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1.
利用台风百合(2001)的高分辨率模式资料, 应用PV－ω反演方法, 在分析台风准平衡和非平衡垂直环流基本特征的基础上, 诊断研究了热力和动力强迫对台风深厚湿对流结构的影响, 结果指出: 准平衡流能够描述台风中具有较长生命史过程的中尺度对流系统的环流结构, 中层大振幅垂直运动主要由准平衡ω方程中凝结潜热释放的热力强迫所决定; 台风低层由动力辐合强迫产生的弱对流, 对眼墙区深厚湿对流的形成起到触发作用; 而高层动力强迫产生的下沉运动则削弱了凝结潜热项的影响, 抑制了垂直运动向高层伸展。非平衡垂直环流结构上呈现的短波振荡和快时间尺度调整的时空分布特征表明, 它是与重力快波频散过程相联系的非定常环流。分析台风中深厚湿对流形成的物理模型可知, 准平衡动力强迫引起的低层弱对流达到一定振幅, 则会引起中层水汽相变引起的凝结潜热反馈, 使得准平衡和非平衡流叠加形成了眼墙区上升运动的大值中心, 加上非平衡垂直环流对动量和热量起到的补偿和调整作用, 构成了台风内中尺度深厚湿对流的组织化过程。 相似文献
2.
3.
台风云娜（2004）的高分辨率数值模拟研究:眼壁小尺度对流运动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对2004年云娜台风高分辨率模拟结果的分析,发现在环境垂直风切变不是单一方向情况下,中尺度涡旋只在对流层低层的眼壁区域形成.这些涡旋中有的伴随气旋环流是闭合的,有的则为非闭合;并且有的伴随着小尺度对流上升运动,而有的则没有.进一步分析发现当环境入流与涡旋的出流相遇产生辐合时,或者入流受涡旋本身阻挡产生辐合时,小尺度对流上升运动随即发生.中尺度涡旋伴随着对流上升活动在眼壁中沿气旋方向移动,表现出涡旋Rossby波特征,当移动至垂直风切变矢量下风向时对流加强,加强的上升气流通过拉伸涡管使得相麻的涡旋环流也加强,通常对流在移向垂直风切变矢量上风向时逐渐减弱.反观在眼壁区域的对流层中上层,没有明显的中尺度涡旋活动,强对流活动主要集中在眼壁东南侧,并且强上升运动也呈现小尺度特征.眼壁区域中速度大于1 m/s的上升运动仪占14%,大于2 m/s的则小于7%,但速度超过1 m/s的向上的质量通量约占整个上升运动的30%,表明尽管这些小尺度强对流运动所占空间比例较小,却在眼壁质量输送中起着重要作用.另外,这些强上升运动核表现出正的浮力特征,大值浮力分布与上升运动核位置一致的特征也进一步说明眼壁中大量的垂直质量通量输送与只占很小范围的小尺度上升运动有关. 相似文献
4.
Results from the MERKUR experiment: Mass budget and vertical motions in a large valley during mountain and valley wind 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dr. C. Freytag 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1987,37(2):129-140
Summary Based on measurements made in March 1982 in the Inn valley during the MERKUR experiment, an attempt was made to compute the mass budget of a large alpine valley during periods of mountain and valley wind.The computations come from measurements of the alongvalley mass flux and assumptions on the fluxes in the slope layer and tributaries.Vertical motions in the valley's atmosphere have been evaluated from the mass budget computations. These motions, including the subsidence which compensates for daytime upslope winds and the subsidence which compensates for the valley wind flowing into tributaries during the day, are of great importance for the understanding of the thermal circulation.The results allow better estimation of vertical advection, which contributes to the budgets of momentum and energy.With 8 Figures 相似文献
5.
Björn Brötz Rafael Eigenmann Andreas Dörnbrack Thomas Foken Volkmar Wirth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(1):45-63
We investigate the evolution of the early-morning boundary layer in a low-mountain valley in south-western Germany during COPS (convective and orographically induced precipitation study) in summer 2007. The term low-mountain refers to a mountainous region with a relief of gentle slopes and with an absolute altitude that remains under a specified height (usually 1,500 m a.s.l.). A subset of 23 fair weather days from the campaign was selected to study the transition of the boundary-layer flow in the early morning. The typical valley atmosphere in the morning hours was characterized by a stable temperature stratification and a pronounced valley wind system. During the reversal period—called the low wind period—of the valley wind system (duration of 1–2 h), the horizontal flow was very weak and the conditions for free convection were fulfilled close to the ground. Ground-based sodar observations of the vertical wind show enhanced values of upward motion, and the corresponding statistical properties differ from those observed under windless convective conditions over flat terrain. Large-eddy simulations of the boundary-layer transition in the valley were conducted, and statistical properties of the simulated flow agree with the observed quantities. Spatially coherent turbulence structures are present in the temporal as well as in the ensemble mean analysis. Thus, the complex orography induces coherent convective structures at predictable, specific locations during the early-morning low wind situations. These coherent updrafts, found in both the sodar observations and the simulation, lead to a flux counter to the gradient of the stably stratified valley atmosphere and reach up to the heights of the surrounding ridges. Furthermore, the energy balance in the surface layer during the low wind periods is closed. However, it becomes unclosed after the onset of the valley wind. The partition into the sensible and the latent heat fluxes indicates that missing flux components of sensible heat are the main reason for the unclosed energy balance in the considered situations. This result supports previously published investigations on the energy balance closure. 相似文献
6.
复杂山区上空垂直速度场和热力对流活动的理想数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
利用英国气象局高分辨率的边界层数值模式BLASIUS,针对中国西北一个复杂山区进行了一系列的理想数值模拟,分析了在不同天气条件下山区上空的垂直速度场分布和对流特征以及地形对热力对流活动的影响,同时讨论了与地形有关的对流触发机制。模式结果表明,复杂山区的垂直运动在稳定层结和风速较大的情况下较易预测,而在中性层结下,山区上空的垂直运动分布随机性强。在Froude数小于0.5的条件下,气流往往被山峰阻塞而在迎风坡造成地形强迫和辐合性抬升,从而易在迎风坡触发深对流活动;在背风坡则由于迎风坡的绕流重新辐合而造成垂直运动。绕流的辐合是触发深对流活动的另一重要因子。在大风或Froude数较大的条件下,地形重力波容易在山地下游被激发。地形重力波与对流活动的相互影响在模式中清楚可见。在适当的条件下,重力波除了可以与对流活动相耦合从而使气团上升到更高的高度外,重力波的走向很可能会影响到深对流系统的传播路径。研究还发现稳定度对相邻两条对流线之间的距离长短也有影响。稳定度较小时,相邻两条对流线之间的平均宽度趋向变大而单个对流线的强度也相应变大。定量化的结论和理论升华值得进一步的数值模拟研究。 相似文献
7.
大气对流边界层中的涡漩结构 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
大气边界层中存在尺度从几百米到几十公里的大涡漩运动。它们在边界层中动量、热量、水汽等垂直输送中起重要作用。作者从边界层中对流和上部稳定层中波动相互作用的观点，发展得出大涡结构的对流波动理论。根据此理论，大涡的波谱构成主要由上、下层大气中风向、风速、层结以及两层之间的温度跃变等因素决定。本文根据卫星云图和天气资料分析了一次冷空气爆发流经暖洋面上形成云街、对流单体以及它们之间的相互演化的过程，并用对流波动理论，依据各阶段的大气条件计算出它们的波数构成，并得出了垂直速度、辐合带、界面扰动的分布，解释了云街、对流单体的形成、结构及相互转化的原因 相似文献
8.
Short squall lines that occurred over Lishui, southwestern Zhejiang Province, China, on 5 July 2012, were investigated using the WRF model based on 1°× 1° gridded NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis data. The results from the numerical simulations were particularly satisfactory in the simulated radar echo, which realistically reproduced the generation and development of the convective cells during the period of severe convection. The initiation of this severe convective case was mainly associated with the uplift effect of mesoscale mountains, topographic convergence, sufficient water vapor, and enhanced low-level southeasterly wind from the East China Sea. An obvious wind velocity gradient occurred between the Donggong Mountains and the southeast coastline, which easily enabled wind convergence on the windward slope of the Donggong Mountains; both strong mid–low-level southwesterly wind and low-level southeasterly wind enhanced vertical shear over the mountains to form instability; and a vertical coupling relation between the divergence on the upper-left side of the Donggong Mountains and the convergence on the lower-left side caused the convection to develop rapidly. The convergence centers of surface streams occurred over the mountain terrain and updrafts easily broke through the lifting condensation level(LCL) because of the strong wind convergence and topographic lift, which led to water vapor condensation above the LCL and the generation of the initial convective cloud. The centers of surface convergence continually created new convective cells that moved with the southwest wind and combined along the Donggong Mountains, eventually forming a short squall line that caused severe convective weather. 相似文献
9.
One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) is a single-column simulation in which vertical motions are represented by an unsteady advective process, rather than their customary representation by a diffusive process. No space or time averaging of mesh-resolved motions is invoked. Molecular-transport scales can be resolved in ODT simulations of laboratory-scale flows, but this resolution of these scales is prohibitively expensive in ODT simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), except possibly in small subregions of a non-uniform mesh.Here, two methods for ODT simulation of the ABL on uniform meshes are described and applied to the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study; GEWEX is the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) stable boundary-layer intercomparison case. One method involves resolution of the roughness scale using a fixed eddy viscosity to represent subgrid motions. The other method, which is implemented at lower spatial resolution, involves a variable eddy viscosity determined by the local mesh-resolved flow, as in multi-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES). When run at typical LES resolution, it reproduces some of the key high-resolution results, but its fidelity is lower in some important respects. It is concluded that a more elaborate empirically based representation of the subgrid physics, closely analogous to closures currently employed in LES of the ABL, might improve its performance substantially, yielding a cost-effective ABL simulation tool. Prospects for further application of ODT to the ABL, including possible use of ODT as a near-surface subgrid closure framework for general circulation modeling, are assessed. 相似文献
10.
风切变对边界层对流影响的大涡模拟研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用"西北干旱区陆-气相互作用野外观测实验"加密观测期间在敦煌站的观测资料以及大涡模式,模拟了对流边界层的发展,以及示踪物从混合层向残留层传输的时空变化。模拟的对流边界层的结构及演变特征与实测结果基本一致。进一步通过有风切变和无风切变的敏感性数值试验,研究了风切变对垂直速度、位温和示踪物浓度的水平分布以及示踪物传输高度的影响。研究结果表明,在有风切变的试验中(甚至风切变仅存在于近地层中),对流边界层的增长加强,而且示踪物被传输的高度也较高。与浮力驱动的对流边界层相比,由浮力和风切变共同驱动的边界层中上升气流较弱而下沉气流较强,但前者的上升气流与下沉气流的分布在垂直方向上更为倾斜。由于夹卷作用的增强,浮力和风切变共同驱动的对流边界层较浮力驱动的对流边界层暖。在夹卷层,浮力和风切变共同驱动的边界层对流的上升气流和下沉气流都比浮力驱动的边界层对流中的强,而且垂直速度的概率密度函数分布也较对称,其位温和示踪物浓度的概率密度函数分布也比浮力驱动的边界层中的平直。对湍流动能收支的分析也表明风切变对湍流动能有重要影响,尤其对夹卷层中的湍流动能切变产生项影响较大。示踪物浓度的概率密度函数垂直分布显示,浮力驱动的边界层中示踪物浓度随高度变化较小,而浮力和风切变共同驱动的边界层中示踪物浓度随高度递减,但是示踪物传输的高度比较高。 相似文献
11.
在华南北部或长江流域有锋面雨带活动时,华南沿海常常会出现对流性强降水,突发性很强,给预报造成很大的困惑。文章采用多种观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°逐6 h再分析资料,对2017年6月15～16日华南北部的锋面雨带及沿海强降雨过程开展分析,对比了二者降水特征与环境条件,重点探讨了该次过程华南沿海强降雨的对流触发与维持,揭示了一种由边界层风切变强迫造成涡度持续发展的动力效应。结果表明:（1）锋面雨带与华南沿海强降雨在降水特征上有显著差异,并各有特点。锋面雨带以大尺度层状云降水和弱对流性降水为主,降水强度东段弱西段强。沿海强降雨以对流性降水为主,局地性强、落区集中、强降雨持续时间长、夜发性明显。（2）水汽方程诊断发现沿海强降雨在边界层水平水汽平流项、垂直水汽输送项比锋面雨带东段具有更大量级,大气层结反映出更深厚的暖层、湿层与对流不稳定,是二者降水强度及性质差异的主要原因。（3）莲花山、峨眉嶂造成气流侧向摩擦与正面阻挡促使漯河河谷内垂直涡度发展,暖湿空气堆积上升并达到自由对流高度,触发了华南沿海最初的降水。夜间建立的西南风急流使边界层垂直风速切变增强,水平涡度倾斜部分转化为垂直涡度发展,与风速水平切变造成的垂直涡度叠加,是强降雨持续时间长的动力机制。海陆边界摩擦差异造成水平、垂直两个方向的风切变增强,共同强迫垂直涡度发展是此次强降雨过程对流维持的动力效应。（4）
12.
Thara V. Prabha Anandakumar Karipot Michael W. Binford 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(2):239-261
Large-eddy simulation is used to study secondary circulations in the convective boundary layer modulated as a result of horizontally
varying surface properties and surface heat fluxes over flat terrain. The presence of heat flux heterogeneity and its alignment
with respect to geostrophic wind influences the formation, strength and orientation of organized thermals. Results show boundary-attached
roll formation along heat flux maxima in the streamwise direction. The streamwise organization of the updrafts and downdrafts
formed downwind of heterogeneities leads to counter-rotating secondary circulations in the crosswind plane. The distribution
of resolved-scale pressure deviations shows large pressure gradients in the crosswind plane. Spanwise and vertical velocity
variances and heat flux profiles depict considerable spatial variability compared to a homogeneous forest simulation. Secondary
circulations are observed for various ambient wind scenarios parallel and perpendicular to heterogeneities. In the presence
of increased wind speed, thermals emerging from the heat flux heterogeneity are elongated, and organize along and downwind
of large-scale heterogeneity in the streamwise direction. Simulation with a reduced heat flux shows a shallower circulation
with a lower aspect ratio. Point measurements of heat flux inside the roll circulation could be overestimated by up to 15–25%
compared to a homogeneous case. 相似文献
13.
利用 1 998年第 2次青藏高原野外试验中的多普勒声雷达探测、低空探测观测以及卫星观测资料对高原大气边界层内的对流现象进行分析研究。声雷达探测到了高原边界层内有强烈的对流活动。这种对流泡中心的垂直速度可超过 1m/s,并存在尺度为 1个多小时的周期性 ,表现为中小尺度的有组织的湍流活动。高原边界层强对流得以发展和维持的物理机制是 :强辐射加热、复杂的地形地貌形成的下垫面不均一性造成边界层斜压性、边界层内的平流活动等 ,这些现象都有利于对流的发展。在这些条件的作用下 ,边界层内可以产生一系列有组织的强湍流大涡旋活动 ,这些大涡旋形成的热泡在向上发展的过程中有的能够发生合并 ,变得更大也更为猛烈 ,达到凝结高度以上可形成对流云 ,并发生充分的对流混合。成云过程凝结潜热释放更有利于对流运动进一步发展 ,使对流云逐步发展成更大的对流云团 ,从而产生卫星云图中显示的云团发展过程。 相似文献
14.
Large-eddy simulations of the effects of hilly terrain on the convective boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer are compared over hilly versus flat surfaces. Moderate values for the height and horizontal spacing of the hills were selected. Thermally-direct hill-valley circulations are induced by the uneven terrain, accounting for a significant fraction of the resolved energy in the boundary-layer eddies. The probability of upward eddy motion reaches up to 70% over the hilltops and down to 15% over the valleys. Above-average values of both subgrid scale turbulent kinetic energy and upward eddy heat transport are found above the higher terrain. Horizontal spectra of vertical motion are strongly biased toward the horizontal scales of the terrain. Vertical profiles of atmospheric variables obtained by horizontal averaging, however, exhibit no significant differences between hilly and flat terrain simulations. 相似文献
15.
Large vortices with scales ranging from hundreds meters to tens of kilometers are generallyfound in the atmospheric convective boundary layer(CBL).These vortices play important roles in the vertical transport of momentum,heat,water vaporand other tracers in the boundary layer.On the basis of the view of interaction between theconvection in CBL and the gravity waves in the upper stable layer the authors developed aconvection-wave theory on the formation of large vortices.According to the theory thewavenumber spectrum of the large vortices mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions in bothof the upper and lower layers,such as wind speed,wind direction shear,stratification as well astemperature jump.In the present paper satellite image and weather data in a case of cold air outbreak over warmocean are analyzed to study every stage of the convective processes,such as cloud street,convective cell as well as their transformation.According to the theory the wavenumbercompositions for cloud street and convective cell are calculated,respectively,on the basis of theatmospheric conditions at every stage.The distributions of vertical motions,convergent band anddisturbed interface are obtained and compared with the cloud patterns in the convective processes.Thus the study seems to offer a likely explanation for the origin of large vortices in CBL. 相似文献
16.
Large vortices with scales ranging from hundreds meters to tens of kilometers are generally found in the atmospheric convective boundary layer(CBL).These vortices play important roles in the vertical transport of momentum,heat,water vapor and other tracers in the boundary layer.On the basis of the view of interaction between the convection in CBL and the gravity waves in the upper stable layer the authors developed a convection-wave theory on the formation of large vortices.According to the theory the wavenumber spectrum of the large vortices mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions in both of the upper and lower layers,such as wind speed,wind direction shear,stratification as well as temperature jump.In the present paper satellite image and weather data in a case of cold air outbreak over warm ocean are analyzed to study every stage of the convective processes,such as cloud street,convective cell as well as their transformation.According to the theory the wavenumber compositions for cloud street and convective cell are calculated,respectively,on the basis of the atmospheric conditions at every stage.The distributions of vertical motions,convergent band and disturbed interface are obtained and compared with the cloud patterns in the convective processes.Thus the study seems to offer a likely explanation for the origin of large vortices in CBL. 相似文献
17.
Intensive observations of summertime up- and down-valley winds in a dry valley utilising airsondes, pilot balloons and a monostatic acoustic sounder are described. Both circulations show a distinctive layered vertical wind and temperature structure. Westerly down-valley flow is typically neutral and is characterised by strong surface winds overlain by light variable winds extending to an inversion between 2000 and 4000m in depth. Above this inversion, gradient winds prevail. This structure is similar to that of downslope winds observed elsewhere. The thermally-induced up-valley easterly flow is shown to be extremely well-developed in terms of its strength, depth and persistence. The strong surface easterly may reach 800 m in depth and usually undercuts the warmer westerly. The boundary between the two regimes is marked by an inversion. During easterly flow a surface-based, super-adiabatic layer of 100–200 m in depth is evident and is associated with weak convective activity. An intriguing aspect of the wind regime is the interaction between the easterly and westerly circulations in the valley. These are separated at the surface by a frontal zone which migrates up and down the valley. Further observational and modelling studies are recommended. 相似文献
18.
本文利用NCEP/NCAR提供的1°×1°的再分析资料,应用WRF4.0中尺度数值模式对2016年4月13日华南地区的一次飑线升尺度过程进行模拟,并设计一系列的敏感性试验,详细研究了南岭对飑线升尺度增长的影响以及可能的机制。结果表明:WRF模式较好的模拟了本次飑线过山前后的变化以及其降水的分布。强对流在过山后比过山前发展要强烈,水平的尺度增长快。但不同高度的地形敏感性试验表明,适宜的地形高度对于风暴的发展更有利。地形影响了飑线的尺度和组织,地形过高会使得广东北部的对流分散。地形可以通过改变水平流场、水汽场、垂直运动以及低层的垂直风切变等来间接影响飑线中的对流单体的分布和对流单体的强度。无地形阻挡时,有利于急流的北进,水汽输送更为有利。但是,一定的地形高度对低层的垂直运动是有利的。地形较高,则会利于高层的垂直运动,低层更多的可能以绕流为主。当地形超过一定高度时,低层的辐合场也相应的减弱。 相似文献
19.
Using the new high-frequency measurement equipment of the research aircraft DO 128, which is described in detail, turbulent vertical fluxes of ozone and nitric oxide have been calculated from data sampled during the ESCOMPTE program in the south of France. Based on airborne turbulence measurements, radiosonde data and surface energy balance measurements, the convective boundary layer (CBL) is examined under two different aspects. The analysis covers boundary-layer convection with respect to (i) the control of CBL depth by surface heating and synoptic scale influences, and (ii) the structure of convective plumes and their vertical transport of ozone and nitric oxides. The orographic structure of the terrain causes significant differences between planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights, which are found to exceed those of terrain height variations on average. A comparison of boundary-layer flux profiles as well as mean quantities over flat and complex terrain and also under different pollution situations and weather conditions shows relationships between vertical gradients and corresponding turbulent fluxes. Generally, NOx transports are directed upward independent of the terrain, since primary emission sources are located near the ground. For ozone, negative fluxes are common in the lower CBL in accordance with the deposition of O3 at the surface.The detailed structure of thermals, which largely carry out vertical transports in the boundary layer, are examined with a conditional sampling technique. Updrafts mostly contain warm, moist and NOx loaded air, while the ozone transport by thermals alternates with the background ozone gradient. Evidence for handover processes of trace gases to the free atmosphere can be found in the case of existing gradients across the boundary-layer top. An analysis of the size of eddies suggests the possibility of some influence of the heterogeneous terrain in mountainous area on the length scales of eddies. 相似文献
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2016年7月31日至8月1日新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品及国家基本地面观测站逐时降水资料,通过天气研究和预报（WRF）数值模拟和诊断分析强降水期间大气的不稳定性及其触发机制,证实了不同尺度系统相互作用以及复杂地形的影响是干旱、半干旱地区极端暴雨形成的重要因子,并得出以下结论:（1）降水前河谷低层高对流有效位能积累,低层锋面东移触发对流有效位能释放,造成河谷第一阶段短时强降水天气;前期对流性降水释放湿对流不稳定能量,低层大气对称不稳定性逐渐增强,在对称不稳定作用下维持和加强了伊犁河谷第二阶段强降水天气。（2）第一强降水阶段期间大气低层为对流不稳定性层结,降水初期和第二阶段强降水期间大气均为条件对称不稳定性层结,对称不稳定的产生主要来自于湿位涡斜压分量（Mpv2）,其中降水初期低层Mpv2变化由大气的湿斜压性和低层水平风的垂直切变所造成,第二阶段强降水低层Mpv2变化主要由大气湿斜压性造成。（3）第一阶段强降水期间,低层锋面和地形抬升,垂直运动迅速发展,造成河谷南、北部山前降水;河谷东侧中尺度气旋在地形阻挡下稳定少动,是东部地区短时强降水天气发生的直接启动机制。第二阶段强降水期间,中、低层锋区叠加爬坡,冷锋锋生,中、低层风场辐合区叠加,河谷东北部形成垂直环流圈,上升运动进一步发展,是造成河谷第二阶段暴雨的重要原因。 相似文献