the Lunnan oils is crucial to further petroleum exploration and exploitation in the region.  相似文献   

7.
Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids are mostly used to illustrate the origins of organic matter and genetic types of crude oil presently.In this paper,the relationship between distributions and compositions of C16 homodrimane in immature to mature source rocks and evolution of organic matter was studied,and the correlation between C16 homodrimane at immature to low mature stages and thermal evolution of organic matter was analyzed.The results show that in terrestrial facies depositional system,the ratio of 8α(H)-homodrimane to 8β(H)-homodrimane has a high sensitivity about the maturity’s minor changes at immature to low mature stages.It is found that when the vitrinite reflectance R0<0.7%,the ratio significantly decreases with increasing burial depth or maturity.This kind of phenomenon reveals that these parameters may be the useful maturity indicators for determining the relative maturation of organic matter at immature to low mature stages,and have certain practical value in biogeochemical and en- vironmental geochemical research on low mature oil and gas.  相似文献   

8.
Relationship between the δ^13C of tree ring cellulose from Pinus Koraiensis and climate parameters was investigated.A significantly negative correlation between δ^13C and mean low-cloud amount from May to July was discovered,which contributes to reconstructing the mean low-cloud amount form May to July at Antu in recent 200years.Periodicals of quasi-8-year,quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year were detected both in δ^13 C series and in the reconstructed low cloud amount series with 95% confidence level.Quasi-8-year period may reflect the integrated influence of solar activity,monsoon activity and local regional factors.Quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year periods indicate the influences of ENSO and Qussi Biennial Oscillation(QBO)of East Asian monsoon,respectively.  相似文献   

9.
我国陆相盆地油田水文地球化学特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
刘祟禧 《地球化学》1982,(2):190-197
From the viewpoint of geological development, the mechanisms of formation of oil-field waters in non-marine basins and their relation with oil-gas reservoirs are discussed briefly. Sedimentary basins differing in geological setting and physical geographical environment would lead to a diverse evolution of fossil lake basin water body in chemical composition in the process of formation, development and extinction by themselves, resulting in oil-field waters with complex; variable and characteristic compositious China‘s non-marine basins are mostly derived from fossil lake basins. The substantial petroleum-generating stage is highly expected during the development of these fossil lake basins. The production of hydrocarbons responsible for petroleum is always accompanied by the production of sedimentary water. As a result, oil-gas migration took place under the action of high-pressure water and led to the preferential accumulation in the surrounding geological structures as a girdle pattern. In the oil-gas-bearing basins where seeping water is abundant, oil-gas reservoir are found distributed mainly along the “intersection zone” -- the “erestal plane”between the “ fossil-dewatering” of sedimentary water and the “fossil-interpolation”of seeping water. Due to the influence of various factors and the geochemical reactions, oilfield waters in Chiua‘s non-marine basins have remarkable “ion differential” phenomenon. Based on the phenomenon four types of ion assemblages can be distinguished.  相似文献   

10.
Experiments have been performed on the system MgO-SiO2-Cr-O at 0-2.88 GPa and 1100-1450℃,focusing on the stability of Cr^2 in olivine(O1),orthopyroxene(Opx) and spinel(Sp) and its partitioning between these phases.Analytical reagent grade chemicals,MgO,SiO2,Cr2O3.and Cr were used to make starting mixtures.Excess Cr(50%) was then added in these mixtures to ensure that the resultant phases were in equilibrium with the metal Cr.Flux of BaO B2O3(%) was added for facilitating experimental equilibrium and crystal growth.Cr was used as capsule material.All phases in the product were identified by X-ray and analyzed by electron microprobe,The contents of CrO in the different phases(O1,Opx and Sp)were calculated according to stoichiometry.The obtained results of calculation indicate that Cr^3 in Ol and Opx is negligible.The experimental results show;(a) with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure,Cr^2 solubility in Ol,Opx and Sp increases;(b) with in creasing temperature,the partitioning coefficient of Mg and Cr^2 between Ol and Opx decreases,that between Opx and Sp increases,and that between Ol and Sp remains almost unchanged;(c) the effect of pressure on all partitioning coefficients is negligible.  相似文献   

11.
Defining the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary is a controversy in stratigraphic study of the world. It has been widely accepted that this boundary can be defined at the bottom of Berriasian in Tethys, with the appearance of the ammonite Berriasella jacobi dating to ca. 145 Ma. However, it is difficult for the widespread terrestrial deposits in China to correlate with the international standard of marine facies. The Somanakamura Group in Japan is represented by a succession of marine-continental transitional strata. It provides a bridge of marine and nonmarine stratigraphic correlation. The ammonite and radiolarian fossils preserved in this group suggest an age from Bajocian to early Valanginian. The J-K boundary was defined in or atop the Tomizawa Formation of the group according to the ammonite data. The present authors study the fossil spores and pollen newly found from the Tomizawa and Koyamada formations. Three assemblages have been recognized. They are Assemblage 1 (Cyathidites-Classopollis) from the upper part of the Tomizawa Formation, Assemblage 2 (Cyathidites-Jiaohepollis) from the lower part of the Koyamada Formation, and Assemblage 3 (Cyathidites-Spheripollenites-Ephedripites) from the middle to upper part of the Koyamada Formation. With the reference of ammonite evidence, the J-K boundary can be defined between Assemblage 1 and Assemblage 2. This palynological J-K boundary can be correlated with that of terrestrial sequence in China. However, local biostratigraphy imply that the continental J-K boundary in China is of 135 or 137 Ma age. It has a considerable discrepancy from the marine standard. Biogeographically, the distribution pattern of spores and pollen in southern China is in accordance with that in the Somanakamura Group, which parallels the Tuchengzi Formation in northeastern China. By the palynological correlation between the Somanakamura Group and the strata in southern China, and then with the sequence in northeastern China, it is suggested that the continental J-K boundary is located in the Tuchengzi Formation.  相似文献   

12.
In this study,the remote sensing is applied to the examination of the relationship between desertification and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) in the context of northern Shaanxi Province.This relationship is also examined using spatial analysis methods.A strong negative correlation is found in the largest area desert,indicating that the relationship between desert and NDVI is not a sim-ple linear one and that the correlation coefficient between NDVI and vegetation abundance is significant.The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was compared with other vegetation index-based methodologies.NDVI is a valuable first-cut indicator for such systems, although the analysis and inter-pretation of its relationship to desertification are complex and also based on the detailed analysis of its re-lationship to ecological zone,vegetation type and season.Conclusions thus made would help to upgrade the methodology as an effective tool for early-warning desertification in the northern Shaanxi Province where a drought is a recurring threat.This methodology includes the integration of NDVI with other socio-economic and bio-physical indicators in GIS ,the complementation of desert area data with satellite data,and the analysis of the relationship between NDVI and specific climatic zones,for each season and vegetation type.  相似文献   

13.
In polluted aquatic systems, toxic metals are often accumulated in bottom sediments. They are, however, not necessarily stored definitively because diagenetic processs can modify redox, pH and even the amount of complexing ligands, releasing the trace metals back into the pore waters and the water column. Especially the labile metal fraction in the pore waters is important since this is the bioavailable fraction determining the bio-toxicity of the sediments. The goal of our study was therefore to assess, with novel sampling techniques, this bioavailable metal fraction in the pore waters as well as the flux towards the overlying water column. High-resolution profiles of trace metals in pore waters of marine and riverine sediments were assessed by DET （diffusive equilibrium in thin films） and DGT （diffusive gradients in thin films） gel techniques. The DET technique uses a diffusive gel layer that equilibrates with the aquatic system and with this technique the concentrations of total dissolved trace metals are obtained directly. The DGT technique uses an acrylamide diffusive gel backed by a resin gel （Chelex） which binds trace metals. With the DGT technique only labile species of selected metals can be captured. According to the redox potential measurements, the marine sediments were suboxic （200 mV to -220 mV versus Ag/AgCl electrode）, while the riverine sediments were completely anoxic （-160 mV to -220 mV versus Ag/AgCl electrode）. This redox potential was apparently controlling the trace metals species in the pore waters： for example a strong correlation between Mn and Co was found in the riverine sediments （for DET and DGT sampling）, while in the marine sediments trace metals presented various behaviors.  相似文献   

14.
This study considered the possibility of using visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectral absorption feature parameters (SAFPs) in predicting the concentration and mapping the distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Takab area. In total, 60 sediment samples were collected along main streams draining from the mining districts and tailing sites, in order to measure the concentration of As, Co, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, Ti, Pb and Zn and the reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm). The quantitative relationship between SAFPs (Depth500nm, R610/500nm, R1344/778nm, Area500nm, Depth2200nm, Area2200nm, Asym2200nm) and geochemical data were assessed using stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and enter multiple linear regression (EMLR) methods. The results showed a strong negative correlation between Ni and Cr with Area2200nm, a significant positive correlation between As and Asym2200nm, Ni and Co with Depth2200nm, as well as Co, V and total values with Depth500nm. The EMLR method eventuated in a significant prediction result for Ni, Cr, Co and As concentrations based on spectral parameters, whereas the prediction for Zn, V and total value was relatively weak. The spatial distribution pattern of geochemical data showed that mining activities, along with the natural weathering of base metal occurrences and rock units, has caused high concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of the Sarough River tributaries.  相似文献   

15.
Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle.  相似文献   

16.
Comparison has been made of the occurence of aromatic series in chloroform fraction between immature and mature sedimentary rocks from the Hang.2 well in Chaidamu Basin. According to the general formula CaH2n-p (p=6, 8, 10, ..., 20), the molecular ion distribution of 11 series have been studied by capillary gas chromatography and GC-MS. It has been found that the immature.mature evolution of aromatic homologous obeys the rules in thermodynamics and can be summaried as: (1) The alkyl side chains decrease and become shorter in compounds of each series. (2) Alkyl and cycloalkanes aromatics (1--3 ring) increase, but cycloalkanes aromatics with more (4-5) rings decrease. (3) Aromatization is observed in alkyl benzene, alkyl naphthalene and alkyl phe.nanthrene series. (4) The bimodal distribution of carbon number curve changes into unimodal distribution. It seems that the variation in aromatic homologous distribution can be used as a potential indicator of maturatlon or as fingerprints for source-rock correlation.  相似文献   

17.
Geochemical characteristics of scandium are described with respect to its source,evolution and correlation with REE as observed in Late Sinian and Early Cambrian phosphorites and tuffs in Guizhou.Gomparison of chondrite-nomalized REE patterns and some other parameters between the phosphorite and tuff shows that scandium and REE are most likely to have been derived from earlier or contemporaneous marine volcanics or tuffs,with no indication of genetic link to the purple shales,silstones and dolomites in the area.The conditions under which the Sc-bearin phosphorites were formed are discussed in the light of sulfur isotopes and Eh-Ph constrains.  相似文献   

18.
To analyze the genesis of Sr isotopes in groundwater of Hebei plain, time-accumulative effect of 87Sr/86Sr ratio was studied. It is shown that 87Sr/86Sr ratio increases with the increasing age and depth of groundwater and has a positive correlation to 4Heexc and a negative correlation to δ18O and δD. The groundwater is divided into three groups to discuss the relation between 87Sr/86Sr ratio and Sr2 content: ① moderate Sr2 content and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water I); ② lower Sr2 content and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water II); and ③ higher Sr2 content and lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water III), that is hot water. On the basis of integrated analysis, it was considered that ① the radiogenic Sr in the Quaternary groundwater (Q4-Q1) originates from weathering of silicate rich in Na and Rb, mainly from plagioclase; ② the radiogenic Sr of hot water in Huanghua port is attributed to carbonate disso- lution, with lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio and higher Sr/Na ratio; ③ the recharge area is laterally recharged by the groundwater flowing through igneous and metamorphic rocks, with moderate 87Sr/86Sr ratio. How- ever, the formation mechanism of Sr isotopes in Tertiary groundwater needs further studies.  相似文献   

19.
Olifeld waters from Cenoxoic and Mesozoic terrestrial and Paleozoic marine environments in the Tarim Basin show no obvious difference in water chemistry except Br and isotopic compositions.The Paleozoic marine strata have higher Br concentrations than the terrestrial sediments,and the lack of obvious relationship between Br and I suggests that Br is not,for the most part,derived from the degradation of organic matter.The oilfield waters are characterized by high TDS(total dissolved solids),ranging from 120000mg/L to 320000mg/L relatively low Mg,high Ca,Sr,and CF relative to Br of evaporating seawater,suggestive of enhanced water-rock interaction,OAA(organic acid anions)concentrations are generally lower than 1500mg/L with high values occurring over the temperature range from 95℃ to 140℃,in the Cambrian to Jurassic systems,and nearby unconformities.Organic acids are considered to be generated mainly from thermal maturation of kerogens during progressive burial of the Jurassic-Triassic and Cambrian-Ordovician systems,biodegradation of crude oils nearby unconformities,and thermochemical sulfate reduction in part of the Cambrian and Ordovician strata.High Al concentrations up to 3mg/L to 5.5mg/L tend to occur in the waters of high OAA or petroleum-bearing intervals,suggesting the presence of organic complexing agents.Calculation by SOLMINEQ.88 with updated database shows that AlAc^2 may account for more than 30% of the total Al.Isotopic measurements(δD,δ18O)provide evidence for the following types of waters:diagenetically-modified connate meteoric water from the Jurassic and Triassic strata;diagenetically-modified connate marine water from the Cambrian and Ordovician strata;subaerially-evaporated water from the Cenozoic and Cretaceous strata;and mixed meteoric-evaporated or/and diagenetically modified connate water from the Carboniferous strata and reservoirs adjacent to the J/C and T/C unconformities.Those waters with very negative δD values from -51.30‰to-53.80‰(SMOW) and positive δ18O values from 2.99‰to 4.99‰(SMOW)in the continuous burial of the Cambrian-Ordovician system are explained to have resulted from hydrocarbon-water and water-rock interactions.  相似文献   

20.
Study of the concentration of major, trace, and rare earth elements (REE) in the Shahindezh karst bauxite deposit, northwestern Iran clarifies the relationship of the tetrad effect with geochemical parameters in the bauxite ores. The existence of irregular curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns as well as non-CHARAC behavior of geochemically isovalent pairs (Y/Ho) are related to the tetrad effect. The meaningful positive correlation between the sizes of the calculated T3 tetrad effect and some geochemical factors such as Y/Ho, ΣREE, La/Y, (La/Yb)N, and (LREE/HREE)N as well as some major oxides-based parameters like Al2O3 + LOI/SiO2 + Fe2O3, Al2O3/Fe2O3, Al2O3 + LOI, IOL, and SiO2 + Fe2O3 indicate that the studied bauxite horizon was likely deposited by different (acidic and/or alkalic) solutions at different stages. The lower part of the studied horizon with a thickness of ~4.7 m displays alkali characteristics whereas the upper parts of the horizon with a thickness of ~5.3 m are characterized by more acidic conditions. These results are fully supported by the co-occurrence of convex-concave tetrad effect curves in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Therefore, the tetrad effect phenomenon used in this study has proved to be a good and reliable geochemical proxy to assess the conditions of the depositional environment in the Shahindezh bauxite ores.  相似文献   

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