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1.
Junhua YANG Zhenming JI Deliang CHEN Shichang KANG Congshen FU Keqin DUAN Miaogen SHEN 《大气科学进展》2018,35(6):628-644
The application of satellite radiance assimilation can improve the simulation of precipitation by numerical weather prediction models. However, substantial quantities of satellite data, especially those derived from low-level(surface-sensitive)channels, are rejected for use because of the difficulty in realistically modeling land surface emissivity and energy budgets.Here, we used an improved land use and leaf area index(LAI) dataset in the WRF-3 DVAR assimilation system to explore the benefit of using improved quality of land surface information to improve rainfall simulation for the Shule River Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau as a case study. The results for July 2013 show that, for low-level channels(e.g., channel 3),the underestimation of brightness temperature in the original simulation was largely removed by more realistic land surface information. In addition, more satellite data could be utilized in the assimilation because the realistic land use and LAI data allowed more satellite radiance data to pass the deviation test and get used by the assimilation, which resulted in improved initial driving fields and better simulation in terms of temperature, relative humidity, vertical convection, and cumulative precipitation. 相似文献
2.
气象卫星资料不仅对天气、气候研究非常重要, 对于地表参数模拟和预报也具有重要意义。本文首次将全国自动站观测、卫星降水估计和地面观测融合降水资料(CMORPH)以及风云二号D星(FY-2D)积雪覆盖率数据应用到了高分辨率陆面资料同化系统(u-HRLDAS)。融合降水资料用于驱动u-HRLDAS, 同时用于计算雪水当量;积雪覆盖率资料作为u-HRLDAS强迫变量。区域模拟结果表明, 积雪覆盖率对于地表反照率、地表温度以及地气交换通量模拟有极其重要的影响。密云站土壤湿度模拟结果表明, 融合降水资料准确度优于全球陆面资料同化系统(GLDAS)再分析资料。小汤山站单点验证结果表明, 应用融合降水资料及卫星积雪覆盖率资料可以改进地表温度及地气交换通量的模拟。 相似文献
3.
土壤湿度是陆面过程的重要参量,可以通过影响土壤本身的热力性质和水文过程,导致局部大气环流的改变以及区域性短期气候异常。青藏高原作为全球气候变化的敏感区,其地气间的水分与能量交换对亚洲季风和全球大气循环有着极大的影响,且高原地区的土壤水分数据能够为陆-气相互作用和数值模拟等研究提供重要的观测信息和初始输入数据。文中综述了青藏高原土壤湿度观测和研究对气候变化影响的重要性,高原土壤湿度观测站网建设现状,各种土壤湿度替代资料的适用性和评估研究,以及高原土壤湿度时空分布特征对降水的影响与气候变化响应,并提出了今后青藏高原土壤湿度研究着重解决的问题。 相似文献
4.
GRAPES NOAH-LSM陆面模式水文过程的改进及试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤含水量的计算影响着陆面过程的能量平衡和水量平衡,是陆面模式的核心计算要素之一。目前,GRAPES_Meso模式采用的NOAH-LSM(Noah-Land Surface Model)陆面模式既不能有效地表达径流产源面积的变动情况,也不能完整描述水文循环过程。本次试验针对以上问题对其进行了改进:(1)加入蓄水容量曲线,考虑网格内产流面积的变化及土壤含水量的不均匀性;(2)加入汇流模式,以考虑水平二维水分再分配,提高模式对径流和流量模拟能力。选取2008年8月至9月降水进行模拟试验,研究陆面水循环过程对近地面气象要素的影响。结果表明:改进后的模式模拟土壤湿度、2 m温度等近地面气象要素更接近观测值,并最终对降水量以及降水落区也产生了一定的影响。 相似文献
5.
SHAW模式的改进及其在黄土高原半干旱区的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陆面过程模拟研究中的一个关键问题是如何准确的计算陆气间能量交换,但现有的陆面过程模式模拟的湍流通量与观测值间仍然存在较大偏差,因此改进湍流通量的参数化方案对于提高陆面过程模式模拟能力有重要意义。本研究通过改进陆面过程模式SHAW中的热力粗糙度方案,以及引入干表层蒸发方案,以期改善湍流通量的模拟能力。在此基础上利用黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站观测资料,进行模式改进前后的单点模拟对比试验,研究其参数化方案改进对陆面过程模拟的影响。结果表明:改进后的SHAW模式能够合理地模拟黄土高原半干旱区陆面特征的变化趋势,模拟值与观测值偏差较小。与原来的SHAW模式模拟结果相比,改进后的SHAW_MOD模式显著提高了湍流通量的模拟能力,并改善了净辐射和深层土壤温度的模拟,但对土壤湿度的改进并不明显,这可能与土壤内部水热传输过程及相关参数化方案有关,还有待做进一步研究。 相似文献
6.
为研究不同陆面模式对中国区域土壤温度的模拟效果,基于中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）大气驱动数据分别驱动Noah和Noah-MP陆面模式进行中国区域土壤温度的模拟（简称:CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验）,使用2010—2018年中国气象局2380个土壤温度观测站点10和40 cm观测数据以及美国全球陆面数据同化系统（The Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS）驱动的Noah模式（GLDAS_Noah试验）模拟的土壤温度结果,从空间分布、季节、分区等角度进行了评估,实现了不同驱动数据相同陆面模式和相同驱动数据不同陆面模式的对比分析。结果表明: GLDAS_Noah、CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验均能合理模拟出中国区域土壤温度空间分布,但在量级上有一定差异,主要表现在中国东北、新疆、青藏高原等积雪区。对于相同陆面模式不同驱动数据,均方根误差显示CLDAS_Noah试验在季节与分区上均优于GLDAS_Noah试验,间接表明CLDAS大气驱动数据优于GLDAS大气驱动数据,且大气驱动数据是提高土壤温度模拟精度的重要因素之一;对于相同驱动数据不同陆面模式,总体上CLDAS_Noah-MP试验棋拟效果优于CLDAS_Noah试验,其中CLDAS_Noah试验模拟的10和40 cm深度土壤温度在冬季积雪区误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah-MP试验,可能与Noah-MP模式改进了积雪方案有关,但10和40 cm深度下CLDAS_Noah-MP试验在东北、华北、青藏高原地区对春季土壤温度模拟误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah试验,可能与Noah-MP模式融雪方案有关。总之,本研究对于后续开展土壤温度多模式集成、土壤温度站点资料同化,最终研制中国区域高质量土壤温度数据集具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
7.
由陆面信息系统 (Land Information System, 简称LIS) 通过NOAH陆面过程模型使用集合卡尔曼滤波开展AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) 土壤湿度同化试验,得到2003年中国区域垂直深度为4层、水平空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的土壤湿度试验数据。使用农业气象观测站土壤相对湿度和国家生态系统野外科学观测研究站土壤体积含水量对试验结果进行检验,结果表明:同化过程整体上提高了陆面模型的模拟精度,草地生态系统模拟精度高于作物和森林生态系统;有效的同化过程依赖于AMSR-E土壤湿度的准确性;模拟出的土壤湿度空间分布特征与实际相符。同化试验得到的时空相对连续且精度相对准确的土壤湿度数据是气候变化和干旱监测的重要数据基础。 相似文献
8.
Chester F. Ropelewski 《Climatic change》1995,31(2-4):415-425
There is a new awareness of the potential importance of land surface observations in climate studies. This paper suggests a three-pronged, (in situ, satellite, and numerical model-based) observation strategy for land surface observations in the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). This strategy is based on the premise that the land surface's importance lies in its links to the atmosphere and, in particular, in its role in determining and modulating the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat and in the surface radiation budget. Specific suggestions include: (a) harnessing the potential of the WMO's World Weather Watch to provide regular observations of key land surface properties i.e., soil moisture and soil temperature; (b) utilization of satellites to provide land surface reference data sets and encourage development of stable satellite data sets for land surface monitoring; and (c) use of numerical-model-based data assimilation systems (DAS) to augmentin situ and satellite observations. 相似文献
9.
陆面过程模型中垂直非均匀土壤的水分传输及相变的模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤湿度在陆气相互作用中的重要性体现在它既能影响陆地和大气之间水循环的速率, 又能改变地表的能量分配。本文针对陆面过程模型中描述土壤湿度变化的方程进行了理论分析, 指出在非均匀土壤和冻土中采用土壤水势梯度描述垂直非均匀土壤水分流动的合理性。基于描述土壤内部水热传输的统一土壤模型, 并利用推广的表征土壤水分特征的Clapp-Hornberger关系式, 研究了非冻结和冻结的土壤湿度对于垂直非均匀土壤的敏感性。结果表明, 由土壤质地决定的土壤水势和导水率对土壤湿度的模拟有重要的影响。具体地, 在决定土壤性质的Clapp-Hornberger关系式中, 与土壤质地有关的饱和水势、饱和导水率以及土壤孔隙大小分布指数B, 对土壤湿度的模拟起到了关键作用。参数B的重要性尤为突出, 它的增加会引起导水率的大大下降, 从而对水分在土壤中的垂直分布产生重要影响。饱和水势的绝对值和参数B的增加会使得土壤水势绝对值增加明显, 使土壤的结冰(融化)过程延迟, 土壤温度因为没有结冰(融化)释放(吸收)的潜热加热(冷却)而持续下降(上升), 因此在冻融时期土壤温度会比观测值振幅偏大。上述结果揭示了考虑土壤垂直非均匀性并采用有效的土壤特性参数对于陆面过程模型的重要性。 相似文献
10.
CoLM模式对青藏高原中部BJ站陆面过程的数值模拟 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用公共陆面模式Common Land Model(CoLM)及"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验"(CAMP/Tibet)中那曲地区Bujiao(BJ)站2002—2004年的观测资料对该地区进行了单点数值模拟试验。通过比较模拟与观测的地表能量通量,表明CoLM较成功地模拟了该地区的能量分配。模式对向上的短波辐射、向上的长波辐射、净辐射及土壤热通量模拟得较好,但冬季存在偏差。进一步比较了模拟和观测的土壤温度及土壤湿度,发现浅层60 cm土壤温度模拟较好,深层存在偏差,表现为土壤温度变化滞后于实际变化。土壤湿度总体偏小,尤其是冬季冻结期,土壤冻融过程中忽略了土壤液态水在温度0℃以下仍能存在,含冰量模拟偏高。 相似文献
11.
The potential for using the ensemble square root filter data assimilation technique to estimate soil moisture profiles, surface heat fluxes, and the state of the planetary boundary layer （PBL） is explored. An observing system simulation experiment is designed to mimic the assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations （θo ） and in-situ measurements of 2-m temperature （To ）, 2-m specific humidity （Qo ）, and 10-m horizontal winds [Vo =（Uo , Vo ）]. The background forecasts are generated by a one-dimensional coupled land surface-boundary layer model （CLS-BLM） with soil, surface-layer and PBL parameterization schemes similar to those used in the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model. Soil moisture, surface heat fluxes, and the state of the PBL evolve on different characteristic timescales, so the minimum assimilation time intervals required for skillful estimates of each target component are different. Correct estimates of the soil moisture profile are obtained effectively when a 6-h update time interval is used, while skillful estimates of surface fluxes and the PBL state require more frequent updates. The CLS-BLM requires a shorter assimilation time interval to correctly estimate the soil moisture profile than previously indicated by experiments using an off-line land surface model （LSM）. Results from assimilating different subsets of observations show that θo makes a larger contribution to soil moisture estimates, while To , θo , and Vo are more important for estimates of surface heat fluxes and the PBL state. It is therefore necessary to combine these variables to accurately estimate the states of both the land surface and the PBL. Experimentation with different prescribed observational errors shows that the assimilation system is more sensitive to increases in observational errors than to reductions in observational errors. 相似文献
12.
A low pressure system that formed on 21 September 2006 over eastern India/Bay of Bengal intensified into a monsoon depression
resulting in copious rainfall over north-eastern and central parts of India. Four numerical experiments are performed to examine
the performance of assimilation schemes in simulating this monsoon depression using the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5).
Forecasts from a base simulation (with no data assimilation), a four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) system, a simple
surface data assimilation (SDA) system coupled with FDDA, and a flux-adjusting SDA system (FASDAS) coupled with FDDA are compared
with each other and with observations. The model is initialized with Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast fields starting
from 19 September 2006, with assimilation being done for the first 24 hours using conventional observations, sounding and
surface data of temperature and moisture from Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder satellite and surface wind data
over the ocean from QuikSCAT. Forecasts are then made from these assimilated states. In general, results indicate that the
FASDAS forecast provides more realistic prognostic fields as compared to the other three forecasts. When compared with other
forecasts, results indicate that the FASDAS forecast yielded lower root-mean-square (r.m.s.) errors for the pressure field
and improved simulations of surface/near-surface temperature, moisture, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and potential vorticity.
Heat and moisture budget analyses to assess the simulation of convection revealed that the two forecasts with the surface
data assimilation (SDA and FASDAS) are superior to the base and FDDA forecasts. An important conclusion is that, even though
monsoon depressions are large synoptic systems, mesoscale features including rainfall are affected by surface processes. Enhanced
representation of land-surface processes provides a significant improvement in the model performance even under active monsoon
conditions where the synoptic forcings are expected to be dominant. 相似文献
13.
干旱半干旱区土壤湿度数值模拟研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
总结和回顾了干旱半干旱地区土壤湿度研究在区域气候变化研究过程中的重要性,详尽描述了干旱半干旱区土壤湿度数值模拟的研究现状。在过去几十年里,大型地面观测试验计划的开展、卫星遥感监测能力的加强促进了干旱半干旱地区陆面模式模拟土壤湿度能力的提高,推动了干旱半干旱地区土壤湿度数值模拟的研究进程。尤其是干旱半干旱地区气候观测站的建立,积累了长期宝贵的连续性观测数据,增强了检验卫星反演方法的能力,促进了陆面模式的参数化改进。近年来随着气象学、生态学以及水文学、土壤学等学科之间交叉合作的加强,气候变化背景下土壤湿度对碳、氮循环的影响研究得到越来越多的重视,尤其在干旱半干旱地区,局地碳通量和水分供应存在密切联系。因此,未来半干旱地区土壤湿度的研究不仅要开展观测计划,积累长期连续的高质量数据,改进卫星反演能力和模式参数化方案,而且要进一步深化和加强学科交叉内容的研究,分析气候变化背景下土壤湿度在生态学、水文学、土壤学等学科的变化形式和特点,多角度、多方向地开展和改进干旱半干旱地区土壤湿度的数值模拟研究。 相似文献
14.
1. Introduction The soil moisture plays an important role in in- fluencing the climate change by altering the surface albedo, soil heat capacity and the heat flux between air and land (Ma et al., 2001). Near-surface soil mois- ture controls the partitioni… 相似文献
15.
以通用陆面模式CLM 3.0(Community Land Model 3.0)为模型算子,基于集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman Filter,En KF)发展了一个土壤温湿度同化系统,主要用于改进模式对土壤温湿度和地表水热通量的模拟精度,并考察集合样本数、同化频率及不同观测量的组合对同化效果的影响。该系统同化了FLUXNET两个站点(阿柔和Bondville)不同土壤深度、不同时间频率的土壤温度和湿度数据。通过对阿柔站不同集合样本数的设计,综合考虑计算成本和计算精度,最终将集合样本数设置为40。通过分析三种同化方案对同化频率的敏感性得出,同化土壤温度最为敏感,同时同化土壤温湿度次之,同化土壤湿度最不敏感。对于阿柔站点,同化系统对不同土壤深度温度和湿度的模拟精度均能提高90%,潜热通量的均方根误差由94.0 W·m~(-2)降为46.3 W·m~(-2),感热通量均方根误差由55.9 W·m~(-2)降为24.6 W·m~(-2)。Bondville站点浅层土壤温度的改进在30%左右,深层土壤温度改进达到60%,对土壤湿度的改进均在70%以上,潜热通量和感热通量的均方根误差分别从57.4 W·m~(-2)和54.4 W·m~(-2)降为51.0 W·m~(-2)和42.5 W·m~(-2)。试验结果表明,同化站点土壤温湿度数据对土壤水热状况及通量的模拟改进非常有效,同时也验证了同化土壤水分遥感产品的可行性和必要性。 相似文献
16.
The understanding of surface spectral radiation and reflected radiation characteristics of different surfaces in different climate zones aids in the interpretation of regional surface energy transfers and the development of land surface models. This study analysed surface spectral radiation variations and corresponding surface albedo characteristics at different wavelengths as well as the relationship between 5-cm soil moisture and surface albedo on typical sunny days during the winter wheat growth period. The analysis was conducted using observational Loess Plateau winter wheat data from 2015. The results show that the ratio of atmospheric downward radiation to global radiation on typical sunny days is highest for near-infrared wavelengths, followed by visible wavelengths and ultraviolet wavelengths, with values of 57.3, 38.7 and 4.0%, respectively. The ratio of reflected spectral radiation to global radiation varies based on land surface type. The visible radiation reflected by vegetated surfaces is far less than that reflected by bare ground, with surface albedos of 0.045 and 0.27, respectively. Thus, vegetated surfaces absorb more visible radiation than bare ground. The atmospheric downward spectral radiation to global radiation diurnal variation ratios vary for near-infrared wavelengths versus visible and ultraviolet wavelengths on typical sunny days. The near-infrared wavelengths ratio is higher in the morning and evening and lower at noon. The visible and ultraviolet wavelengths ratios are lower in the morning and evening and higher at noon. Visible and ultraviolet wavelength surface albedo is affected by 5-cm soil moisture, demonstrating a significant negative correlation. Excluding near-infrared wavelengths, correlations between surface albedo and 5-cm soil moisture pass the 99% confidence test at each wavelength. The correlation with 5-cm soil moisture is more significant at shorter wavelengths. However, this study obtained surface spectral radiation characteristics that were affected by land surface vegetation coverage as well as by soil physical properties. 相似文献
17.
Monsoon depressions (MDs) constitute a large fraction of the total rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon season. In this study, the impact of high-resolution land state is addressed by assessing the evolution of inland moving depressions formed over the Bay of Bengal using a mesoscale modeling system. Improved land state is generated using High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System employing Noah-MP land-surface model. Verification of soil moisture using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and soil temperature using tower observations demonstrate promising results. Incorporating high-resolution land state yielded least root mean squared errors with higher correlation coefficient in the surface and mid tropospheric parameters. Rainfall forecasts reveal that simulations are spatially and quantitatively in accordance with observations and provide better skill scores. The improved land surface characteristics have brought about the realistic evolution of surface, mid-tropospheric parameters, vorticity and moist static energy that facilitates the accurate MDs dynamics in the model. Composite moisture budget analysis reveals that the surface evaporation is negligible compared to moisture flux convergence of water vapor, which supplies moisture into the MDs over land. The temporal relationship between rainfall and moisture convergence show high correlation, suggesting a realistic representation of land state help restructure the moisture inflow into the system through rainfall-moisture convergence feedback. 相似文献
18.
The Surface Energy Budget and Its Impact on the Freeze-thaw Processes of Active Layer in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Junjie MA Ren LI Hongchao LIU Zhongwei HUANG Tonghua WU Guojie HU Yao XIAO Lin ZHAO Yizhen DU Shuhua YANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(1):189-200
The surface energy budget is closely related to freeze-thaw processes and is also a key issue for land surface process research in permafrost regions.In this study,in situ data collected from 2005 to 2015 at the Tanggula site were used to analyze surface energy regimes,the interaction between surface energy budget and freeze-thaw processes.The results confirmed that surface energy flux in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exhibited obvious seasonal variations.Annual average net radiation(Rn)for 2010 was 86.5 W m-2,with the largest being in July and smallest in November.Surface soil heat flux(G0)was positive during warm seasons but negative in cold seasons with annual average value of 2.7 W m-2.Variations in Rn and G0 were closely related to freeze-thaw processes.Sensible heat flux(H)was the main energy budget component during cold seasons,whereas latent heat flux(LE)dominated surface energy distribution in warm seasons.Freeze-thaw processes,snow cover,precipitation,and surface conditions were important influence factors for surface energy flux.Albedo was strongly dependent on soil moisture content and ground surface state,increasing significantly when land surface was covered with deep snow,and exhibited negative correlation with surface soil moisture content.Energy variation was significantly related to active layer thaw depth.Soil heat balance coefficient K was>1 during the investigation time period,indicating the permafrost in the Tanggula area tended to degrade. 相似文献
19.
夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析 Ⅰ.盛夏高原西部地区的水汽状况 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文使用青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料、欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料、GMS1地球同步卫星云图资料、河流水文资料以及其他一些有关的资料,详细分析了1979年7月青藏高原地区,尤其是高原西部地区的水汽状况、水汽输入的通道,讨论了夏季青藏高原地区高湿状况的维持机制. 通过研究,发现在1979年盛夏青藏高原西部也是一个高水汽区域,有利于大量的湿对流系统活动,但西部比东南部的水汽含量要略低些;潜热加热是夏季高原西部重要的热源之一;除了过去已知的在高原东南和仲巴、定日一带的两条水汽通道外,水汽还可从高原西侧边界进入高原西部.在讨论夏季高原地区高湿状况的维持机制时发现,相对于高原东部,只需要较少的水汽输入就足以维持高原西部大气的高湿状态;高原西部的降水、蒸发和向土壤中渗透是接近于平衡的,水分循环主要是局地的内循环. 相似文献
20.
N. Mölders U. Haferkorn J. Döring G. Kramm 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,84(1-2):137-156
Summary ¶Various water budget elements (water supply to the atmosphere, ground water recharge, change in storage) are predicted by HTSVS for a period of 2050 days. The predicted water budget elements are evaluated by routine lysimeter data. The results show that land surface models need parameterizations for soil frost, snow effects and water uptake to catch the broad cycle of soil water budget elements. In principle, HTSVS is able to simulate the general characteristics of the seasonal changes in these water budget elements and their long-term accumulated sums. Compared to lysimeter data, there is a discrepancy in the predicted water supply to the atmosphere for summer and winter which may be attributed to the hardly observed plant physiological parameters like root depth, LAI, shielding factor, etc., the lack of measured downward long-wave radiation, and some simplifications made in the parameterizations of soil frost and snow effects. The fact that high resolution data for the evaluation of model results are missing and evaluation is made on the basis of the data from routine stations of a network is typical for the results of long-term studies on climate. Taking into account the coarse resolution of climate models, the coarse vertical resolution that is used in their LSMs, and the lack of suitable parameters needed, it seems that discrepancies in the order of magnitude found in this study are a general uncertainty in the results of land surface modeling on typical spatial and temporal scales of the climate system.Received October 8, 2001; revised February 15, 2002; accepted September 20, 2002
Published online: April 10, 2003 相似文献