Continuous reactions with amphibole, garnet and plagioclase     

A. J. ZINGG 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1995,13(3):431-443

Abstract End-member, continuous and degenerate reactions are derived for the multisystem with the six components Na₂O, CaO, (Mg/Fe)O, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, H₂O among the phases plagioclase_ss, garnet_ss, amphibole_ss, cpx, opx, olivine, spinel, quartz and an aqueous fluid. The chemography of this system is degenerate due to the co-linearity 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. This co-linearity has its implications both on reaction space and phase equilibria. From a total of 28 reaction systems, reaction space is derived for nine subsystems (phases in parentheses are absent): Case A₁: (Cpx,Ol) (Cpx,Opx) and (Cpx,Qtz), Case A₂: (Spl,Ol) (Spl,Opx) and (Spl,Qtz), Case B: (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz). In the absence of either cpx or spl (case A), three reactions form an invariant point, either [Cpx] or [Spl], where the co-linear phases olivine, opx and quartz coexist on the transformation line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. Changing mineral compositions force invariant points to move along the line with the different reaction curves changing their relative position according to Schreinemakers’rules. Zero contours, i.e. the location where (a) phase(s) disappear(s) in reaction space correspond to singular points in phase diagrams. Two types are distinguished; singular points of indispensable and of substitutable phases. In the first case the phase disappears from the entire bundle while in the second it disappears from a single reaction. In the specific case where the substitutable phases are also the co-linear ones, two of the three co-linear phases disappear simultaneously. Two of the three reaction curves coincide. In the system including Cpx and Spl (Case B) three reactions, (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz), oppose three invariant points, [Ol], [Opx] and [Qtz]. Invariant points no longer move along the line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. The coincidence of the zero contours of all three co-linear phases in reaction space-the result of the chemographic degeneracy-causes the respective singular points to coincide in the phase diagrams. This is the location where curves must be rearranged in a bundle to conform Schreinemakers’rules. The reaction Grs₁Prp₂= 2 Ol + An is fourth order degenerate and part of all nine subsystems (cases A and B). It can be used to relate the different phase diagrams to one another.  相似文献   

西藏普兰地幔橄榄岩中尖晶石内的钙长石包裹体及其成因   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

郭国林  徐向珍  李金阳 《岩石学报》2011,27(11):3197-3206

西藏普兰超镁铁岩体之东南缘与玄武岩接触界线附近的地幔橄榄岩中除有粒状半自形的钙长石产出外,还在尖晶石中发现有呈蠕虫状、浑圆状的钙长石包裹体存在.研究发现两种产状的钙长石An值都大于95且均无环带构造,说明钙长石从高Ca/Al比值的熔体中结晶时具有结晶时间短、结晶速度快的特点,可能形成于地壳较浅部位.从化学成分来看,包裹体形态的钙长石具有较高的Cr2O3含量,其寄主矿物尖晶石的Cr#值低且TiO2含量比深海橄榄岩中的尖晶石低得多,推断钙长石包裹体与寄主矿物尖晶石是在液相条件下几乎同时结晶的产物.综合研究表明钙长石包裹体的成因可能是玄武岩熔体在地壳较浅部位侵入方辉橄榄岩时,高温的玄武质熔体提供热源,使得方辉橄榄岩中尖晶石内的Cpx+ Opx细粒矿物包裹体在高温环境下发生熔融,发生Opx+ Cpx+ Sp→Ol+ Pl的反应,由于这种情况下尖晶石有剩余,故新生成的橄榄石和钙长石矿物仍然包裹于尖晶石内,从而形成尖晶石内部呈蠕虫状的钙长石包裹体.  相似文献   

Experimental tests of garnet peridotite oxygen barometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Gudmundsson  B. J. Wood 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,119(1):56-67

We have performed experiments aimed at testing the calibration of oxygen barometers for the garnet peridotite [garnet (Gt)-olivine (Ol)-orthopyroxene (Opx)] phase assemblage. These involved equilibrating a thin layer of garnet sandwiched between layers of olivine and orthopyroxene at 1300°C and 23–35 kbar for 1–7 days. Oxygen fugacity was controlled (but not buffered) by using inner capsules of Fe?Pt alloy or graphitc or molybdenum sealed in welded Pt outer capsules. Post-experiment measurement of fO₂ was made by determining the compositions of Pt-Fe alloy sensors at the interface between garnet and olivine + orthopyroxene layers. The composition of alloy in equilibrium with olivine + orthopyroxene was approached from Fe-oversaturated and Fe-undersaturated conditions in the same experiment with, in general, excellent convergence. Product phase compositions were determined by electron microprobe and a piece of the garnet layer saved for ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The latter gave the Fe³⁺ content of the garnet at the measured P-T-fO₂ conditions. Approach to equilibrium was checked by observed shifts in Fe³⁺ content and by the approach of garnet-olivine Fe?Mg partitioning to the expected value. The compositions of the phases were combined with mixing properties and thermodynamic data to calculate an apparent fO₂ from two possible garnet oxybarometers:- (1) $\begin{gathered} 2Ca_3 Fe_2 Si_3 O_{12} + 2Mg_3 Al_2 Si_3 O_{12} + 4FeSiO_3 = 2Ca_3 Al_2 Si_3 O_{12} \hfill \\ Gt Gt Opx Gt \hfill \\ + 8FeSi_{0.5} O_2 + 6MgSiO_3 + O \hfill \\ Ol Opx \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $ and (2) $\begin{gathered} 2Fe_3 Fe_2 Si_3 O_{12} = 8FeSi_{0.5} O_2 + 2FeSi_3 O_2 \hfill \\ Gt Ol Opx \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $ Comparison of calculated fO₂s with those measured by the Pt-Fe sensors demonstrated that either barometer gives the correct answer within the expected uncertainty. Data from the first (Luth et al. 1990) has an uncertainty of about 1.6 logfO₂ units, however, while that from equilibrium (2) (Woodland and O'Neill 1993) has an error of +/- 0.6 log units, comparable to that of the spinel peridotite oxybarometer. We therefore conclude that equilibrium (2) may be used to calculate the fO₂ recorded by garnet peridotites with an uncertainty of about +/- 0.6 log units, providing the potential to probe the oxidation environment of the deep continental lithosphere. Preliminary application based on data from Luth et al. (1990) indicates that garnet peridotite xenoliths from Southern Africa record oxygen fugacities about 3.0 log units below the FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz) buffer. These are substantially more reducing conditions than those recorded by continental spinel lherzolites which typically give oxygen fugacities close to FMQ (Wood et al. 1990).  相似文献   

Subsolidus Phase Relations in the System MgO-SiO_2-Cr-O and Thermodynamic Properties of Related Cr~(2+)-Containing End-members     

H.St.CO'' Neill  F.Seifert 《《地质学报》英文版》1996,70(4):420-434

Subsolidus phase relations have been determined in the systems SiO2-Cr-O and MgO-SiO2-Cr-O in equilibrium with metallic Cr, at 1100 to 1500℃ and 0 to 2.88 GPa. The results show that there are no ternary phases in the SiO2-Cr-O system at these conditions, i.e., only the assemblage eskolaite-Cr-metal-quartz (or tridymite) is found. In the MgO-containing system, however, extensive substitution of Cr2+ for Mg is observed in (Mg, Cr2+)2SiO4 olivine, (Mg, Cr2+)2Si2O6 pyroxene, and (Mg, Cr2+)Cr2O4 spinel. Cr3+ levels in olivine and pyroxene are below detection limits. The pyroxene is orthohombic at XCrPx2+ < 0.2, monoclinic at higher XCrPx2+ . Thestructure of the spinels becomes tetragonally distorted at XCr2+Sp >0.2. The experimental datahave been fitted to a thermodynamic model, and the authors obtained the mixing parameter (W) of Mg-Cr2+ in olivine, pyroxene and spinel, and the relation between temperatures and free energies of formation for the end-members: Cr2+-olivine (Cr2SiO4), Cr2+-pyroxene (Cr2Si2O6)  相似文献   

The assemblage orthopyroxene+cummingtonite+quartz. The low-temperature stability limit     

Fonarev  V. I.  Korolkov  G. Ja. 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,73(4):413-420

The monovariant reaction Opx+H₂O Cum+Ol+Q and the Cum+Opx+Q stability field were studied under hydrothermal conditions at P _total=2940, 4900 bar and the oxygen fugacity of the QFM buffer. Under these conditions, the Opx lower stability brackets were 730°±10° and 740°±5° C, respectively. The kinetics of the reactions in the Cum+ Opx+Q mixture showed that there were only minor differences in the equilibrium compositions of the coexisting Opx and Cum over the 740°–780° C range. At T=780°, 760° and 740° C, the FeO/FeO+MgO ratio, in mol% was: Opx_52.5–Cum_49.5, Opx₆₂–Cum₅₇, Opx₇₂–Cum₆₆ (P=2940 bar) and Opx₆₂–Cum_58.5 Opx_71.5–Cum_66.5, Opx₈₀–Cum₇₅ (P= 4900 bar). The results are in good agreement with earlier studies in the Opx+Ol+Q and Cum+Ol+Q assemblages.Abbreviations Opx Orthopyroxene - Ol olivine - Cum cummingtonite - Mt magnetite - Q quartz - tk talc  相似文献   

Thermodynamic calculation of peridotite phase relations in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-Cr2O3, with some geological applications     

Niranjan D. Chatterjee  Ludger Terhart 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,89(2-3):273-284

The system MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂(MAS) comprises 88–90% of the bulk composition of an average peridotite. The MAS ternary is thus a suitable starting point for exploring peridotite phase relations in multicomponent natural systems. The basic MAS phase relations may be treated in terms of the reactions (see list of symbols etc).

1. py (in Gt)=en (in Opx)+mats (in Opx),
2. en (in Opx)+sp (in Sp)=mats (in Opx)+fo (in Ol), and
3. py (in Gt)+fo (in Ol)=en (in Opx)+sp (in Sp).

Extensive reversed phase equilibria data on these three reactions by Danckwerth and Newton (1978), Perkins et al. (1981), and Gasparik and Newton (1984) employing identical experimental methods in the same laboratory have been used by us to deduce the following internally consistent thermodynamic data applying the technique of linear programming:ΔH ₂₉₈₍₁₎ ⁰ = 2536 J, ΔS ₂₉₈₍₁₎ ⁰ =? 6.064 J/K;ΔH ₂₉₈₍₂₎ ⁰ = 29435 J, ΔS ₂₉₈₍₂₎ ⁰ = 8.323 J/K; andΔH ₂₉₈₍₃₎ ⁰ =?26899 J, ΔS ₂₉₈₍₃₎ ⁰ =?14.388 J/K.These data are also found to be consistent with results of calorimetry. Figure 2 shows the calculated phase relations based on our thermodynamic data; they are consistent with the phase equilibria experiments. Successful extension of the MAS phase relations to multicomponent peridotites pivots on the extent to which the effects of the “non-ternary” (i.e. other than MAS) components can be quantitatively handled. Particularly hazardous in this context is Cr₂O₃, although it barely makes up 0.2 to 0.5 wt% of such rocks. This is because Cr⁺³ fractionates extremely strongly into Sp. This study focuses on the peridotite phase relations in the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Cr₂O₃ (MASCr) quaternary. Thermodynamic calculations of the MASCr phase relations have been accomplished by using ΔH ₂₉₈ ⁰ and ΔS ₂₉₈ ⁰ values for the reactions (1) through (3) indicated above, in conjunction with data on thermodynamic mixing properties of

1. binary Sp (sp-pc) crystalline solution (Oka et al. 1984),
2. ternary Opx (en-mats-mcts) crystalline solution (this study), and
3. binary Gt (py-kn) crystalline solution (this study).

The results are shown in P-T projections (Figs. 3a and b) and isobaric-isothermal sections of MASCr in a projection through the component fo onto the SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ ternary (Figs. 4a and b). The most important results of this work may be summarized as follows:

1. With increasing incorporation of Cr⁺³ into Sp and Gt, the X _mats isopleths of the reactions (1) and (2) are shifted to higher temperatures (Fig. 3a); simultaneously, the spinel-peridotite to garnet-peridotite phase transition is moved to higher pressures (Fig. 3b).
2. At identical P and T, the X _mats values of Opx coexisting in equilibrium with Ol and Sp is strongly dependent upon the X _pc value in the latter phase (Figs. 4a and b). Accurate correction for the composition of Sp is, therefore, a necessary precondition for geothermometry of the spinelperidotites.
3. The discrepant temperatures reported by Sachtleben und Seck (1981, Fig. 5) from the spinel-peridotites of the Eifel area (systematically too high temperatures as a function of X _pc in Sp) are demonstrated to be the result of ignoring the nonideality in the chromian spinels.

  相似文献   

Modeling of deep-seated high-alumina parageneses on the basis of the stability fields of corundum- and spinel-normative assemblages of the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2     

N.V. Surkov  Yu.G. Gartvich 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2012,53(1):51-61

To elaborate physicochemical models for the origin of crystalline rocks, experimental studies of the field of high-alumina assemblages of the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ were carried out at 10–30 kbar and 1250–1535 °C. We have determined the phase relations between the melt (L) and An, Sp, Cpx, Cor, and Ga, the slope of the rays of the monovariant reactions An + Sp = Cpx + Cor + (Ga) and L = Cpx +Ga + Cor + Sp, the position of the nonvariant point (An, Sp, Cpx, Cor, Ga, L), and the compositions of phases participating in these reactions. Based on a topological analysis of the studied segment of the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂, we have substantiated that “eclogitization” must follow the reaction Opx + An + Sp = Cpx + Ga. A fundamental continuous series of eutectic monovariant equilibria was observed: L = Cpx + Opx + Fo + An, L = Cpx + Opx + An + Sp, L = Cpx (+ Ga) + An + Sp, and L = Cpx + Cor (+ Ga) + An. A change in the melt composition in this series of eutectic reactions depending on pressure must reflect the most likely magma genesis trend in nature. Comparision of the composition fields in which the above series of reactions is observed with the composition fields of the rocks of magmatic formations showed that this series is most similar to the alkali-earth series of rocks. The mineralogical compositions of cumulates and phenocrysts found in the effusive and dike varieties of these rocks correspond to unique sets of subsolidus phase associations and individual subsolidus phases crystallizing in this fundamental eutectic series.  相似文献   

Theoretical phase relations involving cordierite and garnet in the system MgO-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. J. Hensen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1971,33(3):191-214

Theoretical stability relations have been derived between the phases cordierite (Cd), garnet (Ga), hypersthene (Hy), olivine (Ol), sapphirine (Sa), spinel (Sp), sillimanite (Si) and quartz (Qz) in the system MgO-FeO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂. Natural rock data and experimental evidence suggest that the Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺ ratio (X) of coexisting ferromagnesian phases decreases as follows: X _Cd>X _Sa>X _Hy>X _Ol>X _Sp>X _Ga. By use of this information four stable invariant points are proposed involving the phases: Cd, Hy, Sa, Ga, Si, Qz; Cd, Sa, Ga, Sp, Si, Qz; Cd, Hy, Sa, Ga, Sp, Qz; Cd, Ga, Hy, Ol, Sp, Qz. All univariant curves in the system are nonterminal, representing the breakdown of a join rather than the stability limit of an individual phase. A detailed treatment of divariant equilibria involving two and three ferromagnesian solid solutions illustrates the potential of these equilibria as Pressure-Temperature indicators. Interactions between solid-solid reactions and dehydration reactions involving biotite in the system MgO-FeO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-K₂O-H₂O have been graphically analysed. The addition of biotite to anhydrous divariant assemblages does not affect the composition of coexisting phases at constant P and T but can affect their relative proportions.  相似文献   

Spinel-pyroxene-garnet relationships and their dependence on Cr/Al ratio   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Susan A. Carroll Webb  Bernard J. Wood 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,92(4):471-480

The partitioning of Cr and Al between coexisting spinel and clinopyroxene and the dependence of spinel-cpxgarnet equilibria on Cr/Al ratio have been investigated by a combination of phase equilibrium experiments, high temperature solution calorimetry and thermodynamic calculations.The exchange equilibrium: has a measured enthalpy change for pure phases of –2,100±500 cal at 970 K and 1 atm. Experimental reversals of Cr-Al partitioning between the spinel and clinopyroxene phases yield the following partitioning relationship: where X _i ^j refers to atomic fraction of i in the octahedral sites of phase j. The compositional dependence of partitioning implies that Al-Cr mixing in spinel is nonideal with, on the symmetrical model, a W _Cr-Al ^Sp of 2,700±500 cal/gm. atom. In contrast, aluminum-chromium mixing in clinopyroxene is close to ideal.The measured stability field of knorringite (Mg₃Cr₂Si₂O₁₂) and mixing properties of garnet have been used in conjunction with our experimental data to calculate the influence of Cr/Al ratio on the important reaction: orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+spinel=olivine+garnetThe stability field of spinel lherzolite increases by about 2.8 Kb for every increase of 0.1 in Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio up to Cr/(Cr+Al) of 0.7. The calculated stabilization is in very good agreement with the experimental results of O'Neill (1981). The partitioning relationships are such that, at the low ratios of Cr/Al (0.07) of primitive lherzolite, clinopyroxene buffers spinel composition and sharpens the spinelgarnet reaction interval from 10 Kb (little or no clinopyroxene) down to about 2 Kb in pyroxene-rich pyrolite.  相似文献   

Experimental and computational study of trace element distribution between orthopyroxene and anhydrous silicate melt: substitution mechanisms and the effect of iron     

Mirjam van Kan Parker  Axel Liebscher  Dirk Frei  Jelle van Sijl  Wim van Westrenen  Jon Blundy  Gerhard Franz 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,159(4):459-473

Although orthopyroxene (Opx) is present during a wide range of magmatic differentiation processes in the terrestrial and lunar mantle, its effect on melt trace element contents is not well quantified. We present results of a combined experimental and computational study of trace element partitioning between Opx and anhydrous silicate melts. Experiments were performed in air at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 1,326 to 1,420°C in the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ and subsystem CaO–MgO–SiO₂. We provide experimental partition coefficients for a wide range of trace elements (large ion lithophile: Li, Be, B, K, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Th, U; rare earth elements, REE: La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y, Yb, Lu; high field strength: Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Ti; transition metals: Sc, V, Cr, Co) for use in petrogenetic modelling. REE partition coefficients increase from $ D_{\text{La}}^{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}} \sim 0.0005 Although orthopyroxene (Opx) is present during a wide range of magmatic differentiation processes in the terrestrial and lunar mantle, its effect on melt trace element contents is not well quantified. We present results of a combined experimental and computational study of trace element partitioning between Opx and anhydrous silicate melts. Experiments were performed in air at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 1,326 to 1,420°C in the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ and subsystem CaO–MgO–SiO₂. We provide experimental partition coefficients for a wide range of trace elements (large ion lithophile: Li, Be, B, K, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Th, U; rare earth elements, REE: La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y, Yb, Lu; high field strength: Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Ti; transition metals: Sc, V, Cr, Co) for use in petrogenetic modelling. REE partition coefficients increase from $ D_{\text{La}}^{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}} \sim 0.0005 $ D_{\text{La}}^{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}} \sim 0.0005 to $ D_{\text{Lu}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.109 $ D_{\text{Lu}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.109 , D values for highly charged elements vary from $ D_{\text{Th}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0026 $ D_{\text{Th}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0026 through $ D_{\text{Nb}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0033 $ D_{\text{Nb}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0033 and $ D_{\text{U}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0066 $ D_{\text{U}}^{{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}}} \sim 0.0066 to $ D_{\text{Ti}}^{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}} \sim 0.058 $ D_{\text{Ti}}^{{\text{Opx}} {\hbox{-}} {\text{melt}}} \sim 0.058 , and are all virtually independent of temperature. Cr and Co are the only compatible trace elements at the studied conditions. To elucidate charge-balancing mechanisms for incorporation of REE into Opx and to assess the possible influence of Fe on Opx-melt partitioning, we compare our experimental results with computer simulations. In these simulations, we examine major and minor trace element incorporation into the end-members enstatite (Mg₂Si₂O₆) and ferrosilite (Fe₂Si₂O₆). Calculated solution energies show that R²⁺ cations are more soluble in Opx than R³⁺ cations of similar size, consistent with experimental partitioning data. In addition, simulations show charge balancing of R³⁺ cations by coupled substitution with Li⁺ on the M1 site that is energetically favoured over coupled substitution involving Al–Si exchange on the tetrahedrally coordinated site. We derived best-fit values for ideal ionic radii r ₀, maximum partition coefficients D ₀, and apparent Young’s moduli E for substitutions onto the Opx M1 and M2 sites. Experimental r ₀ values for R³⁺ substitutions are 0.66–0.67 ? for M1 and 0.82–0.87 ? for M2. Simulations for enstatite result in r ₀ = 0.71–0.73 ? for M1 and ~0.79–0.87 ? for M2. Ferrosilite r ₀ values are systematically larger by ~0.05 ? for both M1 and M2. The latter is opposite to experimental literature data, which appear to show a slight decrease in $ r_{0}^{{{\text{M}}2}} $ r_{0}^{{{\text{M}}2}} in the presence of Fe. Additional systematic studies in Fe-bearing systems are required to resolve this inconsistency and to develop predictive Opx-melt partitioning models for use in terrestrial and lunar magmatic differentiation models.  相似文献   

Partial Melting of Spinel Lherzolite in the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 {+/-} K2O at 1{middle dot}1 GPa     

LIU  XI; O'NEILL  HUGH ST. C. 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(7):1339-1368

The compositions of multiply saturated partial melts are valuablefor the thermodynamic information that they contain, but aredifficult to determine experimentally because they exist onlyover a narrow temperature range at a given pressure. Here wetry a new approach for determining the composition of the partialmelt in equilibrium with olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxeneand spinel (Ol + Opx + Cpx + Sp + Melt) in the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂(CMAS) at 1·1 GPa: various amounts of K₂O are added tothe system, and the resulting melt compositions and temperatureare extrapolated to zero K₂O. The ‘sandwich’ experimentalmethod was used to minimize problems caused by quench modification,and Opx and Cpx were previously synthesized at conditions nearthose of the melting experiments to ensure they had appropriatecompositions. Results were then checked by reversal crystallizationexperiments. The results are in good agreement with previouswork, and establish the anhydrous solidus in CMAS to be at 1320± 10°C at 1·1 GPa. The effect of K₂O is todepress the solidus by 5·8°C/wt %, while the meltcomposition becomes increasingly enriched in SiO₂, being quartz-normativeabove 4 wt % K₂O. Compared with Na₂O, K₂O has a stronger effectin depressing the solidus and modifying melt compositions. Theisobaric invariant point in the system CMAS–K₂O at whichOl + Opx + Cpx + Sp + Melt is joined by sanidine (San) is at1240 ± 10°C. During the course of the study severalother isobaric invariant points were identified and their crystaland melt compositions determined in unreversed experiments:Opx + Cpx + Sp + An + Melt in the system CMAS at 1315 ±10°C; in CMAS–K₂O, Opx + Cpx + Sp + An + San + Meltat 1230 ± 10°C and Opx + Sp + An + San + Sapph +Melt at 1230 ± 10°C, where An is anorthite and Sapphis sapphirine. Coexisting San plus An in three experiments helpdefine the An–San solvus at 1230–1250°C. KEY WORDS: feldspar solvus; igneous sapphirine; mantle solidus; partial melting; systems CMAS and CMAS–K₂O  相似文献   

Opx–Cpx exsolution textures in lherzolites of the Cretaceous Purang Ophiolite (S. Tibet,China), and the deep mantle origin of Neotethyan abyssal peridotites     

Fahui Xiong  Richard Wirth  Xiangzhen Xu  Jingsui Yang 《International Geology Review》2020,62(6):665-682

ABSTRACT

We investigated lherzolitic peridotites in the Cretaceous Purang ophiolite along the Yarlung Zhangbo suture zone (YZSZ) in SW Tibet to constrain their mantle–melt evolution history. Coarse-grained Purang lherzolites contain orthopyroxene (Opx) and olivine (Ol) porphyroclasts with embayments filled by small olivine (Ol) neoblasts. Both clinopyroxene (Cpx) and Opx display exsolution textures represented by lamellae structures. Opx exsolution (Opx1) in clinopyroxene (Cpx1) is made of enstatite, whose compositions (Al₂O₃ = 3.85–4.90 wt%, CaO = <3.77 wt%, Cr₂O₃ = 0.85–3.82 wt%) are characteristic of abyssal peridotites. Host clinopyroxenes (Cpx1) have higher Mg#s and Na₂O, with lower TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents than Cpx2 exsolution lamellae in Opx, and show variable LREE patterns. Pyroxene compositions of the lherzolites indicate 10–15% partial melting of a fertile mantle protolith. P–T estimates (1.3–2.3 GPa, 745–1067°C) and the trace element chemistry of pyroxenes with exsolution textures suggest crystallization depths of ~75 km in the upper mantle, where the original pyroxenes became decomposed, forming exsolved structures. Further upwelling of lherzolites into shallow depths in the mantle resulted in crystal–plastic deformation of the exsolved pyroxenes. Combined with the occurrence of microdiamond and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mineral inclusions in chromites of the Purang peridotites, the pyroxene exsolution textures reported here confirm a multi-stage partial melting history of the Purang lherzolites and at least three discrete stages of P-T conditions in the course of their upwelling through the mantle during their intra-oceanic evolution.  相似文献   

The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite,and its use as a Geobarometer     

Hugh St. C. O'Neill 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1981,77(2):185-194

The equilibrium between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite has been experimentally determined in the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system between 800° and 1,100° C. In confirmation of earlier work and predictions from thermodynamic data, it was found that theP-T slope of the reaction was close to zero, the equilibrium ranging from 16.1 kb at 800° C to 18.7 kb at 1,100° C (±0.3 kb). The addition of Cr₂O₃ to the system raised the stability field of spinel to higher pressures. It was found that the pressure at which both garnet and spinel could exist with olivine+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene in the system CMAS ?Cr₂O₃ could best be described by the empirical relationship: $$P = P^{\text{O}} + \alpha X_{{\text{Cr}}}^{s{\text{p}}} $$ whereP ⁰ is the equilibrium pressure for the univariant reaction in the Cr₂O₃-free system,α is a constant apparently independent of temperature with a value of 27.9 kilobars, andX _Cr ^sp is the mole fraction of chromium in spinel. Use was made of the extensive literature on Mg-Fe²⁺ solid solutions to quantitatively derive the effect of Fe²⁺ on the equilibrium. The effect of other components (Fe³⁺, Na) was also considered. The equilibrium can be used as a sensitive geobarometer for rocks containing the five phases ol+opx+cpx+gt+sp, and thus provides the only independent check presently available for the more widely applicable geobarometer which uses the alumina content of orthopyroxene in equilibrium with garnet.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks and associated eclogites in the Su-Lu ultrahigh-P metamorphic terrane, eastern China   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10  

R. Y. ZHANG  J. G. LIOU  BOLIN. CONG 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1994,12(2):169-186

Ultramafic blocks that themselves contain eclogite lenses in the Triassic Su-Lu ultrahigh-P terrane of eastern China range in size from hundreds of metres to kilometres. The ultramafic blocks are enclosed in quartzofeldspathic gneiss of early Proterozoic age. Ultramafic rocks include garnetiferous lherzolite, wehrlite, pyroxenite, and hornblende peridotite. Garnet lherzolites are relatively depleted in Al₂O₃ (<3.8wt%), CaO (<3.2%) and TiO₂ (<0.11 wt%), and are low in total REE contents (several p.p.m.), suggesting that the rocks are residual mantle material that was subjected to low degrees of partial melting. The eclogite lenses or layers within the ultramafic rocks are characterized by higher MgO and CaO, lower Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents, and a higher CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio compared to eclogites enclosed in the quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Scatter in the plots of major and trace elements vs. MgO, REE patterns and La, Sm and Lu contents suggest that some eclogites were derived from melts formed by various degrees (0.05–0.20) of partial melting of peridotite, and that other eclogites formed by accumulation of garnet and clinopyroxene ± trapped melt in the upper mantle. Both ultramafic and eclogitic rocks have experienced a complex metamorphic history. At least six stages of recrystallization occurred in the ultramafic rocks based on an analysis of reaction textures and mineral compositions. Stage I is a high temperature protolith assemblage of Ol + Opx + Cpx + Spl. Stage II consists of the ultrahigh-pressure assemblage Ol + Cpx + Opx + Grt. Stage III is manifested by the appearance of fine-grained garnet after coarse-grained garnet. Stage IV is characterized by formation of kelyphitic rims of fibrous Opx and Cpx around garnet, and replacement of garnet by spinel and pargasitic-hornblende. Stage V is represented by the assemblage Ol + Opx + Prg-Hbl + Spl. The mineral assemblages of stages VI_A and VI_B are Ol + Tr-Amp + Chl and Serp + Chl ± talc, respectively. Garnet and orthopyroxene all show a decrease in MgO with retrogressive recrystallization and Na₂O in clinopyroxene also decreases throughout this history. Eclogites enclosed within ultramafic blocks consist of Grt + Omp + Rt ± Qtz ± Phn. A few quartz-bearing eclogites contain rounded and oval inclusion of polycrystalline quartz aggregates after coesite in garnet and omphacite. Minor retrograde features include thin symplectic rims or secondary amphiboles after Cpx, and ilmenite after rutile. P-T estimates indicate that the ultrahigh-metamorphism (stage II) of ultramafic rocks occurred at 820-900d? C and 36-41 kbar and that peak metamorphism of eclogites occurred at 730-900d? C and >28 kbar. Consonant with earlier plate tectonic models, we suggest that these rocks were underplated at the base of the continental crust. The rocks then underwent ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and were tectonically emplaced into thickened continental crust during the Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons.  相似文献   

东波超镁铁岩体:西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段一个甚具铬铁矿前景的地幔橄榄岩体   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6  

杨经绥  熊发挥  郭国林  刘飞  梁凤华  陈松永  李兆丽  张隶文 《岩石学报》2011,27(11):3207-3222

东波超镁铁岩体产在雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西段,与周边白垩纪沉积岩地层和火山岩以断层接触.航磁资料显示该岩体约400km2规模,地表出露连续,地下有一定延深.超镁铁岩体由亏损的地幔橄榄岩组成,主要有高镁的方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和少量二辉橄榄岩.方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石和斜方辉石属高镁型,分别为Fo=89.5～91.5和Mg#=90～91.5.但二辉橄榄岩中的Al2O3和CaO含量明显高于方辉橄榄岩.方辉橄榄岩中单斜辉石Mg#=92～95,二辉橄榄岩的Mg#=92～93,两者的值也重叠.二辉橄榄岩中的Al2O3和CaO含量要明显高于方辉橄榄岩.这些均为阿尔卑斯型地幔橄榄岩的典型特征.纯橄岩中的橄榄石Fo=92～93.2,其斜方辉石和单斜辉石的Mg#=～93,但Al2O3和CaO的含量比方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩的低.三种岩石的成分变化规律,反映了地幔部分熔融程度的差异.二辉橄榄岩铬尖晶石的Cr#值20～30,反映为典型深海橄榄岩特征,指示MOR环境.与其不同的是,方辉橄榄岩的铬尖晶石的Cr#=20～75,指示MOR和SSZ两者兼有环境.岩石的原始地幔标准化的REE和微量元素蛛网图模式支持了上述的认识.东波地幔橄榄岩中的岩石学特征与产有大型铬铁矿床的罗布莎地幔橄榄岩可对比,岩体中已多处发现块状铬铁矿石,其铬铁矿的Cr2O3含量56％～59％,表明东波是寻找铬铁矿大矿和富矿甚具前景的一个超镁铁岩体.  相似文献   

Mid-Pleistocene lavas from the Seguam volcanic center,central Aleutian arc: closed-system fractional crystallization of a basalt to rhyodacite eruptive suite   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Bradley S. Singer  James D. Myers  Carol D. Frost 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1992,110(1):87-112

In contrast to adjacent volcanic centers of the modern central Aleutian arc, Seguam Island developed on strongly extended arc crust. K-Ar dates indicate that mid-Pleistocene, late-Pleistocene, and Holocene eruptive phases constitute Seguam. This study focuses on the petrology of the mid-Pleistocene, 1.07–07 Ma, Turf Point Formation (TPF) which is dominated by an unusual suite of porphyritic basalt and basaltic andesite lavas with subordinate phenocryst-poor andesite to rhyodacite lavas. Increasing whole-rock FeO^*/MgO from basalt to dacite, the anhydrous Plag+Ol+Cpx±Opx±Mt phenocryst assemblage, groundmass pigeonite, and the reaction Ol+Liq=Opx preserved in the mafic lavas indicate a tholeiitic affinity. Thermometry and comparison to published phase equilibria suggests that most TPF basalts crystallized Plag+Ol+Cpx±Mt at 1160°C between about 3–5 kb (±1–2% H₂O), andesites crystallized Plag+Cpx+Opx±Mt at 1000°C between 3–4 kb with 3–5% H₂O, and dacites crystallized Plag +Cpx±Opx±Mt at 1000°C between 1–2 kb with 2–3% H₂O. All lavas crystallized at f _{o 2} close to the NNO buffer. Mineral compositions and textures indicate equilibrium crystallization of the evolved lavas; petrographic evidence of open-system mixing or assimilation is rare. MgO, CaO, Al₂O₃, Cr, Ni, and Sr abundances decrease and K₂O, Na₂O, Rb, Ba, Zr, and Pb increase with increasing SiO₂ (50–71%). LREE enrichment [(Ce/Yb)_n=1.7±0.2] characterizes most TPF lavas; total REE contents increase and Eu anomalies become more negative with increasing SiO₂. Relative to other Aleutian volcanic centers, TPF basalts and basaltic andesites have lower K₂O, Na₂O, TiO₂, Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr, Y, and LREE abundances. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70361–0.70375) and ratios of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.88–18.97), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.58–15.62), ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (38.46–38.55) are the highest measured for any suite of lavas in the oceanic portion of the Aleutian arc. Conversely, Nd values (+5.8 to+6.7) are among the lowest from the Aleutians. Sr, Nd, and Pb ratios are virtually constant from basalt through rhyodacite, whereas detectable isotopic heterogenity is observed at most other Aleutian volcanic centers. Major and trace element, REE, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions are consistent with the basaltic andesitic, andesitic, dacitic, and rhyodacitic liquids evolving from TPF basaltic magma via closed-system fractional crystallization alone. Fractionation models suggest that removal of 80 wt% cumulate (61% Plag, 17% Cpx, 12% Opx, 7% Ol, and 3% Mt) can produce 20 wt% rhyodacitic residual liquid per unit mass of parental basaltic liquid. Petrologic and physical constraints favor segregation of small batches of basalt from a larger mid-crustal reservoir trapped below a low-density upper crustal lid. In these small magma batches, the degree of cooling, crystallization, and fractionation are functions of the initial mass of basaltic magma segregated, the thermal state of the upper crust, and the magnitude of extension. Tholeiitic magmas erupted at Seguam evolved by substantially different mechanisms than did calc-alkaline lavas erupted at the adjacent volcanic centers of Kanaga and Adak on unextended arc crust. These variable differentiation mechanisms and liquid lines of descent reflect contrasting thermal and mechanical conditions imposed by the different tectonic environments in which these centers grew. At Seguam, intra-arc extension promoted eruption of voluminous basalt and its differentiates, unmodified by interaction with lower crustal or upper mantle wallrocks.  相似文献   

滇东南马关木厂新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体的含水性          下载免费PDF全文

朱萌  王蓉  谢志鹏  范爱玲 《岩石矿物学杂志》2017,36(3):371-388

对来自滇东南马关木厂的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩中名义上无水矿物(NAMs)进行显微傅里叶变换红外光谱(Micro-FTIR)分析,结果显示,单斜辉石、斜方辉石和橄榄石中均含有以羟基形式存在的结构水,单斜辉石的水含量为160×10~(-6)~557×10~(-6)(质量分数,下同),斜方辉石的水含量为85×10~(-6)~207×10~(-6),橄榄石的水含量为5×10~(-6)~12×10~(-6),根据矿物百分比含量估算的全岩水含量为46×10~(-6)~137×10~(-6);元素地球化学特征表明,本次研究的橄榄岩包体是岩石圈地幔经历较低程度部分熔融的残余;低(La/Yb)N值(0.22~0.57)以及高Ti/Eu比值(4 076~6 772)暗示橄榄岩可能经历了以硅酸盐熔体为交代介质的微弱地幔交代作用;单斜辉石的微量元素组成比较单一,整体表现出高场强元素、大离子亲石元素以及轻稀土元素的同步亏损;结合中国东部地区已经发表的橄榄岩包体含水量数据来看,滇东南马关木厂岩石圈地幔具有明显富水的特征,可能与该区自中生代以来遭受的新特提斯洋壳大规模俯冲流体交代作用有关;与华北克拉通含水量的明显差异有可能反映的是两地岩石圈地幔正处于不同的演化阶段。  相似文献   

Minerals with Brackebuschite-Like Structures: A Novel Solid Solution System Involving Cr<Superscript>6+</Superscript> and V<Superscript>5+</Superscript>     

D.?A.?KhaninEmail author  I.?V.?Pekov 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2017,59(7):642-651

A novel complex continuous system of solid solutions involving vauquelinite Pb₂Cu(CrO₄)(PO₄)(OH), bushmakinite Pb₂Al(VO₄)(PO₄)(OH), ferribushmakinite Pb2Fe³⁺(VO₄)(PO₄)(OH), and a phase with the endmember formula Pb₂Cu(VO₄)(PO₄)(H₂O) or Pb₂Cu(VO₄)(РО₃ОН)(ОН) is studied based on samples from the oxidation zone of the Berezovskoe, Trebiat, and Pervomaisko-Zverevsky deposits in the Urals, Russia. This is the first natural system in which chromate and vanadate anions show a wide range of substitutions and the most extensive solid solution system involving (CrO₄)^2– found in nature. The major couple substitution is Cr⁶⁺ + Cu²⁺ ? V⁵⁺ + M³⁺, where M = Fe, Al. The correlation coefficients calculated from 125 point analyses are: 0.96 between V and (Fe + Al), 0.96 between Cr and (Cu + Zn),–0.96 between V and (Cu + Zn),–0.97 between Cr and (Fe + Al), and–0.97 between (Fe + Al) and (Cu + Zn). The substitutions V⁵⁺ ? Cr⁶⁺ (correlation coefficient–0.98) and to a lesser extent P⁵⁺ ? As⁵⁺ (correlation coefficient–0.86) occur at two types of tetrahedral sites, whereas the metal–nonmetal/metalloid substitutions, i.e., V or Cr for P or As, are minor. The substitution Fe³⁺ ? Al³⁺ is also negligible in this solid solution system.  相似文献   

Exsolution lamellae in a clinopyroxene megacryst aggregate from Cenozoic basalt,Leizhou Peninsula,South China: petrography and chemical evolution   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Xiao-Long Huang  Yi-Gang Xu  Ching-Hua Lo  Ru-Cheng Wang  Chuan-Yong Lin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(6):691-705

Petrographic investigations and electron microprobe analyses have been performed on a rare aggregate of clinopyroxene megacrysts collected from Cenozoic basalts in Yinfengling, Leizhou Peninsula of South China. The aggregate, composed of several clinopyroxene megacrysts, shows abundant exsolution lamellae of garnet (Grt) and orthopyroxene (Opx), and granular texture. Cr- and Ti-poor spinels are also present in this sample. They occur predominantly as Sp–Opx–Grt clusters (Cr# = 0.025–0.034) at the interspace between different megacrysts, and subordinately as bleb-shaped (Cr# = 0.025–0.034) or thin-lamella crystals (Cr# = 0.006–0.021) in clinopyroxene. Three different assemblages of exsolution are identified, namely (1) Sp (high Cr/Al) and Opx; (2) Grt–Opx; (3) Sp (low Cr/Al) and Opx. In addition, some garnets were likely developed as response to breakdown of the high-Cr/Al Sp. The homogeneous compositions in all constituent minerals and the good agreement between calculated Cpx/Grt partition coefficients (K _d’s) for trace elements and reference data strongly suggest a chemical equilibrium among coexisting minerals, probably attained by diffusion after the exsolution. Thermobarometric calculation based on exsolved assemblage yields a temperature of 900 ± 30°C and a pressure of 12 ± 2.2 kbar, corresponding to the present-day thermal gradient in the region. Much higher P–T estimates (T = 1,210 ± 30°C, P = 16.2 ± 3.5 kbar) are obtained for the reconstructed composition of cpx prior to exsolution. The contrast in thermal state before and after the exsolution might reflect the thermal evolution of the lithosphere beneath South China during the Cenozoic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

几种镁铁矿物平衡共生的成分标志   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

阎月华 《地质科学》1997,32(3):267-274

本文以晋冀内蒙边界地区变质岩中主要镁铁质造岩矿物辉石,闪石为例,阐明镁铁矿物平衡共生的一条普遍规律,即平衡共生的正辉石,钙闪石之间有相同的镁铁比,其分配系数等于或接近于1.引用冀东,吉南,泰山和南极凯西站等地的实例,论证了此规律同时存在于黑云母与钙闪石,黑云母与正辉石之间,也存在于辉长岩和花岗岩等岩浆岩的橄榄石和正辉石,角闪石与黑云母等矿物对之间。这是判断镁铁矿物是否平衡的成分标志。  相似文献