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1.
流域尺度生态需水的估算模型与应用--以克里雅河流域为例 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
以我国西部典型干旱区新疆南部的克里雅河流域为研究区,通过分析各生态系统需水的结构特征,估算了生态需水的规模,讨论了生态需水的供需平衡问题。研究发现,全流域生态需水总量约为6.93×109m3/a,平均每公顷植被的最小生态需水为413.9m3/a。在各植被类型中,沼泽地耗水、草地耗水、林地耗水分别约占植被总生态需水量的47.6%、43.4%与9.0%,由此可见,沼泽地和草地耗水是该流域植被生态需水的主体。研究结论对于制定水土资源开发利用规划,保障当地水资源的良性循环,实现水资源的可持续利用,恢复和重建生态环境,具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
2.
基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过考虑水的自然循环与水在人类活动影响下的循环 (二元水循环),后者包括水资源开发利用率、耗水率、污水排放浓度影响,探讨了二元水循环下河流生态需水“质”与“量”的综合评价,以区别以往仅从自然水循环 (一元) 出发评价河流生态需水的缺陷。建立了二元水循环下的河流生态需水的水量与水质计算方法,并确定了河流生态需水的“质”与“量”的评价标准,实现了河流生态需水水量与水质的综合评价。以辽河流域为例进行实证分析,计算了一元水循环下西辽河、东辽河、辽河干流、浑太河、东北沿黄渤海诸河等水资源分区的河流生态需水,分别占径流的39.3%、63.0%、43.9%、43.3%、43.5%,采用Tennant推荐流量及等级进行评价,结果是：除西辽河属于“中”等级外,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均在“好”等级以上,东辽河达到“极好”等级。与之对应的二元水循环下的河流生态需水比例分别是57.5%、74.1%、60.8%、60.3%、60.4%,综合评价结果显示：从水量角度评价,西辽河不能达到生态需水“量”的标准,其余能够达标,从水质角度评价,西辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均不能够达到“质”的标准,东辽河可以达标。从“量”与“质”相结合的角度评价,仅有东辽河可以达标。因此,水质状况是决定辽河流域河流生态需水是否满足生态系统需求的主要问题。 相似文献
3.
东辽河流域坡面系统生态需水研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
以东辽河流域累积46个测站52年的水文资料和1986年、1996年、2000年Landsat TM数字图像为源信息，在分析景观格局、流域降水和径流时空分布的基础上，探讨东辽河流域坡面系统生态需水的时空变化和平衡分区。东辽河流域坡面系统景观的优势度较强，斑块的形状较为规整，但分布较散，同时受到人灰活动的干预非常强。水文情势的空间分异明显。东辽河流域坡面系统全年平均生态需水量为504.72mm(324.08mm～618.89mm），5～9月份生态需水量占全年生态需水总量的88.29%，下游形成生态需水的高值区。坡面系统生态需水量的极端满足程度仅为90%，全年和生长季（5～9月）生态缺水区分别占了全流域总面积的60.47%和74.01%，从生态需水的缺水数量和缺水区域来看，缺水区域大的趋势尤为严峻，必需采取全流域用水的综合调配。 相似文献
4.
海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算 总被引：264，自引：10，他引：254
从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发 ,探讨河流系统生态环境需水量的内涵。指出生态环境需水量是指地表水体维持特定的生态环境功能所必须蓄存和消耗的最小水量。在这一概念的基础上 ,构建计算河流系统生态环境需水量的理论基础。以海滦河流域为例 ,分三部分(即河流基本生态环境需水量、河流输沙排盐水量和湖泊洼地生态环境需水量 )概算了区域河流系统的生态环境需水量。计算结果表明海滦河流域生态需水量为 1 2 4× 1 0 8m3 ,约占流域地表径流总量的 54%。认为海滦河流域水资源开发率超过 40 %时 ,就会对生态环境造成严重影响。 相似文献
5.
以宁夏中部干旱带盐池县为研究对象,对区域植被生态需水的内涵及类型划分进行了分析,并结合彭曼-蒙特斯模型逐月估算了区域林草植被潜在蒸散量,采用Jensen公式结合实测的区域土壤特征曲线确定了土壤水分修正系数,为植被生态需水量的确定奠定了基础。通过对不同类型林草植被生态需水占比分析,可知当前盐池县草地的生态需水量远高于林地,是盐池县生态需水的主体。通过对植被生态需水与降雨平衡的时间变化规律分析可知,除7、8、9月份以外,盐池县各类林草植被生态需水均处于严重亏缺状态,其中缺水量最为严重的是4月份;从植被类型上分析,可知林地中无论是生态需水亏缺量还是盈余水量均以灌木林地为最,而草地中以天然草地为最。进一步对盐池县各生态分区需水特征进行分析,可知一级生态分区中,风沙区的生态需水比例远大于黄土丘陵区;二级生态分区生态需水比例由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、高沙窝镇、惠安堡镇、冯记沟乡、青山乡、麻黄山乡。一级生态分区中风沙区的生态需水系数及生态需水模数均大于黄土丘陵区;二级各生态分区中生态需水系数及模数由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、惠安堡镇、高沙窝镇、青山乡、冯记沟乡,最小为麻黄山乡。盐池县降雨消耗性生态需水量最小值占蒸发总量的比例为30.51%,适宜值占蒸发总量的比例为72.91%,比例都比较高,其余的的蒸发量属于无效蒸发水量,仍然占有一定的比重,这依然为区域植被建设留有一定的空间,但要通过合理的水资源调控手段进行调配。 相似文献
6.
北京市水资源与水量平衡研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以降雨-径流-蒸散发平衡和水资源供需平衡模式为基础进行研究,得到以下结论:北京市2001～2009年系列的水资源量与多年平均系列相比,水资源产量减少了约40.1%,减少的原因既有气候因素,也有人类活动导致土地覆被变化的原因,其中气候因素占30.1%,下垫面变化导致产流减少的比重为69.9%;同时由于人口的增长,北京市人均水资源占有量从270 m3下降到114 m3.在北京市水平衡分析中,采用不同下垫面蒸散发模式,计算得到2001～2009年北京市蒸散发为494 mm,河川径流量为46 mm,入境水量为4.34 亿m3,出境水量为8.03 亿m3,超采地下水、水库净补给以及外流域引水量为6.19 亿m3.在不考虑河道内生态需水条件下,北京市的现状缺水量为4.73～5.86 亿m3.到2014年南水北调中线水到达北京以后,北京将可以在75%来水年份下保障10～15年的水资源的基本供需平衡。但是如果遭遇95%来水频率的特枯年份,北京仍然将会面临较为严重的水资源短缺问题。 相似文献
7.
塔里木河下游生态需水估算 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
量化生态需水是流域水权分配的重要依据。以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至尾闾台特玛湖段为研究区,借助湿周法计算了该段河道内最小生态需水量,并基于2009年和2010年河段地下水分布特征,计算沿线河道两岸各1 km范围地下水恢复至目标埋深(5～4 m)的地下水恢复量,采用潜水蒸发法和面积定额法估算了沿线天然植被生态需水量。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖河道内年最小生态需水量为1.455×108 m3;（2）以5年为恢复期限,确定该河段地下水埋深恢复至5～4 m的年恢复需水量为0.608×108～1.466×108 m3;（3）取潜水蒸发法和面积定额法计算结果均值,确定研究区天然植被生态需水量为1.042×108 m3;（4）综合考虑,塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖年生态需水总量为3.105×108～3.963×108 m3。 相似文献
8.
陕西大理河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
近年来,土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究已成为国际的前沿和重点。在大理河流域,LUCC(包括水土保持措施)对水循环和水量平衡产生了深远影响,该流域LUCC水文效应的研究势在必行。根据研究区1990年代三期土地利用数据分析了LUCC的时空变化特征,采用特征变量时间序列法及降水-径流模型对LUCC水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:流域土地利用类型以耕地和草地为主,近10年来,耕地和草地面积有所减少,而林地和建设用地面积持续增加;流域年径流和月径流演化过程均表现出明显的下降趋势;LUCC及水土保持具有减少流域年径流、汛期流量以及增加枯季流量的作用,相对于降水因素,人类活动对流域水文的作用占主导地位;在1990~2000年期间,主要由LUCC引起的年均径流减少量达2616.6×104 m3,占该期间实测减水总量的62.19%。 相似文献
9.
黄淮海平原河道基本环境需水研究 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：27
针对我国北方地区水环境中最突出的污染问题,以满足河流最基本的稀释自净功能为目的,提出了一种计算河道基本环境需水量的方法,即月(年)保证率设定法,并以黄淮海平原为例,进行实证分析。结果是黄淮海平原总的河道环境需水最小为2176亿m3,约占多年平均径流量的15%,其中海河流域309亿m3、黄河下游52亿m3、淮河流域片1347亿m3。通过Tennant法验证,说明计算结果可靠。本文的研究不仅丰富了生态(环境)需水的理论内涵,为河道生态(环境)需水的进一步研究打下了良好的基础,同时为研究区水资源规划、水环境保护提供了有力的依据 相似文献
10.
辽中地区矿业城市水资源供需平衡动态分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
辽中地区矿业城市是我国重要的能源生产和重工业基地,研究其水资源供需变化有利于实现水资源可持续化管理,促进经济、生态协调发展。分析了水资源供需平衡框架,可利用水资源和需水量的计算方法,以及水资源供需平衡的影响因子。结果表明:1997-2005年,辽中地区矿业城市水资源供需区域差异明显,鞍山市水资源供需失衡明显,但缺水量逐渐降低,2005年仅缺水0.32×108m3,水资源开发利用率平均达到65.56%,用水属于高度紧张;抚顺市水资源供需基本持平,近几年余水量逐渐增大,2005年余水5.25×108m3,水资源开发利用率平均达到35.11%,用水属于中高度紧张;本溪市水资源供需平衡,可利用水资源大于需水量,2005年余水8.65×108m3,水资源开发利用率平均达到27.96%,用水属于中高度紧张。鞍山的需水结构以农业需水和生态环境需水为主,两者达到总需水量的76%;抚顺以生态环境需水为主,达到60%,农业需水次之,达到23%;本溪生态环境需水达到67%,工业需水次之,为15%。自然条件的差异是水资源供需变化差异的基础,人类社会经济活动和政策法规是水资源供需变化的主要影响因子。 相似文献
11.
W.M. Adams 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1985,5(4):297-308
This paper discusses the concept and practice of river basin planning in Nigeria. The first River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) were established in 1973 and the number was increased to nine in 1979. A number of major water resource projects were developed during the 1970s, particularly dam and irrigation schemes. In this paper the importance of political factors in river basin planning is discussed, and planning in two particular basins is described. In the Gongola River Basin the pattern of project development demonstrates the lack of integrated basin planning, and in the Sokoto River Basin adverse environmental impacts occurred when one project was developed without consideration of the resources of the rest of the basin. The disappointing economic performance and social impacts of RBDA schemes are described, and the future contribution of river basin planning to development in Nigeria is discussed. 相似文献
12.
基于公平合理利用视角,将多准则决策模型与破产理论相结合探讨跨境水资源分配问题。通过梳理国际水法,设计了跨境流域水资源公平合理分配的指标体系,采用投影法解决这一多准则决策问题,并依此加权调整流域国用水需求。在加权调整用水需求和考虑议价能力的基础上,基于破产博弈模型探讨跨境流域水资源分配问题,以提高分配方案的公平合理性和可接受性。最后以澜沧江-湄公河流域的水资源分配为例进行研究,得到了澜沧江-湄公河旱季的水资源分配方案,并分析了需求加权调整系数对各流域国水资源分配的影响,进一步验证了分配模型的可靠性。 相似文献
13.
Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960?2007) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that “pan evaporation paradox” commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing 相似文献
14.
15.
辽河流域社会经济活动的COD污染负荷 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
辽河流域污染物的输入是辽东湾海洋环境变化的最主要原因,治理海洋污染的根本在于治理陆域污染。以辽河流域COD污染为研究对象,在社会经济数据空间化及与土地利用数据匹配的基础上剔除了部分无效数据,提高了流域污染物估算和空间分析的精度,估算结果表明:2010年辽河流域COD总污染负荷约101万t,其中居民生活和畜禽养殖排放合计占总污染负荷的80%,是流域COD污染的主要来源;工业源污染占11%;城市径流污染占9%。COD污染主要分布在辽河平原,且以面源污染为主,约有30万t入河。生物体代谢是COD污染的主要来源,污染物排放总量难于降低,辽河流域的COD污染压力短期内依然严峻。 相似文献
16.
基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
17.
WANG Xiqin ZHANG Yuan LIU Changming 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(3):304-316
In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands. 相似文献
18.
对中国东北地区侵蚀产沙尺度效应的空间变化进行了探讨。基于气候、下垫面的一致性和流域的完整性,对整个研究区域进行了分区研究。结果表明,尺度效应同时受到地形、坡度、土地利用和地表覆盖物质等因素的影响,不同分区因素因素组合不同,其产沙模数随流域面积的变化趋势亦不相同,可以分为三类:(1) 产沙模数随流域面积增大而增大;(2) 产沙模数随流域面积的增大基本保持不变;(3) 产沙模数随流域面积的增大而减小。基于各分区尺度效应,进行了不同标准面积下产沙模数图的校正,并使用空间插值方法,编制不同标准面积下产沙模数图。 相似文献