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1.
Trends and scales of observed soil moisture variations in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A new soil moisture dataset from direct gravimetric measurements within the top 50-cm soil layers at 178 soil moisture stations in China covering the period 1981-1998 are used to study the long-term and seasonal trends of soil moisture variations, as well as estimate the temporal and spatial scales of soil moisture for different soil layers. Additional datasets of precipitation and temperature difference between land surface and air (TDSA) are analyzed to gain further insight into the changes of soil moisture. There are increasing trends for the top 10 cm, but decreasing trends for the top 50 cm of soil layers in most regions. Trends in precipitation appear to dominantly influence trends in soil moisture in both cases. Seasonal variation of soil moisture is mainly controlled by precipitation and evaporation, and in some regions can be affected by snow cover in winter. Timescales of soil moisture variation are roughly 1-3 months and increase with soil depth. Further influences of TDSA and precipitation on soil moisture in surface layers, rather than in deeper layers, cause this phenomenon. Seasonal variations of temporal scales for soil moisture are region-dependent and consistent in both layer depths. Spatial scales of soil moisture range from 200-600 km, with topography also having an affect on these. Spatial scales of soil moisture in plains are larger than in mountainous areas. In the former, the spatial scale of soil moisture follows the spatial patterns of precipitation and evaporation, whereas in the latter, the spatial scale is controlled by topography. 相似文献
2.
基于安徽省81个气象站1961—2017年逐日降水数据及土壤墒情和干旱灾情资料,从诊断干旱日数年际变化、季节演变、空间分布、频率分布、典型干旱过程演变及与土壤墒情、干旱灾情的相关性等方面,研究6种时间尺度SPI在安徽省气象干旱监测效果。结果表明:不同时间尺度SPI在干旱监测中差异明显,6种时间尺度SPI对于干旱日数年际变化、不同等级干旱频率分布具有较好的监测效果,但对于干旱日数季节演变和空间差异性诊断与实况存在偏差;从典型干旱过程诊断来看,时间尺度越短,降水权重越大(例如SPI30、SPI60),SPI监测曲线对降水的响应越敏感,而SPI150、SPI180等时间尺度长的SPI对降水的响应又过于"迟钝";从与土壤墒情的相关性来看,时间尺度短的SPI30与10 cm表层土壤墒情相关性最好,相关系数达0.91,时间尺度长的SPI180与50 cm深层土壤墒情相关性较好;在各时间尺度SPI与年降水量的负相关及与干旱灾情的正相关方面,相关系数随着时间尺度的增长均先增后减,时间尺度适中的SPI120相关性最好。总体来看,不同时间尺度SPI代表不同含义,针对不同时间尺度的气象干旱应采用不同时间尺度的SPI进行监测评估。 相似文献
3.
The potential of using land surface models (LSMs) to monitor near-real-time drought has not been fully assessed in China yet. In this study, we analyze the performance of such a system with a land surface model (LSM) named the Australian Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE). The meteorological forcing datasets based on reanalysis products and corrected by observational data have been extended to near-real time for semi-operational trial. CABLE-simulated soil moisture (SM) anomalies are used to characterize drought spatial and temporal evolutions. One outstanding feature in our analysis is that with the same meteorological data, we have calculated a range of drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We have assessed the similarity among these indices against observed SM over a number of regions in China. While precipitation is the dominant factor in the drought development, relationships between precipitation, evaporation, and soil moisture anomalies vary significantly under different climate regimes, resulting in different characteristics of droughts in China. The LSM-based trial system is further evaluated for the 1997/1998 drought in northern China and 2009/2010 drought in southwestern China. The system can capture the severities and temporal and spatial evolutions of these drought events well. The advantage of using a LSM-based drought monitoring system is further demonstrated by its potential to monitor other consequences of drought impacts in a more physically consistent manner. 相似文献
4.
5.
地表非均匀性对区域平均水分通量参数化的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
次网格尺度地表非均匀性对于网格区平均通量具有重要影响。若将网格区视为均一地表 ,并不能真实描述地 气通量交换过程 ,且可造成很大误差。文中从理论上证明 ,区域平均水分通量的变化率可分解为两部分 :第一部分为区域水分通量的算术平均变化率 ;第二部分为非均匀性所引起的水分通量变化率扰动 ,它与区域内土壤水分空间分布的变差系数有关。数值试验表明 ,地表土壤水分的水平空间变差系数集中反映了区域内土壤水分分布的非均匀程度 ,不同土壤对同样的非均匀程度其敏感性是不同的。变差系数愈大 ,非均匀性愈强 ,在相同的土壤水分平均值下 ,不同土壤类型对地表非均匀程度的敏感性并不相同。例如沙土和粘土受非均匀性的影响就可相差数十倍。 相似文献
6.
土壤湿度——一个跨季度降水预测中的重要因子及其应用探讨 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
阐述了土壤湿度对短期气候变化的重要作用,结合我国的业务现状提出亟需将这一因子应用于跨季度降水预测。通过将一个土壤湿度反演模型引入IAP跨季度气候预测系统,探讨了土壤湿度应用于季节降水预测的可行性及其效果。初步的个例分析表明:前期土壤湿度的异常分布对降水变化有较显著的影响,继续改进土壤湿度反演模型可望获得更好的降水预测效果。同时,提出的基于常规气象观测进行反演以获得大范围土壤湿度分布的办法在当前业务预测中具有很强的可操作性。 相似文献
7.
针对不同陆面模式对土壤湿度方程求解方法以及对土壤分层结构的差异, 本文选取了三类陆面模式（CLM, CABLE和ECMWF陆面模式）作比较研究。为了避免不同模式参数化方案引起的上边界误差, 上边界采用固定蒸发率、 入渗率和固定表层土壤湿度三类边界条件。土壤分层采用101层（细网格）和11层（粗网格）两种, 并考虑土壤性质沿深度变化。结果表明： 当土壤性质均匀时, 求解的差别主要在第三类边界条件下CLM 求出的水分入渗速度比其它两种快; 改用粗网格后由于土壤深层厚度加大无法与细网格得出的土壤湿度廓线相重合。当土壤性质非均匀时, 模拟结果间差别加大, 只有ECMWF模式模拟的土壤湿度廓线是严格连续的。对于模式和上边界的不同组合, 粗、 细网格模拟结果间均方根偏差不一致。一般而言, CABLE模拟的偏差除第一类条件较小外, 其它都是最大的。第二三类边界条件引起的偏差较大, 第一类最小。上述结果提示我们, 在比较不同陆面模式以及用观测资料来检验模拟结果时应充分考虑土壤分层及土壤性质非均匀性的可能影响。 相似文献
8.
中国土壤湿度的分布与变化 II. 耦合模式模拟结果评估 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
利用中国区域土壤湿度观测资料,对目前世界上较具有代表性的14个全球海-陆-气耦合模式模拟的中国区域土壤湿度进行了评估,发现尽管几乎所有的耦合模式基本都能够再现实际的土壤湿度空间分布,但模拟的土壤湿度季节循环和年际变化,却与观测相差较大。除了少数模式中降水变化与土壤湿度变化的关系不明显外,大部分模式都揭示了前期降水对后期土壤湿度变化的显著影响,在部分模式中,前期降水对土壤湿度的影响偏强。耦合模式在土壤湿度模拟上的偏差,主要来自降水模拟上的偏差。在土壤湿度的年平均和夏季平均空间分布、年际变化方面,高分辨率模式（水平格距高于1.875°×1.875°）的结果,整体上要好于中（水平格距在1.875°×1.875°与3.75°×3.75°之间）、低(水平格距小于3.75°×3.75°)分辨率的模式;而中等分辨率模式结果相对于低分辨率而言则优势不明显。 相似文献
9.
Soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dr. Y. Shao L. M. Leslie R. K. Munro P. Irannejad W. F. Lyons R. Morison D. Short M. S. Wood 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1997,63(3-4):195-215
Summary This paper describes an attempt to model soil moisture over the Australian continent with an integrated system of dynamic models and a Geographic Information System (GIS) data base. A land surface scheme with improved treatment of soil hydrological processes is described. The non-linear relationships between soil hydraulic conductivity, matric potential and soil moisture are derived from the Broadbridge and White soil model. For a single location, the prediction of the scheme is in good agreement with the measurements of the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX). High resolution atmospheric and geographic data are used in soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent. The importance of reliable land surface parameters is emphasized and details are given for deriving the parameters from a GIS. Predicted soil moisture patterns over the Australian continent in summer, with a 50 km spatial resolution, are found to be closely related to the distribution of soil types, apart from isolated areas and times under the influence of precipitation. This is consistent with the notion that the Australian continent in summer is generally under water stress. In contrast, predicted soil temperatures are more closely related to radiation patterns and changes in atmospheric circulation. The simulation can provide details of soil moisture evolution both in space and time, that are very useful for studies of land use sustainability, such as plant growth modelling and soil erosion prediction.With 12 Figures 相似文献
10.
利用黑河流域少量观测台站的实测降水和土壤湿度资料, 对比分析了欧洲中心ERA40及美国NCEP R-1两套常用的土壤湿度再分析资料在黑河流域的空间分布、 年际变化和季节循环特征, 结果表明:两套资料在黑河流域均能表现出“南湿北干”的分布格局, 湿度高值中心位于祁连山区东南部\.以此为中心, 土壤湿度从上游山区向中下游递减。ERA40土壤湿度在祁连山区年际变化明显, 与降水的响应关系要好于NCEP资料, 在中下游站点, NCEP 10 cm层土壤湿度对降水的响应好于ERA40。祁连站ERA40土壤湿度在6~8月接近观测值, 在额济纳站两套资料对于土壤湿度的描述都不理想。 相似文献
11.
A Modeling Study of Land Surface Process Impacts on Inland Behavior of Typhoon Rananim (2004) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
On 12 August 2004,Typhoon Rananim(0414) moved inland over China and stagnated over the Poyang Lake area,resulting in torrential rainfall and severe geologic hazards.The Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting(ARW-WRF) model and its different land surface models(LSMs) were employed to study the impacts of land surface process on the inland behavior of Typhoon Rananim.Results show that simulations,coupled with LSMs or not,have no significant differences in predicting typhoon track,intensity,and largescale circulation.However,the simulations of mesoscale structure,rainfall rate,and rainfall distribution of typhoon are more reasonable with LSMs than without LSMs.Although differences are slight among LSMs,NOAH is better than the others.Based on outputs using the NOAH scheme,the interaction between land surface and typhoon was explored in this study.Notably,typhoon rainfall and cloud cover can cool land surface,but rainfall expands the underlying saturated wetland area,which exacerbates the asymmetric distribution of surface heat fluxes.Accordingly,an energy frontal zone may form in the lower troposphere that enhances ascending motion and local convection,resulting in heavier rainfall.Moreover,the expanded underlying saturated wetlands provide plentiful moisture and unstable energy for the maintenance of Typhoon Rananim and increased rainfall in return. 相似文献
12.
利用江苏省2010—2015年的60个站点土壤湿度观测资料,对欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料(ERA)和美国宇航局再分析资料(MERRA)的两套土壤湿度数据在江苏地区的可靠性进行了评估。结果表明:相比于ERA再分析资料,MERRA较好地再现出江苏省次表层年平均土壤湿度的空间分布特征,但是两种资料的次表层和深层土壤湿度的数值均小于观测。ERA和MERRA基本都能揭示出江苏省次表层土壤湿度的季节变化特征,但是深层土壤湿度与观测仍有较大差距。在时间演变方面,ERA次表层土壤湿度与站点观测在研究时段内较为接近,EOF分析揭示出1979—2016年江苏省次表层土壤湿度存在区域一致型与南北偶极型两个主要的年代际变率模态。但是对于深层土壤湿度时间演变而言,两种再分析资料都与观测有较大的差距。总体而言,再分析资料的次表层土壤湿度与站点观测较为接近,但是由于再分析资料陆面模式中地下水等影响深层土壤湿度的关键过程刻画较为简单,使得深层土壤湿度与观测有较大的差距。 相似文献
13.
Performance of a regional climate model (RCM), WRF, for downscaling East Asian summer season climate is investigated based on 11-summer integrations associated with different climate conditions with reanalysis data as the lateral boundary conditions. It is found that while the RCM is essentially unable to improve large-scale circulation patterns in the upper troposphere for most years, it is able to simulate better lower-level meridional moisture transport in the East Asian summer monsoon. For precipitation downscaling, the RCM produces more realistic magnitude of the interannual variation in most areas of East Asia than that in the reanalysis. Furthermore, the RCM significantly improves the spatial pattern of summer rainfall over dry inland areas and mountainous areas, such as Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, it reduces the wet bias over southeast China. Over Mongolia, however, the performance of precipitation downscaling strongly depends on the year: the WRF is skillful for normal and wet years, but not for dry years, which suggests that land surface processes play an important role in downscaling ability. Over the dry area of North China, the WRF shows the worst performance. Additional sensitivity experiments testing land effects in downscaling suggest the initial soil moisture condition and representation of land surface processes with different schemes are sources of uncertainty for precipitation downscaling. Correction of initial soil moisture using the climatology dataset from GSWP-2 is a useful approach to robustly reducing wet bias in inland areas as well as to improve spatial distribution of precipitation. Despite the improvement on RCM downscaling, regional analyses reveal that accurate simulation of precipitation over East China, where the precipitation pattern is strongly influenced by the activity of the Meiyu/Baiu rainfall band, is difficult. Since the location of the rainfall band is closely associated with both lower-level meridional moisture transport and upper-level circulation structures, it is necessary to have realistic upper-air circulation patterns in the RCM as well as lower-level moisture transport in order to improve the circulation-associated convective rainfall band in East Asia. 相似文献
14.
土壤湿度影响中国夏季气候的数值试验 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用"全球土壤湿度计划第2阶段"提供的土壤湿度资料强迫区域气候模式RegCM3,通过数值试验讨论了土壤湿度对东亚夏季气候模拟效果的影响。结果表明,合理考虑土壤湿度的作用,能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季降水和2 m气温的空间分布型及逐日变化的模拟效果;模拟结果与观测的相关分析显示,降水和2 m气温的年际变化都得到了有效改进,这种改进在气温上尤为明显。不过上述改进具有区域依赖性。数值试验结果表明,气温对土壤湿度的敏感性强于降水,这也从一个侧面说明提高降水模拟效果的难度。总体而言,合理的土壤湿度能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季气候的模拟能力。因此,合理描述土壤湿度的变化,是提高中国夏季气候预报技巧的潜在途径之一。 相似文献
15.
Performance of Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System (RIEMS) in precipitation simulations over East Asia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Deming Zhao 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(7-8):1767-1787
Regional climate models (RCMs) can provide much more precise information on surface characteristics and mesoscale circulation than general circulation models. This potential for obtaining more detailed model results has motivated to a significant focus on RCMs development in East Asia. The Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System, version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0) has been developed from an earlier RCM, RIEMS1.0, at the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for East Asia and Nanjing University. To test the ability of RIEMS2.0 to simulate long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and to provide a basis for further development and applications, we compare simulated precipitation from 1979 to 2008 (simulation duration from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 2008) to observed meteorological data. The results show that RIEMS2.0 reproduces the spatial distribution of precipitation in East Asia but that the simulation overestimates precipitation. The simulated 30-year precipitation average is 26 % greater than the observed precipitation. Simulated upper and root soil water correlate well with remote sensing derived soil moisture. Annual and interannual variation in the average precipitation and their anomalies are both well reproduced by the model. A further analysis of three subregions representing different latitude ranges shows that there is good correlation and consistency between the simulated results and the observed data. Annual variation, interannual variation of average precipitation, and the anomalies in the three sub-regions are also well captured by the model. The model’s performance on atmospheric circulation and moisture transport simulations is discussed to explore the bias between the simulation and observations. In summary, RIEMS2.0 shows stability and does well in both simulating long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and in describing subregional characteristics. 相似文献
16.
Yufei XIN Yongjiu DAI Jian LI Xinyao RONG Guo ZHANG 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(2):251-263
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season. 相似文献
17.
Yongkang Xue Fernando De Sales W. K.-M. Lau Aaron Boone Jinming Feng Paul Dirmeyer Zhichang Guo Kyu-Myong Kim Akio Kitoh Vadlamani Kumar Isabelle Poccard-Leclercq Natalie Mahowald Wilfran Moufouma-Okia Phillip Pegion David P. Rowell Jae Schemm Siegfried D. Schubert Andrea Sealy Wassila M. Thiaw Augustin Vintzileos Steven F. Williams Man-Li C. Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(1):3-27
This paper briefly presents the West African Monsoon (WAM) Modeling and Evaluation Project (WAMME) and evaluates WAMME general circulation models’ (GCM) performances in simulating variability of WAM precipitation, surface temperature, and major circulation features at seasonal and intraseasonal scales in the first WAMME experiment. The analyses indicate that models with specified sea surface temperature generally have reasonable simulations of the pattern of spatial distribution of WAM seasonal mean precipitation and surface temperature as well as the averaged zonal wind in latitude-height cross-section and low level circulation. But there are large differences among models in simulating spatial correlation, intensity, and variance of precipitation compared with observations. Furthermore, the majority of models fail to produce proper intensities of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the tropical easterly jet. AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Project (ALMIP) data are used to analyze the association between simulated surface processes and the WAM and to investigate the WAM mechanism. It has been identified that the spatial distributions of surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature, and moisture convergence are closely associated with the simulated spatial distribution of precipitation; while surface latent heat flux is closely associated with the AEJ and contributes to divergence in AEJ simulation. Common empirical orthogonal functions (CEOF) analysis is applied to characterize the WAM precipitation evolution and has identified a major WAM precipitation mode and two temperature modes (Sahara mode and Sahel mode). Results indicate that the WAMME models produce reasonable temporal evolutions of major CEOF modes but have deficiencies/uncertainties in producing variances explained by major modes. Furthermore, the CEOF analysis shows that WAM precipitation evolution is closely related to the enhanced Sahara mode and the weakened Sahel mode, supporting the evidence revealed in the analysis using ALMIP data. An analysis of variability of CEOF modes suggests that the Sahara mode leads the WAM evolution, and divergence in simulating this mode contributes to discrepancies in the precipitation simulation. 相似文献
18.
The state-of-the-art WRF model is used to investigate the impact of the antecedent soil moisture on subsequent summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) period. The control experiment with realistic soil moisture condition can well reproduce the seasonal pattern from low- to high- atmosphere, as well as the spatial distribution of precipitation belt in East China. Compared with the control experiment, the sensitivity experiment in which the initial soil moisture is reduced generates more precipitation along the East China Sea, and less rainfall over both Central and South China. This suggests that the effect of initial soil moisture on monsoonal precipitation in East China is regionally dependent. The influence on precipitation is mostly attributed to the change in precipitation from mid July to late August. The initial soil moisture condition plays a role in changing the seasonal pattern and atmospheric circulation due to the weak heating and geopotential gradient, leading to a reduction in southeasterly flow and moisture flux from South China Sea. The changes between DRY and CTL runs result in reduced southerly wind over the ocean (south of ˜25 °N) and enhanced northerly wind over the land (north of ∼25 °N). The temperature and associated circulation changes due to drier initial soil moisture anomaly result in reduced southerly winds over East China, and therefore a weakened EASM system. The averaged moisture flux decreases significantly over Central China but increases along the East China Sea. In addition, the drier soil moisture perturbation exerts an effect on suppressing (enhancing) vertical velocity over Central China (along the East China Sea), thus leading to more (less) cloud water and rain water. Therefore, the influence of soil moisture exerts an opposite impact on surface precipitation between these two regions, with more and less accumulation rainfall in Central China and along the East China Sea, respectively. 相似文献
19.
GRAPES NOAH-LSM陆面模式水文过程的改进及试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤含水量的计算影响着陆面过程的能量平衡和水量平衡,是陆面模式的核心计算要素之一。目前,GRAPES_Meso模式采用的NOAH-LSM(Noah-Land Surface Model)陆面模式既不能有效地表达径流产源面积的变动情况,也不能完整描述水文循环过程。本次试验针对以上问题对其进行了改进:(1)加入蓄水容量曲线,考虑网格内产流面积的变化及土壤含水量的不均匀性;(2)加入汇流模式,以考虑水平二维水分再分配,提高模式对径流和流量模拟能力。选取2008年8月至9月降水进行模拟试验,研究陆面水循环过程对近地面气象要素的影响。结果表明:改进后的模式模拟土壤湿度、2 m温度等近地面气象要素更接近观测值,并最终对降水量以及降水落区也产生了一定的影响。 相似文献
20.
基于NCAR大气模式CAM3.1模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常两组试验对中国区域近40a(1961-2000年)气候进行了模拟。从气候态和年际变率的角度,通过分析两组试验的差值场来探讨土壤湿度年际异常对气候模拟的影响,并初步探讨了影响的可能机制。结果表明:模式模拟的温度和降水对土壤湿度的年际异常非常敏感,土壤湿度的年际变化对中国春夏季气候及其年际变率均有显著影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,模式模拟的春夏季平均温度、最高温度、最低温度在我国大范围内降低,春夏季降水在东部大部分地区明显减少,西部增加。而模式模拟的春夏季温度、降水年际变率在中国大部分地区减弱。但当考虑土壤湿度的年际变化,则能在一定程度上提高模式对气候年际变率的模拟能力。在进一步分析表明土壤湿度年际异常时,主要通过改变地表能量通量和环流场,对温度、降水产生影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,地表净辐射通量减少,地表温度降低,感热通量减少。感热通量差值场的空间变化和温度差值场的空间变化一致,感热通量对温度有一定影响。而潜热通量差值场的空间变化和降水的差值场的空间变化一致,可见降水受地表潜热通量的影响。土壤湿度年际异常引起的环流场的变化也是导致气候变化的原因之一,地表能量和环流场年际变率的改变对春夏季气候年际变率存在一定影响。 相似文献