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1.
M. F. Bransby M. C. R. Davies A. El Nahas S. Nagaoka 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(4):607-628
The propagation of reverse faults through soil to the ground surface has been observed to cause damage to surface infrastructure.
However, the interaction between a fault propagating through a sand layer and a shallow foundation can be beneficial for heavily
loaded foundations by causing deviation of the fault away from the foundation. This was studied in a series of centrifuge
model tests in which reverse faults of dip angle 60° (at bedrock level) were initiated through a sand layer, close to shallow
foundations. The tests revealed subtle interaction between the fault and the shallow foundation so that the foundation and
soil response depend on the foundation loading, position, breadth and flexibility. Heavily loaded rigid foundations appeared
best able to deviate fault rupture away from the foundation but this deviation could be associated with significant foundation
rotations. However, a lightly loaded foundation was unable to deviate a reverse fault and the fault emerged beneath the foundation.
This led to gapping beneath the foundation as well as significant rotations and may cause severe structural distress. As well
as providing insight into the mechanisms of behaviour, the data from the tests is used to validate finite element analyses
in a separate article. 相似文献
2.
通过对１６ 个板内逆断层地震的基本类型、构造环境、地震地表破裂尺度、几何形态、运动学特征及余震分布图像的研究分析,较系统地归纳了板内逆断层地震破裂的基本特征及分段标志．研究表明：（１） 逆断层破裂往往沿走向延伸较短,常表现为二维面状分布形态;（２） 地震断层未出露地表或仅有部分出露地表;（３） 逆断层地震破裂较走滑断层和正断层产生的地震破裂更为复杂,不仅表现在构成整体破裂带的各个单条破裂的力学性质差异方面,而且表现在几何结构方面． 相似文献
3.
Earthquake fault ruptures may emerge at the ground surface causing large differential movements. When fault ruptures emerge
at or adjacent to the position of existing foundations, significant damage can be caused. However, the study of recent faulting
events revealed that in some circumstances the fault-rupture emergence is deflected by the presence of buildings leaving the
buildings intact. A centrifuge modelling study has been conducted to investigate how normal faults interact with strip foundations
which run parallel to the strike direction. The study confirms that fault rupture may be deviated by the presence of the foundation
so that the foundation is protected from the most serious differential movements. However, whilst the fault propagates to
the soil surface the foundation has to withstand initial movements before the final fault rupture emergence mechanism is activated.
The centrifuge results suggest that it is the bearing pressure of the foundation which causes the deviation of the fault rather
than the kinematic restraint of the foundation. The interaction between the earthquake fault and the shallow foundation depends
on the foundation bearing pressure, foundation width, soil depth and position of the fault relative to the foundation and
these aspects should be considered in design. Results from the tests are used to validate a series of finite element analyses
as reported in an accompanying paper. 相似文献
4.
This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop a four-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture. The first two steps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops an approximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction （SFSI）, involving two additional phenomena： （i） fault rupture diversion （Step 3）; and （ii） modification of the vertical displacement profile （Step 4）. For the first phenomenon （Step 3）, an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence of a raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient of earth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture. For the second phenomenon （Step 4）, a heuristic approach is proposed, which ＂scans＂ through possible equilibrium positions to detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearities that govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order （P-△） effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finite element analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design. 相似文献
5.
震源机制解分类与川滇及邻近地区最新变形特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以位错理论为依据探讨了地震分类的理论基础,利用美国哈佛大学1977—2008年的震源机制解资料,采用地震三角形分类法,研究了中国川滇及邻近地区震源机制解124例,从地壳脆性变形的角度分析了川滇次级块体的变形形式。结果表明:整体上川滇及邻区的走滑断层、逆冲断层和正断层具有明显的分区性特征,受青藏高原SE方向的挤压,沿着鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带产生了大的剪切位移和变形带;同时,受缅甸弧挤压和四川盆地的阻挡,在缅甸弧前端和龙门山断裂带等地形成了强烈的挤压区,在云南大部分区域形成了扇形剪切应力变形区;而沿鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带所产生的大的剪切位移和变形直接作用在红河断裂带上,造成红河断裂带呈右旋向SE方向错动,引起其后延金沙江断裂至丽江-小金河断裂之间形成大的应力拉张区,构成了现今川滇及邻区地壳变形的最新格局 相似文献
6.
Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms 
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下载免费PDF全文 The energy radiated as seismic waves strongly depends on the fault rupture process associated with rupture speed and dynamic frictional mechanisms involved in the fault slip motion.Following McGarr and Fletcher approach,we derived a physics-based relationship of the weighted average fault slip velocity vs apparent stress,rupture speed and static stress drop based on a dynamic circular fault model.The resultant function can be approximately used to bound near-fault ground motion and seismic energy associated with near-fault coseismic deformation.Fault frictional overshoot and undershoot mechanisms governed by a simple slip-weakening constitutive relation are included in our consideration by using dynamic rupture models named as M-and D-models and proposed by Madariaga(1976) and Boatwright.We applied the above function to the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake and the 1999 Jiji(Chi-Chi) earthquake to infer the near-fault ground motion called slip weighted average particle velocity and obtained that such model-dependent prediction of weighted average ground velocities is consistent to the results derived from the near-fault strong motion observations.Moreover,we compared our results with the results by McGarr and Fletcher approach,and we found that the values of the weighted average particle velocities we obtained for these two earthquakes are generally smaller and closer to the values by direct integration of strong motion recordings of the near-fault particle velocity waveform data.In other words,if this result comes to be true,it would be a straightforward way used to constrain the near-fault ground motion or to estimate source parameters such as rupture speed,static and dynamic stress drops. 相似文献
7.
The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining 100km on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system. 相似文献
8.
This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop afour-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip (normal and thrust) fault rupture. The first twosteps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops anapproximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI), involving two additional phenomena:(i) fault rupture diversion (Step 3); and (ii) modification of the vertical displacement profile (Step 4). For the first phenomenon(Step 3), an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence ofa raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient ofearth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture.For the second phenomenon (Step 4), a heuristic approach is proposed, which "scans" through possible equilibrium positionsto detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearitiesthat govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order (P-A) effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finiteelement analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design. 相似文献
9.
10.
Prantik Mandal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(7):1307-1324
Double difference relocations of the 1402 Kachchh events (2001–2006) clearly delineate two fault zones viz. south-dipping
North Wagad fault (NWF) and almost vertical Gedi fault (GF). The relocated focal depths delineate a marked variation of 4
and 7 km in the brittle-ductile transition depths beneath GF and NWF, respectively. The focal mechanism solutions of 464 aftershocks
(using 8–12 first motions) show that the focal mechanisms ranged between pure reverse and pure strike-slip except for a few
pure dip-slip solutions. The stress inversions performed for five rectangular zones across the Kachchh rift reveal both clockwise
and anticlockwise rotation (7–32°) in the σ1 orientation within the rupture zone, favoring a heterogeneous stress regime with an average N-S fault normal compression.
This rotation may be attributed to the presence of crustal mafic intrusives (5–35 km depth) in the rupture zone of the 2001
Bhuj main shock. Results suggest a relatively homogeneous stress regime in the GF zone favoring strike-slip motion, with a
fault normal N-S compression. 相似文献
11.
野外考察结果表明,１９２７年古浪８级大地震造成了６段不同规模、不同方向、不同力学成因、不同等级的地表破裂,构成了呈面状分布的复杂地震破裂带,与我国西部地区由走滑断层运动形成的破裂带相比具有较大差异。其中的４段破裂与极震区及余震分布的位置相重合,主体散布在冬青顶北麓一带,沿皇城－双塔活动断裂的东段和武威－天祝活动断裂北段分布,是１９２７年古浪地震的主破裂带。其余两段分别分布在Ⅸ度区内的皇城－双塔断裂中段和西山堡－滴水崖断裂带上,是高烈度区内的次级破裂。４段主破裂是在统一构造应力场作用下形成的产物,具有统一变形机制。其中冬青顶张性破裂带是发育在山前下方寨－严家新庄逆断层上盘的次级张性破裂,而主破裂是由逆断层运动在寺儿沟滩等处的山前洪积台地上产生的 相似文献
12.
Recent major seismic events, such as the Chi-Chi (1999) and the Wenchuan (2008) earthquakes occurred in Taiwan and China, have offered a variety of case histories on the performance of structures subjected to reverse faulting–induced deformation. A novel faulting mitigation method has recently been proposed, introducing a soft deformable wall barrier in order to divert the fault rupture away from the structure. This can be materialized by constructing a thick diaphragm-type soil bentonite wall (SBW) between the structure and the fault rupture path. The paper investigates the key parameters in designing such a SBW, aiming to mitigate the fault rupture hazard on shallow foundations. The paper employs a thoroughly validated finite element analysis methodology to explore the efficiency of a weak SBW barrier in protecting slab foundations from large tectonic deformation due to reverse faulting. A dimensional analysis is conducted in order to generalize the validity of the derived conclusions. The dimensionless formulation is then used to conduct a detailed parametric study, exploring the effect of SBW thickness w/H, depth HSBWl/H, and shear strength τsoil/τSBW, as well as the bedrock fault offset h/H, foundation surcharge load q/ρgB, and fault outcrop location s/B. It is shown that the wall thickness, depth, and shear strength should be designed on the basis of the magnitude of the bedrock fault offset, the location of the fault relative to the structure, and the shear strength of the soil. The efficiency of the weak barrier is improved using lower strength and stiffness material compared to the alluvium. A simplified preliminary design methodology is proposed, and presented in the form of a flowchart. 相似文献
13.
Shantanu Joshi Amit Prashant Arghya Deb Sudhir K. Jain 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2011
Presently available simplified analytical methods and semi-empirical methods for the analysis of buried pipelines subjected to fault motion are suitable only for the strike-slip and the normal-slip type fault motions, and cannot be used for the reverse fault crossing case. A simple finite element model, which uses beam elements for the pipeline and discrete nonlinear springs for the soil, has been proposed to analyse buried pipeline subjected to reverse fault motion. The material nonlinearities associated with pipe-material and soil, and geometric nonlinearity associated with large deformations were incorporated in the analysis. Complex reverse fault motion was simulated using suitable constraints between pipe-nodes and ground ends of the soil spring. Results of the parametric study suggest that the pipeline's capacity to accommodate reverse fault offset can be increased significantly by choosing a near-parallel orientation in plan with respect to the fault line. Further improvement in the response of the pipeline is possible by adopting loose backfill, smooth and hard surface coating, and shallow burial depth in the fault crossing region. For normal or near normal orientations, pipeline is expected to fail due to beam buckling at very small fault offsets. 相似文献
14.
汶川8.0级地震及余震破裂的地质构造特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
汶川8.0级地震是发生在龙门山断裂带上的大地震,文中应用地震地表破裂调查资料、余震分布和震源机制资料,论述了该次地震的主破裂、次级破裂、触发破裂等方面的地质特征.认为该次地震的主破裂长约200 km,分为南、北两段.南段以逆冲破裂为主,由两条破裂带构成,并引起上盘多条近平行的次级断裂带的破裂;北段以右旋逆冲破裂为主,由单条破裂带构成;在主破裂的东北方向,触发了长约100 km的余震活动.汶川8.0级地震的破裂特征,对研究龙门山断裂带其他段落的强震危险性具有重要意义. 相似文献
15.
Construction of buildings in the proximity to seismically active faults is restricted by clause 4.1.2 of Eurocode 8 Part 5.
However, there is no clear definition of the safe distance to fault, and the uncertainty related to the location of main and
secondary traces of rupture for a future event can prevent the reduction of fault-breakage related risks to acceptable levels.
The diversion of the surface trace of rupture by massive structures seated on thick soil deposits can be beneficial for the
risk reduction. The scope of this study is first to revise previous theoretical approaches for providing simple engineering
criteria for the diversion of the surface breakage of fault rupture for shallow foundations and, secondly, to extend them
to treat the case of drained soils subjected to normal or reverse fault. The applicability of these criteria, which essentially
provide minimum values for the weight of structure depending on the thickness of the surface soil deposit, is discussed through
comparisons with the experimental results. 相似文献
16.
Motivated by recent case histories of faulting-induced damage to structures (Chi-Chi, 1999; Wenchuan 2008), this paper applies a thoroughly validated finite element analysis methodology to study the response of slab foundations subjected to thrust faulting. A parametric study is conducted, investigating the effect of key response parameters. It is shown that the stressing of the foundation, and consequently of the superstructure, stems mainly from loss of support. Depending on the geometry, loss of support takes place either under the edges or under the middle of the foundation, generating hogging or sagging deformation, respectively. Increasing the weight of the structure and/or decreasing soil stiffness leads to less stressing of the foundation. Surprisingly, even when the fault rupture emerges beyond the structure, completely avoiding the foundation, substantial foundation distress may still be generated. Exploiting the results of the parametric study, a simplified design method is developed, calling for conventional static analysis of a slab on Winkler supports, “simulating” the fault rupture by removing Winkler springs from equivalent area(s) of loss of support. The latter can be estimated with the help of design charts, further facilitating its use in practice. The proposed simplified method should not be viewed as a general design tool, but as a first idea of a practical solution to the investigated problem. 相似文献
17.
Motivated by the observed (successful and unsuccessful) performance of numerous structures on top of, or immediately next
to a normal fault that ruptured during the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake, this paper: (i) develops a two-step finite element methodology
to study the propagation of a fault rupture through soil and its interplay with the foundation–structure system, denoted hereafter
“Fault Rupture–Soil– Foundation–Structure Interaction” (FR–SFSI), (ii) provides validation of the developed methodology through
successful Class “A” predictions of centrifuge model tests, and (iii) applies the centrifuge-validated methodology to study
one-by-one the Kocaeli case histories of the first paper (Part I). It is shown that the presence of a structure on top of
an outcropping fault may have a significant influence on the rupture path: with heavy structures founded on continuous and
rigid foundations, the fault rupture diverts substantially and may avoid rupturing underneath the structure. The latter undergoes
rigid body rotation, with its foundation sometimes loosing contact with the bearing soil, but in most cases retaining its
structural integrity. In stark contrast, buildings on isolated footings and, perhaps surprisingly, piles exert a smaller diversion
of the rupture which is thus likely to outcrop between the footings or pile caps; the latter may thus undergo devastating
differential displacements. It is shown that structures in the vicinity of faults can be designed to survive significant dislocations.
The “secret” of successful performance lies on the continuity, stiffness, and rigidity of the foundation. 相似文献
18.
The rupture dimensions of earthquake faults are important parameters for characterizing earthquake ruptures and ground motions. Two key parameters to be determined are the rupture depth and dip angle of earthquake faults. Dislocation theory in an elastic half space indicates that if a seismic rupture directly runs up to the ground surface, there exist zero points of horizontal strain in the surface deformation, which correspond to the rupture depths, except for pure strike-slip faults. In this study, we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of inferring rupture depths from zero-strain points for cases of buried faults and heterogeneous media. The results show that the correspondence of zero-strain points to the rupture depths can be influenced by the heterogeneity of the underground media and the stress field. For buried faults, the correspondence relationship is approximately valid when the fault depth is <1 km. In addition, the range of earthquake fault dip angles can be estimated by horizontal displacements on the ground. We also study how to determine the rupture depths of faults from InSAR data after large earthquakes, and successfully apply the method to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The method proposed here, which determines the parameters of fault geometry according to surface deformation, is simple and easy to perform. With independent of aftershocks, it can provide valuable constraints to kinematic inversions. 相似文献
19.
由于2010年玉树地震(Ms=7.1)产生了超剪切地震破裂,所以地震灾害特别严重.国内外地球科学家对该地震产生超剪切破裂过程的物理机制一直非常关注,但至今没有给出满意的解答.为此,文中根据玉树地震发震断层的实际几何构建有限单元数值模型,模型中的断层由2个断层段构成,它们之间有约10°的夹角,形成断层拐折.模拟结果表明,玉树地震的破裂由2个子事件组成;当破裂在震源所在的断层上成核后,先在第一个断层段上传播,其速度为亚剪切波速度;当破裂一旦越过断层拐折,在第二个断层段上传播时,破裂速度就立即转变为超剪切波速度.计算结果显示,当断层发生超剪切破裂时,断层上的位错幅度、破裂产生的地震波速度及加速度都会显著增大,从而造成地震灾害大大增加,这很可能是玉树地震的震害特别严重的重要原因.从模拟实验中还看到,若是模型中的断层没有发生拐折,在模型的其他参数都保持不变的情况下,破裂速度不会发生变化.但是,若初始应力场的方位与断层之间的夹角发生变化,这时断裂系统中尽管存在断层拐折,也不是一定能产生超剪切破裂.只有当初始应力方位与断层之间的夹角以及断层走向变化的偏角二者之间的关系恰到好处时,断层拐折才有可能促使断层破裂由亚剪切转化为超剪切破裂.所以,玉树地震之所以能产生超剪切地震破裂,恰恰是发震断层几何与初始应力场方位之间的关系达到某种"最佳状态"的结果.这也可能是天然地震中超剪切破裂事件稀少的原因之一.因此,研究超剪切地震破裂过程的动力学机制,对于深入研究地震震源过程、地震灾害评估等有着非常重要的科学意义. 相似文献
20.
汶川8级大地震的地表破裂特征及分段 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生MS8.0地震.地表破裂多以跌水、陡坎形态发育在河流沟谷或晚新生代沉积层内,位移明显.山地受崩塌、滑坡影响,位移量较难获得.发震断裂主要有三条,即北川-映秀断裂、彭县-灌县断裂和小鱼洞断裂.北川-映秀断裂地表破裂由南向北活动性质从逆冲为主逐渐转变为走滑为主,长约220 km,平均垂直位移量约3 m,按位移量沿断裂走向的变化可以分为虹口段、北川段和南坝段;彭县-灌县断裂地表破裂以逆冲活动为主,长约82 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,可以划分为白鹿段和汉旺段,断裂断距分布的几何特征与北川-映秀断裂的中南段相近;小鱼洞断裂是一条新生北西走向的次级破裂,长约5.6 km,平均垂直位移量约1.5 m,调节两侧构造单元变形差异,具有捩断层特征,活动以逆(左行)走滑为主,可划分出小鱼洞段和中坝段.姚都镇地表破裂可能说明南坝以北的地震具有不同的活动特征.活动断裂的运动方式反映区域应力场有北西西向挤压特征. 相似文献