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1.
The possible application of a Rindler type reference frame for studies of physical processes near the horizons of black and white holes is considered. New similar reference frames inside black and white holes in the region T of a Kruskal wormhole are introduced.  相似文献   

2.
A supernova explosion in a close binary system in which one of the components is a compact magnetized object (neutron star or white dwarf) can form a narrow “tail” with length l t ～109 cm, width h t ～108 cm, and magnetic field B t ～106, due to the resulting shock wave flowing around the magnetosphere of the compact object. The energy released by the reconnection of magnetic field lines in this tail can accelerate electrons to relativistic speeds (γ≈104), creating the conditions required for powerful synchrotron radiation at energies from hundreds of keV to several MeV, i.e., for a gamma-ray burst (GRB). The duration of this radiation will depend on the power of the shock that forms during the supernova. If the shock is not sufficiently powerful to tear off the magnetosphere tail from the compact object, the duration of the GRB will not exceed l t /V A ≤1 s, and the conditions necessary for an “afterglow” at softer energies will not arise. If the shock is more powerful, the tail can be torn from the magnetosphere, forming a narrow ejection, which is perceived in its relativistic motion toward the observer(Γ～104) as an afterglow whose duration grows from tens of seconds at gamma-ray energies to tens of days in the optical. This may explain why afterglows are observed only in association with long GRBs (T 90>10 s). Very short GRBs (T 90<0.1 s) may be local, i.e., low-power, phenomena occurring in close pairs containing compact, magnetized objects, in which there is again an interaction between the magnetosphere of the compact object and a shock wave, but the shock is initiated by a flare on the companion, which is a red-dwarf cataclysmic variable, rather than by a supernova.  相似文献   

3.
This paper presents a theoretical approach to analyse coupled, linear thermoporoelastic fields in a saturated porous medium under radial and spherical symmetry. The governing equations account for compressibility and thermal expansion of constituents, heat sink due to thermal dilatation of water and thermal expansion of the medium, and thermodynamically coupled heat–water flow. It has been reported in the literature that thermodynamically coupled heat–water flows known as thermo-osmosis and thermal filtration have the potential to significantly alter the flow fields in clay-rich barriers in the near field of a underground waste containment scheme. This study presents a mathematical model and examines the effects of thermo-osmosis and thermal-filtration on coupled consolidation fields in a porous medium with a cavity. Analytical solutions of the governing equations are presented in the Laplace transform space. A numerical inversion scheme is used to obtain the time-domain solutions for a cylindrical cavity in a homogeneous or a non-homogeneous medium. A closed form time-domain solution is presented for a spherical cavity in a homogeneous medium. Selected numerical solutions for homogeneous and non-homogeneous media show a significant increase in pore pressure and displacements due to the presence of thermodynamically coupled flows and a negligible influence on temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
The problem of the equilibrium of a plane with a circular hole and a shear crack is considered to model failure of an excavation (borehole or circular opening) in rocks weakened by discontinuities (planes of weakness). It is assumed that sliding occurs in a part of the plane of weakness when the Mohr–Coulomb friction criterion is satisfied due to the stress redistribution caused by the excavation. The method of singular integral equations is employed to solve the boundary value problem. Geomechanical problems concerning borehole breakout and rockburst caused by fault-opening interaction are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
The dependences of the magnetic-field strength, variations of the magnetic field, and the multipole level on the amplitudes of the α and ω effects are considered using a two-dimensional model for a Parker dynamo in a spherical layer. Calculations have been carried out for both traditional spatial distributions of α and ω and geostrophic regimes obtained from three-dimensional modeling of thermal convection. Two-dimensional distributions of the dynamo-wave velocities in the zone where magnetic field is generated are presented. Comparisons with the solar and planetary dynamos are considered.  相似文献   

6.
The focus of this contribution is to develop a complex variable function method to solve the two-dimensional scattering of plane waves by a lined cylindrical cavity in the poroelastic half-plane. The poroelastic half-plane is based on Biot’s dynamic theory, and the governing equations are solved by reduction to three Helmholtz equations. The lining structure can be treated as an elastic material and decoupled into two Helmholtz equations. Here, the large circle assumption is applied to simulate the half-plane boundary. By using appropriate boundary conditions and continuity conditions, the unknown coefficients in the potentials can be determined. Selected numerical results are presented in this paper.  相似文献   

7.
Spreading of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) denser than water (DNAPL) lens (mound) in the unsaturated zone of double-porosity aquifer above an impervious plane boundary is investigated. The double-porosity aquifer is conceptualized as a fracture network surrounding pervious blocks. Vertical gravity equilibrium is assumed to prevail in each one of the two media, fractures and blocks. Through vertical integration, two coupled partial differential equations for the DNAPL content in each medium are obtained. The mass exchange rate between high- and low-permeability media is considered as a function of NAPL content. The dominant effect is gravity, whereas capillary forces are negligible. Analytical solutions for one-dimensional and axisymmetric problems of mound spreading are obtained.  相似文献   

8.
Summary Any rock may be regarded as an aggregate of mineral species frequency distributions, thus opening up a new method of analyzing the problems of the nature of these discrete distributions.Based on theorems in mathematical probability, a subrock sample is defined as a probability sample under the conditions that every mineral species' distribution function in this subrock converges probabilistically to one and the same distributions the nature of which is immaterial at this point.For obvious reasons, the situation is excluded if the sample size approaches infinity, i.e., Chebyshev's theorem (Chebyshev, 1867).  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Chess-board (“tiled”) microcline crystals from a nepheline-bearing syenite from Ilimaussaq, W. Greenland, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and were found to consist of a mosaic of slightly misoriented domains, which bear no obvious relationship to the optical microstructure. Part of the misorientation of most pairs of neighbouring domains involves a small rotation about c. However, some are related to adjacent domains by the albite twin law, the pericline law, or diagonal association. This microcline could have crystallized with triclinic symmetry which could account for the differences between the microstructure of this microcline and M-twinned microcline. Metasomatism may explain both the optical microscope and TEM scale structures of this microcline. Examination of the electron diffraction patterns of areas of microcline which contain both diagonally associated and twinned domains draw attention to the fact that each of the few orientations in an M-twinned crystal is related to one of the other orientations by diagonal association. The formation of common cross-hatch twinned microstructures are discussed with reference to diagonal association.  相似文献   

11.
Strain analysis of a shear zone in a granodiorite   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A ductile shear zone in a late Precambrian granodiorite, from the Rouergue (southwest part of the French Massif Central) has been studied.A single episode of deformation is responsible for the formation of a foliation and a well-defined lineation which are localized into an elongated zone, a few decimeters wide.The strain features can be attributed to a simple-shear mechanism (Ramsay and Graham, 1970), so that the main parameters of the deformation are defined.At stages of increasing deformation, the quartz isotropic sub-fabric of the undeformed host rock is progressively transformed into an anisotropic fabric composed of a single oblique girdle while the subgrain size progressively decrease and the dislocation density remains constant. It is suggested that the gliding planes of quartz are the basal plane (0001) and a predominant prismatic plane 101&#x0304;0 the slip directions may be a for both glide-planes.The results obtained in this investigation provide a basis for a high voltage electron microscope (H.V.E.M.) study which shows that the fabrics development may be related to dislocation processes. The difference of strain rates in the host rock and in the shear zone is calculated from the dislocation microstructures.  相似文献   

12.
The current study is aimed at the behaviour right upto collapse of a retaining wall embedded in overconsolidated clay. It is found that the excess pore pressures generated due to the excavation are fairly well simulated. The rupture lines on the passive side in the centrifuge model test were closely matched by two lines along which the stress state was reaching the critical state in the analysis. The displacements on the active side were not well matched especially the vertical settlements near to the wall. The bending moments were significantly overpredicted. The prop force due to excavation was also overpredicted. This is to be expected because the prop was modelled as rigid in the analysis.  相似文献   

13.
The case history of a failure of a RE wall has been presented. The wall failed immediately upon completion due to the overestimation of the strengths of the foundation clay layers and due to the underestimation of the self weight of the fill materials. A typical cross-section of the wall along with the stabilizing embankment and the foundation are modeled numerically by the limit equilibrium method and by a finite element method. The strengths of the foundation soils are determined by field tests done after the failure of the wall. Both the analyses predicted failure of the wall. The deformations predicted by the finite element method are found to be comparable to the observed field data. The numerical analyses further indicate that by consolidating a foundation clay layer to a minimum undrained strength of 45 kPa, the required factor of safety for the wall along with the road embankment can be achieved theoretically. Accordingly, prefabricated vertical drains are used to expedite the drainage and consolidation of the foundation clay layers. After the field tests confirm that the required minimum undrained strength is achieved, the RE wall and the embankment have been rebuilt successfully and now in full operation.  相似文献   

14.
To validate a resuspension model of particulate material (salmonid farm wastes), a UV fluorescent particle tracer was selected with similar settling characteristics. Tracer was introduced to the seabed (water depth ≈30 m) and sediment samples taken on days 0, 3, 10, 17 and 30 to measure the horizontal and vertical distribution of tracer in sediments. A concentric sampling grid was established at radii of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400, 700 and 1, 000 m from the source on transects 30° apart. The bulk of the deployed tracer was initially concentrated in an area 25 m radius from the release point; tracer was observed to steadily decrease to zero over a period of 30 days. In a 200 m region measured from the release point in the direction of the residual current, the redeposition of tracer was low. A Lagrangian particle tracking model was validated using these observed data by varying resuspension model parameters within limits to obtain the best agreement between spatial and temporal distributions. The validated model generally gave good predictions of total mass budgets (±7% of total tracer released), particulary where tracer concentrations were high near the release point. Best fit model parameters (critical erosion shear stress=0.018 N m−2, erodibility constan=60 g m−2 d−1) are at the low end of reported parameters for coastal resuspension models. Such a low critical erosion shear stress indicates that the frequency of resuspension and deposition events for freshly deposited material is high.  相似文献   

15.
Sinkholes can occur on land underlain by dolomite and cause substantial damage to buildings and even loss of life. More than four million people work or reside on dolomite land in South Africa and it is therefore important to be able to construct safely on dolomite land and to minimise the risk of damage to infrastructure and loss of life. Compacted soil mattresses are often used to found structures on areas underlain by dolomite. This study investigated the effect of tensile reinforcement on the behaviour of a soil mattress spanning an underlying water filled cavity designed to impose a cover subsidence sinkhole. Three small-scale models, each consisting of a soil mattress with a cover subsidence sinkhole forming underneath, were constructed and tested in a geotechnical centrifuge. In the first test, an unreinforced soil mattress was tested and in two more tests, reinforced soil mattresses with different reinforcement strengths were tested. The settlement of the unreinforced soil mattress was initially less than that of the reinforced soil mattresses up to the point at which it failed suddenly. Neither of the reinforced soil mattresses failed suddenly, but both experienced large surface settlements that would have led to substantial damage to an overhead structure.  相似文献   

16.
An algorithm for determining if any given point,P, on the surface of a sphere is located inside, outside, or along the border of an arbitrary spherical polygon,S, is described. The polygon is described by specifying coordinates of its vertices, and coordinates of some pointX which is known to lie withinS. The algorithm is based on the principle that an arc joiningX andP will cross the border ofS an odd number of times ifP lies outsideS, and an even number of times ifP lies withinS. The algorithm has been implemented as a set of FORTRAN subroutines, and a listing is provided. The algorithm and subroutine package can be used with spherical polygons containing holes, or with composited spherical polygons.  相似文献   

17.
Using a modified extraction procedure, the effect of pH on the leaching of selected elements from Ca-rich (Type C) power plant fly ash was studied. Continuous additions of acetic acid were used to maintain pH values of fly ash slurries at 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 for 24 h and an additional set was leached at its natural pH (average 11.8) value. Analyses for Se, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, Na and Pb showed that the highest concentrations occur in the leachate at pH 4.0 and decline with increasing pH. Concentrations of Cr and Fe increased slightly between neutral and high pH. Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Pb and Se concentrations exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency's toxicity criteria at pH 4.0. Selenium was above its toxicity level at pH values near 7 but the other elements were below their respective toxicity levels near neutral pH. Because recent studies show adverse effects of Se on aquatic life at far lower concentrations than the current Environmental Protection Agency's standard, high-Ca, power plant fly ashes represent a potentially hazardous pollutant to surface and subsurface waters.  相似文献   

18.
A mudcake formed on the borehole wall between a fluid-filled porous formation and the borehole fluid can affect Stoneley wave propagation used to estimate the formation permeability. The mudcake effect on the permeability dependence of radial oscillations of borehole fluid is investigated in a system with a source generating radial acoustic waves in the borehole and hydrophones (pressure sensors) that record the respective attenuating oscillations of the borehole fluid. The permeability of the porous formation is estimated from theoretical permeability dependence of the attenuation exponent, knowing the time dependence of the exponential attenuation of borehole fluid oscillations.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of a smooth rigid stratum, located beneath a dense sand layer, on the bearing capacity and settlement of surface and shallow strip footings is investigated using an advanced experimental model. A theoretical analysis is presented for the bearing capacity of surface footings. The results indicate that the bearing capacity reaches a minimum value at a specific sand-layer thickness. Any increase in the layer thickness above this value causes an increase in the bearing capacity up to that corresponding to a continuous media.Notation H= thickness of the sand layer - B= foundation width - N q and N = bearing capacity factors for a semi-infinite layer - N qs and N s= bearing capacity factors for a finite layer - H o /B= limiting depth - D r= relative density - = angle of soil internal friction - M= model width - D= depth of surcharge - q= bearing stress, pressure applied on the footing - q u= bearing capacity - = unit weight of sand  相似文献   

20.
Dense buildings are the major factor affecting urban flood routing. Currently, the study of urban dam-break flood routing primarily focuses on a simplified terrain model and 2D shallow water equations, which ignore the effects of dense urban buildings. Furthermore, the complex interactions between the dam-break wave and the wall surfaces of buildings are not reflected in the results. To tackle these problems, three-dimensional flood routing with a high-precision digital model of an urban area is studied in this paper. Firstly, the vector data of various land types is extracted from a remote sensing image, and the NURBS algorithm based on the TIN algorithm is introduced to construct a three-dimensional terrain model. Coupled with the vector data and the terrain model, a three-dimensional digital model of the urban area is established. Next, a three-dimensional \(k{-}\varepsilon\) turbulence model is proposed for the flood routing simulation. A polyhedral grid with a second-order accuracy and a discrete format is used to divide the digital model of the urban area, and the governing equations are solved using the PISO algorithm. Finally, the superiority of the 3D mathematical model and the computational efficiency of the polyhedral mesh model are validated according to the urban flood routing experiments of Testa and Soares-Frazão. An urban reservoir, located in SZ City, China, is modelled to show that a dam-break flood in an urban area exhibits significant three-dimensional characteristics. Moreover, due to the surrounding buildings, the flood exhibits complex three-dimensional turbulence phenomena, including collision, reflection and vortices.  相似文献   

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