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1.
Zhou Jiabin 《大气科学进展》1985,2(3):385-401
By use of Chebyshev polynomial, a new method is proposed for predicting time series. It is found to be of greater accuracy,
easy and convenient for use with operation run either by computer or by hand. Predicting formulae are shown with estimates
of the error. In addition, calculated cases are given to show the fidelity with this method. 相似文献
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本文论述了一种推断风暴内部运动的方法。该方法应用常规天气雷达探测得到的风暴反射率资料，根据风暴反射率模块在两次扫描中所处的空间位置，并运用相关模式识别技术来判断模块的位移，从而获得风暴回波的二维运动场，并由此推断风暴内气流的结构。使用该方法进行模拟试验并对1986年8月8日的风暴实例进行了计算。 相似文献
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Some more proper criteria for the nonlinear stability of three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic motions are given by combining variational principle with a prior estimates method. The criteria are suitable for perturbations of initial condition as well as parameters in the model. The basic flow can be steady or unsteady. Particularly the difficulty due to the nonlinear boundary condition is completely overcome by the use of our method. 相似文献
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基于ETM＋遥感影像反演不同土地利用类型地表温度的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用Landsat7 ETM＋为基本数据源,运用3种算法（大气辐射传输方程RTE、Qin等单窗算法和Jimenez—Munoz＆Sobrino普适性单通道算法）定量反演了黄河三角洲部分地区的地表温度（land surface temperature,LST）,并进行了不同算法反演结果的差值比较：以RTE反演结果为标准,在大气水汽含量较低时,Qin等单窗算法和JM＆S普适性单通道算法精度较高,与RTE的反演结果相差均在1K以内;在大气水汽含量较高时,Qin等单窗算法在采用地面气象资料估算水汽含量条件下仍保持较高的精度,比RTE反演结果平均偏小0．95K;而根据估算的大气水汽含量进行反演的JM＆S普适性单通道算法的反演偏差比Qin等单窗算法要大,达到1．94K,但JM＆S普适性单通道算法根据实测的大气水汽含量得到的反演结果要略优于Qin等单窗算法,比RTE结果偏大0．67K。同时计算了经过6s模式校正后归一化植被指数（INDV）,然后利用GIS中的空间分析功能,分析LST、INDV在不同土地利用类型之间的差异以及二者之间的定量关系。发现研究区内,就所有土地利用类型而言,平均LST和INDV之间存在显著的负相关关系;对于各种土地利用类型,这种相关关系也存在．但相关程度不同。 相似文献
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The Bayes Decision method (BD) has been implemented on GMS Stretched VISSR (S.VISSR) images. Several objects are identified.
These are earth’s surface, stratiform, convective and cirrus clouds. Overlaid 6-hour surface rainfall observations show that
the rain area on the ground matches with precipitable cloud area identified by BD method. Finally the data of classified image
are compressed to about one-eighth amount by use of Line-Run-Coding technique. It is helpful for data archive and remote transmission. 相似文献
7.
在WRF模拟中,默认的土地利用数据与实际土地利用情况差异较大,因此会影响模式的模拟效果。为此,许多学者提出了更新城市土地利用数据的方案。最简单的方法是仅就城市建成区面积进行修正。但因城市地表具有非均匀性,进而又提出了将建成区进一步精细化分类。然而,在研究土地利用资料对WRF模式影响的文献中,绝大多数研究仅是就某种资料更新前后的模拟效果进行比较,并未将城市面积改变、城市非均匀性这两个因子进行区分。本文综合考虑了面积修正与精细化分类这两个因子,根据面积修正方案和两种精细化方案生成了3种土地利用的优化数据,并结合默认土地数据共设置了4个算例对上海市2018年8月和2019年8月两次高温天气过程进行了模拟,通过对结果进行比较分析发现:1）对WRF土地利用数据进行优化后,改善了温度、相对湿度和风速的模拟效果。2）城市建成区面积是影响温度最关键的因子,面积修正使温度的平均均方根误差（RMSE）降低了0.86°C,在此基础上的精细化分类使平均RMSE最多降低了0.04°C。3）城市的精细化分类是影响风速和相对湿度的主要因子,面积修正使风速的平均RMSE仅降低0.04 m/s,而精细化分类可使其RMSE再进一步降低最多0.19 m/s;面积修正使相对湿度的平均RMSE仅降低0.23%,而精细化分类可使其RMSE再进一步降低最多2.25%。4）总体说来,精细化分类方案在一定程度上考虑了城市的非均匀性,因此对于温度、相对湿度和风速模拟结果的改善程度更大,且分类越细致,效果越好。 相似文献
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新一代天气雷达在临近预报和灾害性天气警报中的应用 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
利用新一代天气雷达制作临近天气预报和灾害性天气警报,必须从天气雷达观测入手.需根据临近预报和灾害性天气警报需求制定观测方法.不同预报对象,要采取不同的雷达资料的数据处理方法,以便突出预报对象的回波特征.制作临近预报和灾害性天气警报的主要依据是雷达回波分析,掌握回波演变的全过程是雷达回波分析的基础,根据回波特征判断识别影响本地区的天气系统,通过回波分析判断回波的未来发展趋势.为了从回波上识别灾害性天气,需要建立各种灾害性天气的识别判据和方法.预报的主要方法是外推法,但预报结果还需要预报员根据预报经验最后作出预报结论.为了做好临近预报和灾害性天气警报,建立预报流程是非常重要的. 相似文献
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该文叙述在数值天气预报中直接应用辐射率而不经过反演的原因，变分法在辐射率直接应用中的作用，以及介绍变分问题计算中的伴随方法。还指出ATOVS辐射率同样可以在NWP中直接应用。最后，介绍业务NWP直接应用辐射率的情况。 相似文献
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A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is
based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a
series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble
forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon
are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to
perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct
use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is
probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial
position perturbation. 相似文献
11.
Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation methods, such as three-dimensional variational data assimilation or an Ensemble Kalman Filter. In this study, the authors illustrate a new approach that makes effective use of precipitation data to improve rainfall forecast. The new method directly obtains an optimal solution in a reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model; it also avoids the implementation of tangent linear model and its adjoint. A lot of historical samples are produced as the ensemble of precipitation observations with the fully nonlinear forecast model. The results show that the new approach is capable of extracting information from precipitation observations to improve the analysis and forecast. This method provides comparable performance with the standard four- dimensional variational data assimilation at a much lower computational cost. 相似文献
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Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better. 相似文献
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本文采用非地转非静力条件下存在对流凝结加热反馈的Boussinesq方程组,借用Emanuel(1982)的Wave-CISK方案来考虑凝结反馈作用,并应用Green函数方法和Fourier方法,求得了任意加热廓线时对称不稳定的流函数的解析表达式及其频散关系。本文还对取某些特定的加热廓线时的情况进行了讨论。 相似文献
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机载微波辐射计反演云液水含量的云物理方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
用一维层状云模式产生云样本,通过统计回归求得机载对空微波辐射计测云中路径积分液态水含量的反演系数,与用历史探空统计资料作相对湿度诊断产生云样本的反演方法进行了比较,并通过因素分析、数值模拟检验等方法对机载微波辐射计的探测误差进行估计。对2001年7月8日的个例分析表明,用云模式得到的统计样本,由于加入了对层状云物理过程的考虑,较为符合当天的实际天气情况,在一定程度上减小了由于背景大气条件、云温、云内含水量的垂直分布等的不确定性所引起的反演误差。对反演精度的数值模拟检验表明,各高度层的均方根相对误差在9.5%～12.7%之间,反演精度在所有高度上都高于原方法。对探测误差的因素分析表明,与仪器漂移及背景场引起的误差相比,由云液水垂直分布的不确定所引起的误差是不可忽略的。因此为进一步提高反演精度,根据实际宏观观测资料,对云模式产生的大量样本进行筛选,从中选取与实际云况较为符合的云样本进行拟合,结果表明,采用这一措施可以使反演精度得到进一步改善。 相似文献
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认识热带波动的垂直结构对于揭露热带大气运动在上、下层间联系的本质以及天气预报实践都有重要意义。由于低纬地区风、压场的地转风关系不再适用,同时,水平温度场比较均匀,因而,大气上、下层间的联系不再象中、高纬度地区那样可以简单地用热成风关系来描述;又由于大气上、下层的基本气流往往有不同的方向,基本气流垂直切变的作用不容忽视.可以预料,热带大气波动的垂直结构是有其独特性的。本文利用伽辽金方法.导出一个求解切变气流中热带波动的一般性解法,并通过数值计算结果的分析,讨论垂直切变气流中热带波动的垂直结构特征.在本文中,我们将集中讨论热带对流层的Rossby波. 相似文献
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在求解Euler方程时,带TVB限制器的Runge-Kutta间断有限元(RKDG)方法是一种高精度、高并行效率的方法,而浸入边界方法是一种较新颖且对网格要求较低的方法,适用于处理复杂几何外形的边界.尝试了将上述2种方法结合起来求解Euler方程在笛卡尔网格上具有复杂几何外形的物体绕流问题,数个经典算例的数值结果验证了该方法的有效性. 相似文献
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The Kyoto Protocol allows Annex I countries to use afforestation (theconversion of non-forest landto forest) to meet emissions reduction targets. We present a new method forestimating the cost of CO2mitigation through afforestation based on econometric models of land use. Landuse models are developed from dataon observed land allocation decisions and quantify the relationship betweenthe share of land in forest and the netreturns to forestry, among other land use determinants. The econometricapproach measures the actual responsesby landowners to observed changes in net returns, in contrast to earlierstudies in which landowner responses aredictated by the researcher. Models are estimated for Maine, South Carolina,and Wisconsin. The estimated modelsare used to simulate subsidies for afforestation, which imply increases inforest area and net reductions inatmospheric CO2 concentrations. Average cost measures – totalsubsidies divided by total carbon sequestered –are derived for afforestation programs with and without timber harvesting. Theuse of econometric land use modelsin integrated assessments of climate change is explored. We model the effectson land use patterns and the costsof CO2 mitigation of changes in the net returns to agricultureinduced by climate change. 相似文献
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云底高度是云重要的宏观物理参数。本文基于MODIS和CPR探测得到的可见光、红外和毫米波数据,提出了用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和BP神经网络反演云底高度的新方法,并以相对湿度阈值法处理探空资料所获取的云底高度为基准,对PCA-BP法和CloudSat产品获取的云底高度进行了对比分析。结果表明:对绝大部分类型的云,PCA-BP法的反演偏差小于CloudSat产品。PCA-BP法和CloudSat产品反演的云底高度在夏季偏低,在其他季节偏高,且PCA-BP法与探空仪的均方根误差在所有季节均小于CloudSat产品,两者反演的云底高度具有一致的季节特征,即夏高冬低。PCA-BP法和CloudSat产品所获取的云底高度随纬度升高有减小趋势,在不同地区,两者具有不同的反演效果,反演误差随纬度升高而逐渐减小,对比结果说明了PCA-BP法反演云底高度具有一定的可行性。 相似文献