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1.
基于IPCC AR4耦合模式的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟及未来变化预估 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
评估了参加政府间气候变化委员会第4次评估报告(IPCCAR4)的耦合模式对南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟能力。分析了24个模式对1970—1999年南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟效能,并与两套再分析资料ERA-40和NCEP-1进行了对比分析。结果表明,模式的模拟能力具有一定的季节依赖性,冬季模拟能力最好。大多数模式对南极涛动空间结构和时间序列趋势的模拟好于北极涛动。根据Taylor图选出具有较好模拟能力的模式并做集合分析,发现经过选取的模式集合可以明显改善模式的模拟能力。分析SRESA1B情景下的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟、预估结果表明:1970—2099年,南极涛动和北极涛动指数均呈持续上升趋势,北极涛动指数增长略显平稳。相对于1970—1999年、2060—2089年两半球的海平面气压场均呈现极区气压降低、中纬度气压升高的形态,同样表明南、北极涛动在后一时段更强。因此,在气候变暖背景下,南、北极涛动将持续增强,21世纪中期的臭氧恢复可能不会显著影响这种趋势。 相似文献
2.
Climate Simulation and Future Projection of Precipitation and the Water Vapor Budget in the Haihe River Basin 
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下载免费PDF全文 The climatological characteristics of precipitation and the water vapor budget in the Haihe River basin (HRB) are analyzed using daily observations at 740 stations in China in 1951-2007 and the 4-time daily ERA40 reanalysis data in 1958-2001. The results show that precipitation and surface air temperature present significant interannual and interdecadal variability, with cold and wet conditions before the 1970s but warm and dry conditions after the 1980s. Precipitation has reduced substantially since the 1990s, with a continued increase of surface air temperature. The total column water vapor has also reduced remarkably since the late 1970s. The multi-model ensemble from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has capably simulated the 20th century climate features and successfully reproduced the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature. Unfortunately, the models do not reproduce the interdecadal changes. Based on these results, future projections of the climate in the HRB are discussed under the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2. The results show that precipitation is expected to increase in the 21st century, with substantial interannual fluctuations relative to the models’ baseline climatology. A weak increasing trend in precipitation is projected before the 2040s, followed by an abrupt increase after the 2040s, especially in winter. Precipitation is projected to increase by 10%-18% by the end of the 21st century. Due to the persistent warming of surface air temperature, water vapor content in the lower troposphere is projected to increase. Relative humidity will decrease in the mid-lower troposphere but increase in the upper troposphere. On the other hand, precipitation minus evaporation remains positive throughout the 21st century. Based on these projection results, the HRB region is expected to get wetter in the 21st century due to global warming. 相似文献
3.
气候系统模式对Hadley环流的模拟和未来变化预估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对全球变暖背景下未来Hadley环流将如何变化这一问题,评估了气候系统模式对1970~1999年Hadley环流时空特征的模拟效能,并在此基础上选取能合理模拟Hadley环流空间结构、强度指数和边界指数变化的3个模式,通过多模式集合方法预估了未来Hadley环流在A1B排放情景下的可能演变。预估结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,相比于1970~1999年,到本世纪末期(2070~2099年),北半球Hadley环流在4个季节都将减弱,春季变化幅度相对较弱;南半球Hadley环流在冬季和夏季也会减弱,而在春季和秋季的变化不明显。另外,北半球Hadley环流的北边界除在夏季向南收缩外,在其它3个季节均向北伸展;南半球Hadley环流的南边界在4个季节均向极地方向移动。两个半球的Hadley环流在垂直方向还将向对流层上层伸展。
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4.
中国降水季节性的预估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文使用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）中共46个全球气候模式的数值试验数据,通过评估择优选取了14个模式来预估21世纪中国各季节降水百分率及其变率。结果表明,模式集合平均能够较好地模拟各季节降水百分率及其变率,但模式与观测间、各模式间都存在一定不同,空间上西部差异较大,季节上夏季差异明显。21世纪中国降水百分率整体表现为夏季大冬季小,但存在区域性,如华南春季降水百分率大于夏季。与1986~2004年相比,中国降水百分率整体表现为在夏季显著减少,冬春季显著增加,但高原则与之相反。此外,模式对于长江中下游地区降水百分率的预估存在较大不确定性。RCP8.5情景下降水季节性变幅要大于RCP4.5情景。降水季节性的变率在四季均表现出一定的增加趋势,但21世纪早、中和末期与1986~2004年相比并无显著差异（置信水平为95%）。 相似文献
5.
In this study,the interdecadal changes in the zonal symmetry of both Arctic Oscillation(AO) and Antarctic Oscillation(AAO) were analyzed.To describe the zonal asymmetry,a local index of AO and AAO was defined using the normalized sea level pressure(SLP) differences between 40° and 65°(latitudes) in both hemispheres.The zonal covariability of local AO and AAO can well represent the zonal symmetry of AO and AAO.Results show that the zonal asymmetry of both AO and AAO significantly changed in the late 1970s.AO was less asymmetric in the zonal direction in the boreal winter season during the latter period,while in the boreal summer it became more asymmetric after 1979.The zonal symmetry of AAO in both austral summer and winter has also significantly decreased since the late 1970s.These changes may imply interdecadal transition in the atmospheric circulation at middle and high latitudes,which is of vital importance to understanding climate variability and predictability across the globe,including the African-Asian-Australian monsoon regions. 相似文献
6.
Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis over the western North Pacific(WNP) is analyzed using 23 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models and reanalysis datasets. The models are evaluated according to TC genesis potential index(GPI). The spatial and temporal variations of the GPI are first calculated using three atmospheric reanalysis datasets(ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis-1, and NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2). Spatial distributions of July–October-mean TC frequency based on the GPI from ERA-interim are more consistent with observed ones derived from IBTr ACS global TC data. So, the ERA-interim reanalysis dataset is used to examine the CMIP5 models in terms of reproducing GPI during the period 1982–2005. Although most models possess deficiencies in reproducing the spatial distribution of the GPI, their multimodel ensemble(MME) mean shows a reasonable climatological GPI pattern characterized by a high GPI zone along 20?N in the WNP. There was an upward trend of TC genesis frequency during 1982 to 1998, followed by a downward trend. Both MME results and reanalysis data can represent a robust increasing trend during 1982–1998, but the models cannot simulate the downward trend after 2000. Analysis based on future projection experiments shows that the GPI exhibits no significant change in the first half of the 21 st century, and then starts to decrease at the end of the 21 st century under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) 2.6 scenario. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the GPI shows an increasing trend in the vicinity of20?N, indicating more TCs could possibly be expected over the WNP under future global warming. 相似文献
7.
Projected changes in summer precipitation characteristics in China during the 21st century are assessed using the monthly precipitation outputs of the ensemble of three “best” models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios. The excellent reproducibility of the models both in spatial and temporal patterns for the precipitation in China makes the projected summer precipitation change more believable for the future 100 years. All the three scenarios experiments indicate a consistent enhancement of summer precipitation in China in the 21st century. However, the projected summer precipitation in China demonstrates large variability between sub-regions. The projected increase in precipitation in South China is significant and persistent, as well as in North China. Meanwhile, in the early period of the 21st century, the region of Northeast China is projected to be much drier than the present. But, this situation changes and the precipitation intensifies later, with a precipitation anomaly increase of 12.4%–20.4%
at the end of the 21st century. The region of the Xinjiang Province probably undergoes a drying trend in the future 100 years, and is projected to decrease by 1.7%–3.6% at the end of the 21st century. There is no significant long-term change of the projected summer precipitation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. A high level of agreement of the ensemble of the regional precipitation change in some parts of China is found across scenarios but smaller changes are projected for the B1 scenario and slightly larger changes for the A2 scenario. 相似文献
8.
Projections of annual mean air temperature and precipitation over the globe and in China during the 21st century by the BCC Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.0 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Evaluating the projection capability of climate models is an important task in climate model development and climate change studies. The projection capability of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System Model BCC CSM1.0 is analyzed in this study. We focus on evaluating the projected annual mean air temperature and precipitation during the 21st century under three emission scenarios (Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2) of the BCC CSM1.0 model, along with comparisons with 22 CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3) climate models. Air temperature averaged both globally and within China is projected to increase continuously throughout the 21st century, while precipitation increases intermittently under each of the three emission scenarios, with some specific temporal and spatial characteristics. The changes in globally-averaged and China-averaged air temperature and precipitation simulated by the BCC CSM1.0 model are within the range of CMIP3 model results. On average, the changes of precipitation and temperature are more pronounced over China than over the globe, which is also in agreement with the CMIP3 models. The projection capability of the BCC CSM1.0 model is comparable to that of other climate system models. Furthermore, the results reveal that the climate change response to greenhouse gas emissions is stronger over China than in the global mean, which implies that China may be particularly sensitive to climate change in the 21st century. 相似文献
9.
Evaluating the projection capability of climate models is an important task in climate model development
and climate change studies. The projection capability of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System
Model BCC_CSM1.0 is analyzed in this study. We focus on evaluating the projected annual mean air
temperature and precipitation during the 21st century under three emission scenarios (Special Report on
Emission Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2) of the BCC_CSM1.0 model, along with comparisons with
22 CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3) climate models. Air temperature averaged
both globally and within China is projected to increase continuously throughout the 21st century, while
precipitation increases intermittently under each of the three emission scenarios, with some specific temporal
and spatial characteristics. The changes in globally-averaged and China-averaged air temperature and
precipitation simulated by the BCC_CSM1.0 model are within the range of CMIP3 model results. On
average, the changes of precipitation and temperature are more pronounced over China than over the globe,
which is also in agreement with the CMIP3 models. The projection capability of the BCC_CSM1.0 model is
comparable to that of other climate system models. Furthermore, the results reveal that the climate change
response to greenhouse gas emissions is stronger over China than in the global mean, which implies that
China may be particularly sensitive to climate change in the 21st century. 相似文献
10.
耦合模式对冬春季节南、北极涛动的季节气候预测能力研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究评估了耦合气候模式对冬、春季北极涛动(AO)和南极涛动(AAO)的预测效能。结果表明,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的模拟能力都是比较强的,其中,对冬季的模拟能力要强于春季。冬季,几乎所有的模式都能很好地模拟出对流层内北极涛动的空间分布形态特点,空间相关系数很高。春季,大部分模式的模拟结果仍然是比较好,与再分析资料结果的空间相关性比较高。对于南极涛动,模式在全年对流层各个层次上都能比较好地刻画其空间分布,且模式在850hPa等压面上的空间模拟效能要稍强于海平面。相对来说,冬季的模拟效果也稍强于其他季节,但是,差异不显著,模式与模式的差别也比较小。另外,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的时间序列模拟能力有限,时间序列相关系数只有少数几个模式达到显著性水平。 相似文献
11.
The Hindcast of Winter and Spring Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation with the Coupled Climate Models 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This study evaluates the ability of the global coupled climate models in hindcasting the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic
Oscillation (AAO). The results show that the models can well simulate the spatial distribution of AO with better results in
winter than in spring. In the troposphere in spring, the simulation of AO on the whole is still relatively good with a comparatively
high correlation with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The models can also well reproduce the spatial distribution of AAO throughout
the year at all levels of the troposphere, and the spatial simulation is better at 850 hPa than at the surface. Although the
simulation is better in winter than in other seasons, the seasonal variation is not so significant and the differences among
different models are relatively small. In addition, the capability of the models for “predicting” the AO and the AAO index
time series is limited, because only a few models can capture their observed interannual variability at the 95% significance
level. 相似文献
12.
CMIP5模式对中国地区气温模拟能力评估与预估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）中29个气候模式的气温模拟结果,评估了各模式对中国地区年平均气温的模拟能力,对未来不同典型浓度路径（RCPs）下中国地区气温的可能变化给出了预估。结果表明：各模式能较好地模拟过去100多年中国地区增温趋势和年平均气温的空间分布,从模式间标准差来看,各模式对中国中部、南部气温模拟具有较高的一致性。利用相对均方根误差分析了各模式的模拟能力,对于多时间尺度（月、年）气温的气候平均态,有7个模式表现良好,高于中等水平,5个模式的模拟能力低于中等水平,模式集合平均值的模拟效果优于大多数单个模式。根据29个模式的评估结果,使用模拟性能相对较好的模式分析了未来不同排放情景下中国地区气温变化,21世纪前期,不同排放情景之间的预估结果差别较小,21世纪中期各情景之间的差别逐渐增大,到21世纪后期,3种排放情景的升温差别明显增大。 相似文献
13.
利用用于IPCC第四次评估报告的全球气候模式产品,验证其对重庆地区最大连续5 d降水（R5d）的模拟能力的基础上,对模拟能力较好的模式进行组合,预估温室气体排放高（A2）、中（A1B)、低（B1）3种情景下未来21世纪重庆地区R5d的变化。与目前（1980-1999年）气候相比,不同情景下21世纪重庆地区R5d均可能增加,尤其是21世纪后期相比21世纪前、中期增加更为显著。 相似文献
14.
利用CORDEX-EA计划11个区域模式模拟结果,集合预估了中国西部干旱区16个极端温度指数未来的变化趋势及空间分布。结果表明:1)区域模式基本上能够再现近30 a西部干旱区极端温度的空间分布。2)多模式集合预估的西部干旱区21世纪中期霜冻日数(FD)和冰封日数(ID)呈现显著的下降趋势,而热夜日数(TR)和夏季日数(SU)则呈现明显的上升趋势。3)未来异常暖昼持续指数(WSDI)和生长期(GSL)呈现增加趋势,异常冷昼持续指数(CSDI)和日较差(DTR)则呈现下降趋势。4)未来气候增温导致冷昼日数(TX90p)、暖夜日数(TN90p)增加,而暖昼日数(TX10p)和冷夜日数(TN10p)减少。5)未来月最高温度极大值(TXx)、月最低温度极大值(TNx)、月最高温度极小值(TXn)和月最低温度极小值(TNn)都呈现增加的趋势。因此,西部干旱区未来发生极端低温事件的概率减小,发生极端高温事件的概率则会增大,但不同的极端温度指数变化的空间分布并不均一,存在明显的区域差异。 相似文献
15.
重庆高温热浪指数和暖夜指数变化及其情景预估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用重庆地区1951—2008年逐日气温资料分析了近58年重庆高温热浪指数(HWDI)和暖夜指数(TN90)的年际、年代际变化及其与气温各要素的关系。利用用于IPCC-AR4的全球气候模式产品,在验证其对重庆地区热浪和暖夜指数的模拟能力的基础上,筛选模拟能力较好的模式进行合理组合,并考虑模式模拟气候参考时段的偏差,预估高(A2)、中(A1B)、低(B1)3种排放情景下21世纪重庆地区热浪和暖夜指数的变化。与目前气候(1980—1999年)相比,3种情景下21世纪重庆地区热浪和暖夜指数都将呈显著增加的趋势。2011—2100年,3种不同情景下热浪指数的平均增幅为7.7～12.3天,暖夜指数的平均增幅为12.2%～16.4%。分阶段来看,3种不同排放情景下,21世纪前期(2011—2040年)热浪指数的平均增幅为3.1～4.1天,暖夜指数的平均增幅为5.7%～7.3%;中期(2041—2070年)热浪指数的平均增幅为6.9～11.3天,暖夜指数的平均增幅为12.2%～17.5%;后期(2071—2100年)热浪指数的平均增幅为12.4～21.6天,暖夜指数的平均增幅为17.1%～27.8%。 相似文献
16.
The authors investigate monsoon change in East Asia in the 21st century under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario using the results of a regional climate model, RegCM3, with a high horizontal resolution. First, the authors evaluate the model’s performance compared with NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, showing that the model can reliably reproduce the basic climatology of both winter and summer monsoons over East Asia. Next, it is found that the winter monsoon in East Asia would slightly weaken in the 21st century with spatial differences. Over northern East China, anomalous southerly winds would dominate in the mid-and late-21st century because the zonal land-sea thermal contrast is expected to become smaller, due to a stronger warming trend over land than over ocean. However, the intensity of the summer monsoon in East Asia shows a statistically significant upward trend over this century because the zonal land-sea thermal contrast between East Asia and the western North Pacific would become larger, which, in turn, would lead to larger sea level pressure gradients throughout East Asia and extending to the adjacent ocean. 相似文献
17.
利用甘肃省1960~2011年逐日降水量及1984~2011年暴洪灾害的灾情资料,分析了甘肃省强降水变化特征及其对社会经济的影响。结果表明:(1)近52 a来,甘肃省降水量整体上呈逐年减少趋势,空间上由东南向西北递减;(2)河西年降水在1986年以后均匀度明显下降,而河东在20世纪70年代后期降水时间分布很不均匀、80年代后期较均匀,其它时间变化不大;河西5~9月降水在20世纪80年代后期到90年代前期分布最不均匀,河东20世纪90年代后期到21世纪初期降水不均匀性有所增加,此后逐渐减小;(3)河西西部一直是近50 a甘肃降水量分布最不均匀的地区,20世纪70年代及21世纪以来不均匀度明显较高;(4)20世纪80年代以来,甘肃河西强降水明显增加,而河东在21世纪初有短时段的增加,2008年以后又逐渐减少;(5)甘肃省暴洪灾害的频次及其造成的直接经济损失均呈增加趋势,而因暴洪灾害造成的死亡人数在减少,2009年以后略有增加。 相似文献
18.
Haiyan Teng Warren M. Washington Gerald A. Meehl Lawrence E. Buja Gary W. Strand 《Climate Dynamics》2006,26(6):601-616
Arctic climate change in the Twenty-first century is simulated by the Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (CCSM3).
The simulations from three emission scenarios (A2, A1B and B1) are analyzed using eight (A1B and B1) or five (A2) ensemble
members. The model simulates a reasonable present-day climate and historical climate trend. The model projects a decline of
sea-ice extent in the range of 1.4–3.9% per decade and 4.8–22.2% per decade in winter and summer, respectively, corresponding
to the range of forcings that span the scenarios. At the end of the Twenty-first century, the winter and summer Arctic mean
surface air temperature increases in a range of 4–14°C (B1 and A2) and 0.7–5°C (B1 and A2) relative to the end of the Twentieth
century. The Arctic becomes ice-free during summer at the end of the Twenty-first century in the A2 scenario. Similar to the
observations, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the dominant factor in explaining the variability of the atmosphere and sea ice
in the 1870–1999 historical runs. The AO shifts to the positive phase in response to greenhouse gas forcings in the Twenty-first
century. But the simulated trends in both Arctic mean sea-level pressure and the AO index are smaller than what has been observed.
The Twenty-first century Arctic warming mainly results from the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases. The 1st empirical orthogonal
function (explains 72.2–51.7% of the total variance) of the wintertime surface air temperature during 1870–2099 is characterized
by a strong warming trend and a “polar amplification”-type of spatial pattern. The AO, which plays a secondary role, contributes
to less than 10% of the total variance in both surface temperature and sea-ice concentration. 相似文献
19.
Historical and future changes in maximum and minimum temperature records over Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent studies examining changes in temperature record frequency over the continental United States have reported that the number of Tmax records has been increasing over the past 50 years and occurring at twice the frequency of Tmin records. In a stationary climate, the number of records should decrease with time as 1/n, where n is the number of years of record-keeping. Here we seek to understand how European temperature records have changed during the late 20th century and how they are expected to change as greenhouse gases increase during the 21st century, using a new ensemble method to filter out the effect of the starting year in the calculation of the records. We find that until 1980, the ratio of Tmax to Tmin records remains close to one, indicating that the climate was relatively stationary. After 1980, there is a distinct positive trend where the observed ratio averages around four during the early part of the 21st century, indicative of a warming trend. We note considerable spatial variability in the observations. Further, the ratio of Tmax to Tmin records set by the year 2100 as simulated by five RCM simulations reaches values of up to several hundred by the end of the 21st century. However, the changes in record frequency vary spatially over Europe. The models project the highest numbers of Tmax records over the Mediterranean during summer, and Scandinavia during the spring and fall. Tmin records decrease most substantially over eastern Europe and western Russia, and the Mediterranean. Our analysis confirms the value of the use of maximum and minimum temperature records in regional climate change studies. 相似文献
20.
CMIP5模式对冬季北极涛动的模拟和预估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMIP5的19个模式结果,从异常模态、年代际趋势和周期特征等方面评估了CMIP5耦合模式对冬季北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)的模拟能力,并对未来RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种浓度路径下AO的可能变化趋势给出了定性的预估。CMIP5模式历史试验结果显示,大多数模式都能够模拟出AO模态的基本结构,但是对中心位置、强度的模拟存在较大的偏差,其中MPI-ESM-LR和Had GEM2-AO能较好地模拟出AO整体模态来。在历史演变和周期特征的刻画方面,模式的冬季海平面气压经验正交函数分解第一模态时间序列(Principal Component,PC1)基本能够反映出1950~1970年以来的减弱趋势,但对1970年以后的增长趋势模拟并不明显,而北半球环状模指数(Zonal Index,ZI)序列对两个阶段的趋势均可模拟出来,模式的PC1和ZI序列总体表现为正的变化趋势。有一半以上的模式对2~3 a高频周期模拟较好,但对20 a左右的周期模拟较差,其中仅有Can ESM2、CNRM-CM5、GFDL-ESM2G这3个模式对ZI指数的两个周期变化模拟较好。在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种浓度路径下,ZI序列有显著的上升趋势,从长期趋势系数看RCP4.5路径下有14个模式呈现正的变化趋势,其中有10个模式通过了检验。RCP8.5浓度路径下,16个模式为正变化趋势,有11个模式通过了检验,集合平均结果正变化趋势较为显著。两种浓度路径下不同时段的海平面气压变化趋势表明,ZI序列的年代际变化明显,存在3个不同的变化阶段——2006~2039年、2070~2100年为两个上升阶段,2040~2069年为缓慢下降阶段。 相似文献