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1.
The devastating earthquake (mb = 6.6) at Chamoli, Garhwal Himalaya, which occurred in the morning hours on 29th March 1999,
was recorded on Delhi Strong Motion Accelerograph (DSMA) Network operated by the Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.
In this paper the source parameters of this event calculated from the Strong Motion Data are presented. The seismic moment
for this event has been found to be of the order of 1025 dyne.cm and the moment magnitude has been calculated in the range of 6.53–6.69 at different stations. The stress drop and
source radius for the earthquake are also calculated. 相似文献
2.
断层旋性与地震危险性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文中以“平行同旋走滑断层减震”的观点论证了兰州、北京、昆明这些位于强震活动区的大城市今后百年内不会发生 6 .5级以上地震。以“平行异旋走滑断层加震”的观点解释了西南棱形块体北边界和南边界在发生大震方面相互促进的现象。对于由构造分段求震级来说 ,在遇到不同的横交断层作为分段点时 ,还需考虑将来发震时始破裂点的位置以及发震断层的旋性 ,不然就会造成对震级估计不足 ,继而成为抗震建设的潜在不安全因素。在主震后为了预报余震的强度 ,可应用物理学中的科里奥利力理论 ,应用时必须知道断层类型和旋性。对于走滑断层来说 ,左旋余震弱 ,右旋余震强。例如 1997年藏北玛尼 7.5级地震 ,余震仅为 5 .3级 ,震级偏小 ,因主震为左旋的缘故 ;1976年唐山 7.8级地震 ,余震可达 7.1级 ,因主震是右旋。对于逆断层来说 ,上盘错动方向在当地子午面左侧者余震强度大 ,在右侧者余震强度弱。据此讨论了 1999年台湾南投 7.6级大震余震强度达 7.1级是因为主震为逆断层 ,上盘向西错动。 相似文献
3.
The Royal Academy of History (RAH) of Spain collected very detailed information about the effects on the Spanish territory of the Lisbon, 1755 earthquake, reporting such information within a year after the shock. The data provided by the RAH has been thoroughly analyzed, deriving an M S K intensity value for each one of the localities (more than 1000) included in the report, and an isoseismal map has been obtained from such values. Observations reported, such as tsunami, surface effects, duration of shaking and effects on the population are also discussed. Finally, a comparison is made of the data with the results of recent investigations on the tectonics of the region. 相似文献
4.
A probabilistic estimate of seismic hazard can be obtained from the spatial distribution, of earthquake sources, their frequency–magnitude distribution and the rate of attenuation of strong ground motion with distance. We calculate the earthquake perceptibility, i.e. the annual probability that a particular level of ground shaking will be generated by earthquakes of particular magnitude, by weighting frequency–magnitude data with the predicted felt area for a given level of ground shaking at a particular magnitude. This provides an earthquake selection criterion that can be used in the anti-seismic design of non-critical structures. We calculate the perceptibility, at a particular value of isoseismal intensity, peak ground acceleration and velocity, as a function of source magnitude and frequency for the broad Aegean area using local attenuation laws. We use frequency–magnitude distributions that were previously obtained by combining short-term catalogue data with tectonic moment rate data for 14 tectonic zones in Greece with sufficient earthquake data, and where contemporary strain rates are available from satellite data. Many of the zones show a ‘characteristic earthquake’ distribution with the most perceptible earthquake equal to the maximum magnitude earthquake, but a relatively flat perceptibility between magnitudes 6 and 7. The maximum perceptible magnitude is in the fastest-deforming region in the middle of the Aegean sea, and tends to be systematically low on the west in comparison to the east of the Aegean sea. The tectonic data strongly constrain the long-term recurrence rates and lead to low error estimates (±0.2) in the most perceptible magnitudes. 相似文献
5.
The definition of the Richter Ml magnitude scale is in terms of seismic wave horizontal components recorded on Wood‐Anderson seismographs. However, at many seismograph sites only the vertical component is available, and at sedimentary sites horizontal components are usually significantly amplified, causing complications in the assignment of a magnitude to an earthquake. Because each earthquake can be recorded at a different subset of sites, each subset having a different combination of site amplifications, the assignment of a magnitude is dependent upon the seismograph site combination that records a particular earthquake. Although there is some amplification of the vertical component at sedimentary foundation sites, it is shown that a reduced spread of values of Ml magnitude, consistent with low amplification (bedrock) site magnitudes, can be achieved using the vertical component to compute the magnitude and adding 0.2 to adjust to the Ml magnitude scale (defined in terms of the horizontal components). This presupposes that the sites used by Richter were on bedrock; however, even if this is incorrect, it appears to be a necessary precondition for the world‐wide unification of the Richter scale along with defining the true gain of Wood‐Anderson seismographs rather than accepting the design gain of 2800. Site corrections would be smaller than those established using the horizontal components. Taking into account the use of only the vertical component in the calculation of Ml and including the 0.2 adjustment to the equivalent horizontal component derived magnitude, the expression for the calculation of magnitudes in the Victoria region becomes: Ml = logAz ‐ logSz + 0.9 + logR + 0.0056Re‐0.0013R where Az is the equivalent Wood‐Anderson seismograph displacement amplitude, Sz is the site amplification (vertical component) and R is the hypocentral distance. 相似文献
6.
ZHANG Yongshuang DONG Shuwen HOU Chuntang GUO Changbao YAO Xin LI Bin DU Jianjun ZHANG Jiagui 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(3):646-657
Geohazards induced by the Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake on April 20, 2013 mainly have four types: collapse, landslide, slope debris flow, and sand-soil liquefaction. These geohazards mainly occurred near the epicenter, on steep slopes or below cliffs in high mountain and deep valley areas, and at or near fault ends. They have no obvious relationships to active faults, but their relationships to the weathering degree and structures of rock and rock mass are obvious. Compared with the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, the Lushan earthquake is relatively little in the impact force and the throwing amount. All of these should be related to the magnitude of this earthquake, not very large but not very little. This character of the Lushan earthquake would make some processes uncompleted so as to bring about some concealed geohazards. Finally, in order to deal with challenges presented by such conceal geohazards, some brief recommendations are put forward. 相似文献
7.
Seismic intensity information of historical earthquake of NW Himalayas has been utilized for evaluating the attenuation of
the intensity with the epicentral distance. Purposefully, the observed intensity of big historical earthquake may implicitly
incorporate some site effects arising due to the near surface geology or deposited soil. The isoseismal map of the 1905 Kangra
earthquake yields an area of perceptibility defined by the intensity VII (RF Scale), which is mainly elongated in the NNW-SSE
direction. However, the higher isoseismals of intensity VIII and IX are more symmetrical and elongated in the SE direction.
These isoseismals are more compressed in the northeast and northwest direction indicating fast attenuation characteristics,
which may be either due to the presence of any transverse geotectonic feature or change in lithology. In the present study
the regression relation has been derived to incorporate the attenuation of intensity with variable magnitudes at different
epicentral distances. The derived attenuation relation is useful for assessing damage of a potential future earthquake (earthquake
scenario-based planning purposes) for the Kangra region, Northwest Himalaya. The derived relation is mentioned below:
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I(R,Ms) = 2.856 + 1.31*Ms - 0.0017 * R - 0.9598*ln(R)I(R,Ms) = 2.856 + 1.31*Ms - 0.0017 * R - 0.9598*\ln (R) 相似文献
8.
汶川M_s 8.0级地震地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年5月12日四川汶川发生Ms8.0特大地震后,地表同震位移量已有了大量的详细调查和研究,然而对于近断层同震水平缩短量的研究却相对较少。笔者在中央断裂、前山断裂以及北西向分支断裂上选择合适地点进行大量探槽开挖,获得了近断层同震水平缩短量的分布情况为:中央断裂清平镇(2.8 m)、擂鼓镇(3.2 m)、平通镇(1.3 m),前山断裂白鹿镇(2.5 m)、九龙镇(1.4 m)、汉旺镇(0.6 m)。文中进一步在中央断裂和小鱼洞分支断裂地表破裂带上开挖数个探槽研究其近断层水平缩短量的问题,得到结果如下:龙门山中央断裂带映秀镇、擂鼓镇、平通镇探槽近断层水平缩短量分别约为(2.6±0.1)m、(2.6±0.2)m、(1.8±0.1)m;小鱼洞分支断层近断层水平缩短量约为(2±0.1)m。汶川5.12地震中央断裂地表破裂近断层较大水平缩短量出现在深溪沟和擂鼓一带,分别约为3.4 m、3.2 m;前山断裂地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量最大值出现在白鹿一带,约为2.5 m,白鹿以北,近断层水平缩短量逐渐减小。中央断裂和前山断裂联合破裂段水平缩短量值之和大于中央断裂带其两侧段落,最大水平缩短量总和可能约为5.3 m,地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量为整个地壳缩短量的主体部分。 相似文献
9.
The magnitudes of early instrumentally recorded earthquakes in the Iberian region (1912–1962) have been studied through processing of digitized seismograms of Wiechert seismograph and analysis of macroseismic information. A magnitude system based on instrumental registrations and macroseismic observations has been proposed. It consists of two compatible magnitude formulae depending on the total duration of seismic oscillations and on the maximum ground amplitude/period ratio of surface waves and includes correspondent intensity–magnitude relationships. 相似文献
10.
Seismic hazard of Egypt 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earthquake hazard parameters such as maximum expected magnitude,M
max, annual activity rate,, andb value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation have been evaluated for two regions of Egypt. The applied maximum likelihood method permits the combination of both historical and instrumental data. The catalogue used covers earthquakes with magnitude 3 from the time interval 320–1987. The uncertainties in magnitude estimates and threshold of completeness were taken into account. The hazard parameter determination is performed for two study areas. The first area, Gulf of Suez, has higher seismicity level than the second, all other active zones in Egypt.b-values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 are obtained for the two areas, respectively. The number of annually expected earthquakes with magnitude 3 is much larger in the Gulf of Suez, 39 ± 2 than in the other areas, 6.1 ± 0.5. The maximum expected magnitude is calculated to be 6.5 ± 0.4 for a time span of 209 years for the Gulf of Suez and 6.1 ± 0.3 for a time span of 1667 years for the remaining active areas in Egypt. Respective periods of 10 and 20 years were reported for earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 for the two subareas. 相似文献
11.
Yair Rinat Ari Matmon Maurice Arnold Georges Aumaître Didier Bourlès Karim Keddadouche Naomi Porat Efrat Morin Robert C. Finkel 《Quaternary Research》2014
Rockfall ages in tectonically active regions provide information regarding frequency and magnitude of earthquakes. In the hyper-arid environment of the Dead Sea fault (DSF), southern Israel, rockfalls are most probably triggered by earthquakes. We dated rockfalls along the western margin of the DSF using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN). At each rockfall site, samples were collected from simultaneously exposed conjugate boulders and cliff surfaces. Such conjugate samples initially had identical pre-fall (“inherited”) TCN concentrations. After boulder detachment, these surfaces were dosed by different production rates due to differences in post-fall shielding and geometry. However, in our study area, pre-rockfall inheritance and post-rockfall production rates of TCN cannot be evaluated. Therefore, we developed a numerical approach and demonstrated a way to overcome the above-mentioned problems. This approach can be applied in other settings where rockfalls cannot be dated by simple exposure dating. Results suggest rockfall ages between 3.6 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.7 ka. OSL ages of sediment accumulated behind the boulders range between 0.6 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 1.4 ka and support the TCN results. Our ages agree with dated earthquakes determined in paleoseismic studies along the entire length of the DSF and support the observation of intensive earthquake activity around 4–5 ka. 相似文献
12.
13.
We have re-examined those earthquakes in Africa south of 20°N, in the period 1900–1930, that appear from instrumental or macroseismic evidence to have a magnitude of 5 3/4 or greater. We identify more than 50 such events, about twice as many as listed by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). We find that the combined use of early instrumental readings and macroseismic information gleaned from previously untapped sources gives the best control of location. Instrumental relocation is difficult because of the lack of stations in Africa and the very uneven global distribution. For the low-gain, medium-period instruments then in use, the best control often comes from using the maximum Airy phase of surface waves. Similarly, there is a lack of sources of macroseismic information, and the simple building practice makes it difficult to assess intensity. We have recalculated magnitude Ms uniformly using the Prague formula. We discuss these problems and show that it is likely that our list is complete only down to magnitude about 6, and that the seismic record for Africa before this century will probably remain incomplete for events of all magnitudes.Of the 54 events in our list 20 are between magnitude 6 and 7, and the largest is the Rukwa earthquake of 1910 in Tanzania (Ms 7.4). The only other African event known to rival it in size is that in southern Sudan on 20 May 1990 (Ms 7.2). 相似文献
14.
The Great Lisbon earthquake has the largest documented felt area of any shallow earthquake and an estimated magnitude of 8.5–9.0. The associated tsunami ravaged the coast of SW Portugal and the Gulf of Cadiz, with run-up heights reported to have reached 5–15 m. While several source regions offshore SW Portugal have been proposed (e.g.— Gorringe Bank, Marquis de Pombal fault), no single source appears to be able to account for the great seismic moment as well as all the historical tsunami amplitude and travel time observations. A shallow east dipping fault plane beneath the Gulf of Cadiz associated with active subduction beneath Gibraltar, represents a candidate source for the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.Here we consider the fault parameters implied by this hypothesis, with respect to total slip, seismic moment, and recurrence interval to test the viability of this source. The geometry of the seismogenic zone is obtained from deep crustal studies and can be represented by an east dipping fault plane with mean dimensions of 180 km (N–S) × 210 km (E–W). For 10 m of co-seismic slip an Mw 8.64 event results and for 20 m of slip an Mw 8.8 earthquake is generated. Thus, for convergence rates of about 1 cm/yr, an event of this magnitude could occur every 1000–2000 years. Available kinematic and sedimentological data are in general agreement with such a recurrence interval. Tsunami wave form modeling indicates a subduction source in the Gulf of Cadiz can partly satisfy the historical observations with respect to wave amplitudes and arrival times, though discrepancies remain for some stations. A macroseismic analysis is performed using site effect functions calculated from isoseismals observed during instrumentally recorded strong earthquakes in the region (M7.9 1969 and M6.8 1964). The resulting synthetic isoseismals for the 1755 event suggest a subduction source, possibly in combination with an additional source at the NW corner of the Gulf of Cadiz can satisfactorily explain the historically observed seismic intensities. Further studies are needed to sample the turbidites in the adjacent abyssal plains to better document the source region and more precisely calibrate the chronology of great earthquakes in this region. 相似文献
15.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):657-671
Widely separated archaeological excavations in Israel and Jordan contain late Iron Age (Iron IIb) architecture bearing evidence of a great earthquake. Masonry walls best display the earthquake, especially walls with broken ashlars, walls with displaced rows of stones, walls still standing but leaning or bowed, and walls collapsed with large sections still lying course-on-course. Debris at six sites (Hazor, Deir ‘Alia, Gezer, Lachish, Tell Judeideh, and ‘En Haseva) is tightly confined stratigraphically to the middle of the eighth century B.C., with dating errors of ～30 years. Biblical and post-biblical sources indicate a single, regionally extensive earthquake in the year 750 B.C. The epicenter was north of present-day Israel, probably in Lebanon, as indicated by the southward decrease in degree of damage at sites in Israel and Jordan. A large area of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah was shaken at Modified Mercalli Intensity 9 or higher. The distance from the epicenter (north of Israel) to isoseismal VIII (south of Israel) was at least 175 km, but could have been as much as 300 km. The earthquake was at least magnitude 7.8, but likely was 8.2, the magnitude being estimated by scaling of isoseismal radii relative to smaller historic earthquakes in Israel and Lebanon. The M1 ? 8.2 event of 750 B.C. appears to be the largest yet documented on the Dead Sea transform fault during the last four millennia. This severe geologic disaster has been linked historically to a speech delivered at the city of Bethel by a shepherd-farmer named Amos of Tekoa. Amos's earthquake was synchronous with the introduction of “seismic theophany” imagery into Hebrew literature, with the appearance of the “Day of the Lord” eschatological motif, and with the explosive emergence of “writing prophets” in Israel. 相似文献
16.
The Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 with an estimated magnitude of 8.5–9.0 is the most destructive earthquake in European history, yet the source region remains enigmatic. Recent geophysical data provide compelling evidence for an active east dipping subduction zone beneath the nearby Gibraltar Arc. Marine seismic data in the Gulf of Cadiz image active thrust faults in an accretionary wedge, above an east dipping decollement and an eastward dipping basement. Tomographic and other data support subduction and rollback of a narrow slab of oceanic lithosphere beneath the westward advancing Gibraltar block.Although, no instrumentally recorded seismicity has been documented for the subduction interface, we propose the hypothesis that this shallow east dipping fault plane is locked and capable of generating great earthquakes (like the Nankai or Cascadia seismogenic zones). We further propose this east dipping fault plane to be a candidate source for the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755. In this paper we use all available geophysical data on the deep structure of the Gulf of Cadiz–Gibraltar region for the purpose of constraining the 3-D geometry of this potentially seismogenic fault plane. To this end, we use new depth processed seismic data, have interpreted all available published and unpublished time sections, examine the distribution of hypocenters and perform 2-D gravity modeling. Finally, a finite-element model of the forearc thermal structure is constructed to determine the temperature distribution along the fault interface and thus the thermally predicted updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone. 相似文献
17.
Amir Barzegari Nasser Madani Esfahani Omid Asghari 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(8):2991-3010
Geostatistical simulations have been recently widely used in the geological and mining investigations. Variogram, the fundamental tools of geostatistics, can identify the spatial distribution of the regionalized variable within the area. One of the important issues of geostatistical simulation in seismotectonics is producing uncertainty maps, which could be applicable to predict earthquake parameters through the site locations especially for civil structures like bridges. It can help engineers to design the structure of interest better. Earthquake parameters as for example seismic fault and surface wave magnitude (Ms) have significant impact on the feasibility study of the civil structures. In this research, a method is presented to produce uncertainty maps for seismic fault and surface wave magnitude, Ms. For this aim, information related to surface wave magnitude and fault trace in Zagros region (SW of Iran) has been collected. Then, the relationships between them through the site location have been investigated and analyzed by conditional geostatistical simulation. In order to quantify the uncertainty of each parameter, the uncertainty formula after generating the E-type maps has been provided and discussed. Finally, in “Talgah Bridge” site, these uncertainty maps were produced to interpret the impact of the surface wave magnitude and fault trace in this specific civil structure. 相似文献
18.
Zhong-hai Wu Pei-sheng Ye Patrick J. Barosh Zhen-han Wu 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(4):943-957
A Mw 6.3 magnitude earthquake occurred on October 6, 2008 in southern Damxung County within the N–S trending Yangyi graben, which forms the northern section of the Yadong-Gulu rift of south-central Tibet. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of IX at the village of Yangyi (also Yangying) (29°43.3′N; 90°23.6′E) and resulted in 10 deaths and 60 injured in this sparsely populated region. Field observations and focal mechanism solutions show normal fault movement occurred along the NNE-trending western boundary fault of the Yangyi graben, in agreement with the felt epicenter, pattern of the isoseismal contours, and distribution of aftershocks. The earthquake and its tectonic relations were studied in detail to provide data on the seismic hazard to the nearby city of Lhasa.The Damxung earthquake is one of the prominent events along normal and strike-slip faults that occurred widely about Tibet before and after the 2008 Mw 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan earthquake. Analysis of these recent M ? 5.0 earthquake sequences demonstrate a kinematic relation between the normal, strike-slip, and reverse causative fault movements across the region. These earthquakes are found to be linked and the result of eastward extrusion of two large structural blocks of central Tibet. The reverse and oblique-slip surface faulting along the Longmenshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau causing the Wenchuan earthquake, was the result of eastward directed compression and crustal shortening due to the extrusion. Prior to it, east–west extensional deformation indicated by normal and strike-slip faulting events across central Tibet, had led to a build up of the compression to the east. The subsequent renewal of extensional deformational events in central Tibet appears related to some drag effect due to the crustal shortening of the Wenchuan event. Unraveling the kinematical relation between these earthquake swarms is a very helpful approach for understanding the migration of strong earthquakes across Tibet. 相似文献
19.
东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震研究* 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
对东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段进行了断错地貌填图和古地震探槽揭露研究。除2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震外,共揭露出9次古地震事件,它们的年龄分别为31900±1923aB.P. , 27990±1681aB.P. , 23635±1427aB.P. , 20345±1225aB.P. , 16865±1018aB.P. , 12935±774aB.P. , 9730±592aB.P. , 6955±425aB.P.和3100±201aB.P.;古地震重复间隔分别为3910±2554a,4355±2205a,3290±1881a,3480±1593a,3930±1279a,3205±975a,2775±728a,3855±470a和3100±201a。研究结果表明,库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震活动具有准周期性,其平均重复间隔为3544±416a。发生在距今3100年前的倒数第1次古地震事件的离逝时间与重复间隔非常接近,这意味着2001年11月14日发生在库赛湖段的8.1级大地震为该断裂地震活动在准周期上的再现。高的滑动速率和长周期复发间隔表明库赛湖段活动习性以重复发生大地震为特征。 相似文献
20.
The maximum magnitude, the activity rate, and the Gutenberg-Richterb parameter as earthquake hazard parameters, have been evaluated for Sweden. The maximum likelihood method permits the combination of historical and instrumental data. The catalog used consists of 1100 earthquakes in the time interval 1375–1989. The extreme part of the catalog contains only the strongest historical earthquakes, whereas the complete part is divided into several subcatalogs, each assumed complete above a specified threshold magnitude. The uncertainty in magnitude determination was taken into account. For southern Sweden, the calculations giveb-values of 1.04 (0.05) for the whole area south of 60° N and 0.98 (0.06) for a subregion of enhanced seismicity in the Lake Vänern area. For the whole area north of 60° N, theb-value is 1.35 (0.06) and for the seismicity zone along the Gulf of Bothnia 1.26 (0.06). The number of annually expected earthquakes with magnitude equal to or larger than 2.4 [ML(UPP) or MM(UPP)] is 1.8 for the whole southern Sweden, 1.3 for the Lake Vänern region, 3.7 for northern Sweden, and 2.4 for the region along the Gulf of Bothnia. The maximum expected regional magnitude is calculated to 4.9 (0.5) for a time span of 615 years for southern Sweden and the Lake Vänern subregion, and 4.3 (0.5) for a time span of 331 years for northern Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia subregion. However, several historical earthquakes with magnitude above 5 in nearby areas of Norway indicate that the seismic potential may be higher. 相似文献
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