共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 796 毫秒
1.
1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据，运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法，分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征，并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明：1）近60年来，流域小雨发生率最高，为73.55%；年总降水量中，中雨量所占比例最大，为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势，暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2）太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加，小雨日数显著减少，小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3）不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数，以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4）R/S分析结果显示，小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标（小雨量除外）都表现出较强的持续性，未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5）近60年来，太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化，分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大，而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。 相似文献
2.
Climate change on the southern slope of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest） Region in Nepal since 1971 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on monthly mean, maximum, and minimum air temperature and monthly mean precipitation data from 10 meteorological stations on the southern slope of the Mt. Qomolangma region in Nepal between 1971 and 2009, the spatial and temporal characteristics of climatic change in this region were analyzed using climatic linear trend, Sen＇s Slope Estimates and Mann-Kendall Test analysis methods. This paper focuses only on the southern slope and attempts to compare the results with those from the northern slope to clarify the characteristics and trends of climatic change in the Mt. Qomolangma region. The results showed that： （1） between 1971 and 2009, the annual mean temperature in the study area was 20.0℃, the rising rate of annual mean temperature was 0.25℃/10a, and the temperature increases were highly influenced by the maximum temperature in this region. On the other hand, the temperature increases on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma region were highly influenced by the minimum temperature. In 1974 and 1992, the temperature rose noticeably in February and September in the southern region when the increment passed 0.9℃. （2） Precipitation had an asymmetric distribution; between 1971 and 2009, the annual precipitation was 1729.01 mm. In this region, precipitation showed an increasing trend of 4.27 mm/a, but this was not statistically significant. In addition, the increase in rainfall was mainly concentrated in the period from April to October, including the entire monsoon period （from June to September） when precipitation accounts for about 78.9% of the annual total. （3） The influence of altitude on climate warming was not clear in the southern region, whereas the trend of climate warming was obvious on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma. The annual mean precipitation in the southern region was much higher than that of the northern slope of the Mt. Qomolangma region. This shows the barrier effect of the Himalayas as a whole and Mt. Qomolangma in particular. 相似文献
3.
4.
基于TRMM数据的鄱阳湖流域降雨时空分布特征及其精度评价 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于1998-2007 年热带测雨卫星(TRMM) 3B42 V6 降雨数据分析鄱阳湖流域降雨时空分布特征, 并利用40个气象站观测日降雨数据对TRMM数据在不同子流域、不同降雨强度及不同季节里的精度进行了对比分析, 弥补了以往只评价整体精度的不足。结果显示:鄱阳湖流域北部地区修水、饶河子流域较易出现暴雨, 导致雷达信号衰减, 使TRMM对大雨强降雨的探测出现较大偏差;流域内降雨以10~50 mm为主, 其雨量占到总雨量的60%;流域降雨在年内1-3 月中旬为干旱少雨期, 3 月下旬-9 月初为湿润多雨期, 9-12 月再次进入干旱少雨期;而空间分布呈东、西部大, 中部小的格局;同时发现, 在赣南山区TRMM降雨较观测雨量低300~400 mm, 这可能受高程和坡度的影响, 使TRMM对山区降雨的探测精度也出现较大偏差。 相似文献
5.
MIHAELA DINU 《地理学报(英文版)》1999,(1)
IntroductionRolnalha,acountryof238391kmZlocatedintheSouth-EanemPaltofEurope(43'37'-8'15'N20,15,~29'41'E)boastSagreatvarietyofnatulalcondihons.ThereliefasawholeisarTangedonthreelevelsfmountainsstirroundedbyhillsandplains,stretchingoutbetWeentheCarpathianMountains(highestpeak2544m),whichencirCletheT~lvAnanPlateauinthecentre,andtheDanubehiverandtheBlackSeatotheSouthandSouth-EaSt,respechvely.Theselevelsareequallydivided(aroundl/3each)andconcentricallydistributed(FigUrel).Theclhate,vegeta… 相似文献
6.
The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre-lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi-cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area. 相似文献
7.
Based on 740 stations of daily precipitation datasets in China, the precipitation- concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation-concentration period (PCP) of different intensity durative precipitation events were calculated to analyze their statistical characteristics, mainly including spatial and temporal distributions, variations and climatic trends of the two parameters of the durative heavy precipitation events in China. It is proved that these two parameters of heavy rainfall can display the temporal inhomogeneity in the precipitation field. And it is also found that there is a good positive relationship between the precipitation-concentration degree and annual rainfall amount in the Eastern and Central China. This method can be applied in flood assessment and climate change fields. 相似文献
8.
青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9
The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area. 相似文献
9.
中国强降水过程时空集中度气候趋势 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
基于日降水资料序列提出一种度量不同强度降水过程时空集中程度的指标,根据中国740个气象站逐日降水资料研究分析了我国强降水过程集中度和集中期及其相关统计特征,结果表明暴雨过程年内集中度与年降水量正相关区与中国降水空间分布有很好的一致性;在对大范围洪涝灾害研究方面,暴雨过程年内集中度和集中期在定量地表征降水量在时空场上的非均匀性时有更高分辨力; 暴雨过程年内集中度比较清晰地反映出长江流域、江淮地区洪涝增加的趋势及黄河中下游、华北强降水减少的趋势。该方法可直接应用到评估水旱灾害及其气候影响等领域。 相似文献
10.
This study presents scenario models for historical variations of climate and slope stability. A model for historical annual patterns of temperature and rainfall was established on the basis of seasonal proxies. A process-based, spatio-temporal model for groundwater variations and slope stability was developed using the GIS environment of the software PCRaster. We applied the slope stability model to study the effects of the different climate scenarios on slope stability for three different hillslopes in the area around Bonn (Germany). The findings indicate three climatic phases with different annual temperature and precipitation patterns over the historic period. The modeling results show that a climatic scenario representing unstable conditions of a transition from the more humid Little Ice Age to dryer recent climate produces the highest slope instabilities. The intensity of this impact, however, varies with the sensitivity of the geomorphic system, i.e. local landforms and lithology, and cannot be generally related to the stability of a specific hillslope. More unstable areas are not necessarily more sensitive to climatic changes: the location of permeable layers (prone to groundwater rise) in relation to sensitive layers (lower strength) and higher gradients (higher stress) influences the sensitivity of a site with respect to climate changes. The presented method is capable of modeling landscape sensitivity to climate change with respect to groundwater-controlled landslides. 相似文献
11.
新疆夜雨和昼雨的空间分布和长期变化 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
用新疆98个气象站1960—2001年的昼夜降水量资料,分析了冷季（10月到翌年3月）和暖季（4—9月）昼夜降水频率和强度的差异和空间分布。结果表明：新疆暖季分别有两个频率≥55％的夜雨区和昼雨区。夜雨区分别位于西天山北坡和西昆仑山北坡;昼雨区位于阿尔泰山南坡和天山南坡等地。而到了冷季,暖季夜雨和昼雨的条状带相间的格局消失。除了海拔较高的西天山山区和海拔较低的塔里木盆地西部、吐善托盆地分别有小范围的夜雨区和昼雨区外,新疆其他地区的夜雨和昼雨的比例均在45％~55％之间,基本趋于平衡,夜雨和昼雨之差较暖季已明显减弱。对于暖季的大降水事件（一个夜间或白天降水>15 mm）,伊犁河谷、中东天山及天山北坡,昆仑山北坡60％以上发生在夜间,阿尔泰山和塔尔巴哈台南坡、天山东南部盆地地区60％以上发生在白天。另外,还对暖季夜雨区夏季降水的长期变化进行了分析,结果显示,这两个以夜间降水为主的区域,其夜间降水的增加率略大于白天,并不是很明显大于白天降水的增加率。 相似文献
12.
基于中国西北干旱区1960~2010 年70个台站逐日降水资料,采用欧盟组织(STARDEX)定义的降水极值指数,分析结果表明: ① 研究区近51 a来强降水发生频次、湿期平均长度表现出增多和增长趋势,干日数和干期平均长度表现出减少和变短趋势; ② 单次强水的强度在增加,表现为：湿日数减少,而降水的总量却显著增加。③ 湿日数减少主要是0~6 mm强度的降水日数减少,12~24 mm强度的降水日数显著增加,后者对降水总量的增加贡献较大。④ 绝大部分站点强降水（>12 mm）的雨日（量）都以上升趋势为主,表现为下降趋势的站点极少。 相似文献
13.
秦岭以南地区降水量变化及其灾害效应研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
近年来气候变化诱发的灾害效应损失严重。利用秦岭以南地区1951-2001年28个站逐月降水资料,计算了降水量的线性趋势值及降水距平变化,分析了降水量的时间和空间演变特征。受地形影响,秦岭南北与东西降水量变化差异较大,西部大于东部,南坡多于北坡,季节性降水过程差异也很明显;年平均最大降水量为1 254.6 mm,出现在镇巴,最少降水量为690.7 mm,出现在丹凤;50年来降水量变化呈减少趋势,平均递减率为56.5 mm/10 a。分析表明,降水突变是触发其它灾害的主要因素。由强降水及连阴雨诱发的干旱、洪涝及地质灾害效应损失严重,在降雨强度达200 mm/d以上的区域成为泥石流、滑坡灾害,水土流失的多发区,主要分布在秦岭以南多暴雨中心的米仓山、大巴山、佛坪、商南及洛南一带。降水诱发的灾害效应与人类活动也密切相关,这些研究为未来防灾减灾和环境治理提供了依据。 相似文献
14.
1971-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰地区尼泊尔境内气候变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用珠穆朗玛峰南坡尼泊尔境内(科西河流域) 的10 个气象站1971-2009 年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温和逐月降水资料, 采用线性趋势、Sen 斜率估计、Mann-Kendall 等方法分析区域气候变化状况及其时空特征, 并与珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气候进行比较, 分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区气候变化的特征与趋势。结果表明:(1) 1971-2009 年间, 珠穆朗玛峰南坡年平均气温为20.0℃, 线性升温率为0.25℃/10a, 与北坡主要受年平均最低气温影响相反, 增幅主要受年平均最高气温升高的影响, 并且在1974 年及1992 年间出现两次显著增温, 增温特别明显的月份为2 月和9 月;(2) 该地区降水变化的局地性较强, 近40 年间年平均降水量为1729.01 mm, 年平均降水量以每年约4.27 mm的线性增幅有所增加, 但并不显著, 且降水月变化和季变化特征均不明显;(3) 由于珠穆朗玛峰南坡受到季风带来暖湿气流和喜马拉雅山阻挡的双重影响, 珠峰南坡的年平均降水量远高于北坡;(4) 珠穆朗玛峰南坡气温变暖的海拔依赖性并不明显, 且南坡地区的变暖趋势并没有北坡变暖趋势明显。 相似文献
15.
TRMM降水数据的空间降尺度方法研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以天山中段为研究区,以降水与高程（DEM）、植被指数（NDVI）、坡向（Aspect）、经纬度与之间存在的相关关系为基础,构建了TRMM卫星3B43降水数据与NDVI、DEM和坡向等相关因子的回归模型,对TsHARP统计降尺度算法引入DEM和局部Moran指数进行改进,得到2001~2006年研究区的250 m高分辨率降水空间分布数据。最后利用研究区气象站点降水数据对降尺度结果进行验证,得出降尺度的结果和实测值的误差明显小于原始降水数据和实测值的误差,年均降水最大改善程度是70 mm,因此构建的降尺度方法是合理可行的,可用于山区降水数据的降尺度研究。 相似文献
16.
Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Measuring some 2400 km in length, the Himalaya accommodate millions of people in northern India and Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of other Asian nations. Every year, especially during monsoon rains, landslides and related natural events in these mountains cause tremendous damage to lives, property, infrastructure, and environment. In the context of the Himalaya, however, the rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation are not well understood. This paper describes regional aspects of rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Himalaya. Some 677 landslides occurring from 1951 to 2006 were studied to analyze rainfall thresholds. Out of the 677 landslides, however, only 193 associated with rainfall data were analyzed to yield a threshold relationship between rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and landslide initiation. The threshold relationship fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering rainfall events is I = 73.90D− 0.79 (I = rainfall intensity in mm h− 1 and D = duration in hours), revealing that when the daily precipitation exceeds 144 mm, the risk of landslides on Himalayan mountain slopes is high. Normalized rainfall intensity–duration relationships and landslide initiation thresholds were established from the data after normalizing rainfall-intensity data with respect to mean annual precipitation (MAP) as an index in which NI = 1.10D− 0.59 (NI = normalized intensity in h− 1). Finally, the role of antecedent rainfall in causing landslides was also investigated by considering daily rainfall during failure and the cumulative rainfall to discover at what point antecedent rainfall plays an important role in Himalayan landslide processes. Rainfall thresholds presented in this paper are generalized so they can be used in landslide warning systems in the Nepal Himalaya. 相似文献
17.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):74-81
Many studies have documented major landslide events in mountain areas following heavy rainfall amounts. In the Himalaya, landslides occur during every monsoon period, but the role of rainfall in triggering these failures is not clear. This paper reports the results of a three-year study (1991-1993) into landsliding in the Likhu Khola drainage basin, Middle Hills, Nepal. Considerable annual variability in numbers, types and sizes of landslides was noted. Some of this variability can be explained by fluctuations in rainfall amounts and intensities, but many landslides were explained more easily by other controlling factors. In situations where slopes are extensively terraced for agriculture, with some terraces being intensely irrigated and others not, relationships between landsliding and rainfall amounts are complex and no simple explanations can be made. 相似文献
18.
气象站和卫星降雨资料估算降雨侵蚀力时存在无法反映空间异质性且精度差的问题,基于CLDAS多源融合降水,利用EI60模型从不同的时空尺度对中国的降雨侵蚀力进行评估,并结合降雨量、侵蚀性降雨次数、侵蚀密度等指标,探讨降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在作用。结果表明：（1） CLDAS降雨侵蚀力与地面实测数据在不同的时间尺度均有良好的回归关系,相关系数达到0.8以上,与CMORPH降雨侵蚀力相比,其相对误差显著降低,可以准确反映全国范围的降雨侵蚀力季节性变异。（2） 在2001—2020年,不同雨量区的降雨侵蚀力、降雨量和侵蚀性降雨次数的变化趋势基本一致,高雨量区的年际变化波动剧烈,侵蚀性降雨次数和暴雨过程协同影响降雨侵蚀力的大小。（3） 空间上,中国的降雨侵蚀力值的特点为东南沿海地区高、西北内陆地区低。时间上,侵蚀性降雨集中在5—8月,夏、秋两季对土壤造成的侵蚀影响更大。（4） 通过对年降雨量、年侵蚀密度和年暴雨量进行分区定量分析,结果表明暴雨量与侵蚀密度成正相关关系,即年降雨量一定,暴雨事件越多,降雨侵蚀密度越大。 相似文献
19.
西藏高原降水变化趋势的气候分析 总被引：84，自引：8，他引：76
利用西藏1971~2000年月降水量、降水日数资料,分析了近30年高原降水的变化趋势。结果发现,西藏大部分地区年降水量变化为正趋势,降水倾向率为1.4~66.6 mm/10a,而阿里地区呈较为明显的减少趋势。年降水日数变化阿里地区、林芝地区东部为负趋势,正趋势以那曲地区中西部、昌都地区北部最为明显。20世纪70年代高原西部为正距平、东部为负距平,20世纪80年代大部分地区为负距平,20世纪90年代高原西部为负距平,东部为正距平。近30年来西藏高原平均年、四季降水量均呈增加趋势,年降水量以19.9 mm/10a的速率增加,尤其是20世纪90年代增幅较大,1992年以来春、夏季降水明显增加。阿里地区出现了暖干化趋势。年降水异常偏涝年主要出现在20世纪80和90年代。 相似文献
20.
The paper describes a methodology to detect landslide triggering scenarios in geological homogeneous areas and for some specific landslide categories. In these scenarios, the rainfall–landslide relationship as well as the pluviometric load conditions influencing slope instability have to be investigated.The methodology is applied to an area located in northern Calabria (Italy) and affected by widespread and different slope instability phenomena. Outcropped, fractured, and deeply weathered crystalline rock masses, determining geologic homogeneous conditions, are present. In the same area, suitable and homogeneous climatic features have also been found.According to the methodology adopted, the hydrologic analysis of rainfall time-series is initially carried out notwithstanding historical data concerning landslide mobilization, but using simple models to determine critical pluviometric scenarios for the three landslide categories: shallow, medium-deep, and deep. Landslide-triggering scenarios individualized according to this procedure are less significant as compared to the landslide mobilization detected in the study area by means of historical research and ascribed to the three landslide categories according to geomorphologic analysis.Subsequently, the possible landslide triggering scenarios are outlined by carefully investigating the hydrologic analysis limited to the periods identified according to the historical data.In the study area and approximately for all the areas characterized by the outcrop of fractured and deeply weathered crystalline rocks, significant triggering scenarios can be outlined. In particular, shallow landslide triggers could be activated by rainfall events with intensities exceeding 90 mm/day and/or with amounts exceeding 160 mm. As for medium-deep and deep landslides, triggering mechanisms are more complicated; and effective rainfall contribution must be taken into account compared to groundwater storage. Moreover, a more complex link between deep landslides and precipitation is confirmed.The results obtained to date highlight the potential of this methodology, which enables us to define and progressively improve the knowledge framework by means of a work sequence integrating different disciplinary tools and results. 相似文献