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1.
根据黄土高原第四纪古土壤和风化带的广泛调查,发现了CaCO3 等化学成分的不连续淀积、厚层及多层淀积等特殊地质现象,结合CaCO3 含量分析与入渗实验资料,建立了风化淋滤带CaCO3 淀积深度新理论。该理论表明,CaCO3 迁移到淀积深度所需时间很短,可以忽略时间因素对它的影响,能够作为研究风化淋滤带的许多地质问题的较可靠依据。当CaCO3 淀积深度小于古土壤发育带厚度时,可确定土壤已向风化壳转变 当Ca CO3 淀积深度大于古土壤层厚度时,可确定土壤为淋溶型、中酸性土壤 当同一风化剖面中或同一层古土壤下部出现两层、三层或厚度异常大的CaCO3 淀积层时,指示当时出现了两个或两个以上成壤期和相应的气候变化。 相似文献
2.
C.J. Percival 《Sedimentary Geology》1983,36(1):41-49
The Firestone Sill is a sandstone of early Namurian age which outcrops in the northern Pennines. Occasionally the top of this sandstone contains a conspicuous white quartz arenite upto 1.5 m thick. This was formerly worked for refractory purposes and became known as the Firestone Sill ganister. The presence of roots, rootlets, soil horizons and pedogenically produced structures, e.g. cutans associated with the quartz arenite suggest that it represents the A2 (eluvial) horizon of a podzol or podzolic palaeosol. The main processes operating during pedogenesis were the accumulation and incorporation of organic matter into the surface (A1) horizon, destruction of sedimentary structures by bioturbation (principally rootlets), and the downward translocation of carbonaceous material, clays and other mineral breakdown products. The latter led to a relative quartz enrichment of a few percent in the A2 (ganister) horizon and resulted in the development of a B-horizon of accumulation.The presence of occasional feldspars in the A2-horizon and the rather small amount of quartz enrichment which took place in this zone suggest that pedogenesis was of fairly brief duration. 相似文献
3.
Abundant Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian–Hauterivian) paleosols have been recognized in the Sichuan Basin, along with the preserved pedogenetic features, e.g., soil horizons, soil structure, root traces and pedogenic nodules. Chemical, geochemical and mineralogical analyses were used to examine the paleosols. These paleosols were classified as Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols and Alfisols in terms of the modern soil taxonomic system. Early Cretaceous paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature in the Sichuan Basin were estimated from the degree of chemical weathering for non-calcareous paleosols, and from the depth to the calcic horizon and stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates in calcareous paleosols, respectively. A temperate semi-arid climate generally prevailed in the Sichuan Basin as a part of the South China Block (SCB) and was controlled by subtropical high-pressure and a rain-shadow effect because the humid air masses from the Paleo-Pacific were impeded by the highlands of the South China Block. Further, several intervals of sub-humid paleoclimate occurred due to strengthened monsoonal circulation in the Early Cretaceous. Using the paleosol barometer, the paleoatmospheric CO2 levels of the Early Cretaceous are estimated to range from ∼120 to ∼520 ppmv, with a mean of 305 ppmv. Regional temperature is generally coupled with atmospheric CO2 concentration and is roughly consistent with the sea level fluctuation. 相似文献
4.
Dr. M. Pécsi 《GeoJournal》1987,15(2):151-162
The loess of type localities is subdivided into 3 subseries on the basis of the paleosols allowing even an Eurasian comparison for their lithostratigraphy.
- The upper young loess (8–10 m) is most widespread, characterized by 3 sandy loess and 2 intercalated humic loess horizons. The ages of the humic loess horizons H1, H2 are c. 16 ka and 20 ka BP, respectively.
- The lower young loess (15–20 m) contains 4 loess packets and 3 chernozem-like paleosols, usually doubled soil complexes (designated MF, BD, BA). The MF paleosol complex, first member of lower young loess is c. 27–28 ka BP (C14 and TL dating). The lower young loess is underlain by a brown forest soil and chernozem-like paleosol-assemblage (MB), probably formed during the last interglacial (c. 105–125 ka BP).
- The old loess (c. 20 m) is generally characterized by 6–7 loess, mainly brown forest soil and 2 interbedded fluvial sand layers. The lowermost old loess member and an ochre-red paleosol lie below the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0,73 Ma).
- The loess is underlain by a subaerial non-loessic sequence (20–40 m) with 5–10 red soils, red clays mostly directly superimposed on and locally interbedded by sand and silty sand. At the base of this sequence of red paleosols usually Uppermost Miocene inland sea deposits are found.
5.
晚第三纪以前形成古土壤的鉴别、分类及其在古环境研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
晚第三纪以前形成的古土壤可以揭示地质时期的古环境。辨识古土壤的主要标志包括野外形态特征、微形态特征、地球化学特征等。当前古土壤分类一般基于现代土壤的系统分类体系，即采用诊断层和诊断特征，辅之以古土壤总体的化学性质等指标划分古土壤类型。形成于晚第三纪以前的古土壤可以重建全球范围的古气候变化历史，同时揭示前寒武纪时期古大气O2分压以及后寒武纪时期古大气CO2浓度水平的演化过程；古土壤具有空间和时间等多重信息，能反映流域或区域的古景观、古地貌、古水文特征。但目前缺乏一个广为接受的古土壤分类系统,成岩作用对古土壤特征的影响以及古土壤记录的古环境信息机制与解译等方面也还需要深入探讨。今后必须加强成岩作用对古土壤特性的影响以及现代土壤与其环境的对应关系的研究。 相似文献
6.
G. J. Retallack 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(8):1083-1106
Cambrian marine, grey shales are widespread, and so are Cambrian intertidal, redbeds with weakly developed marine-influenced paleosols. A broader view of Cambrian landscapes and soilscapes now comes from paleosols of alluvial coastal plains of the Cambrian (to Ordovician?) Parachilna, Billy Creek, Moodlatana, Balcoracana, Pantapinna and Grindstone Range Formations in the central Flinders Ranges of South Australia. Paleosols are recognised by soil structures such as calcareous nodules (caliche) and cracked ridges (mukkara). They also show gradational changes down-profile in minerals, grainsize and chemical composition comparable with soils. Some of these Cambrian paleosols are thick (>1 m) and well developed (large caliche nodules). They indicate stable alluvial and coastal landscapes of quartzo-feldspathic and locally tuffaceous sediments. Paleoclimates were generally semiarid, although several intervals of subhumid paleoclimate coincide with local marine transgression. Drab-haloed filaments in red claystones, and elephant-skin and carpet textures in sandstones of some of the paleosols may be evidence of biological soil crusts, and some waterlogged marginal marine and lacustrine paleosols had animal burrows. Cambrian paleosols of the Flinders Ranges are assignable to the modern soil orders Vertisol, Aridisol, Inceptisol and Entisol. Modern soils of the Flinders Ranges and central Australia are within the same orders as the Cambrian paleosols, supporting evidence from paleogeomorphology that some Australian landscapes and soilscapes are very ancient indeed. 相似文献
7.
8.
西峰和西安黄土中盐碱化古土壤气候意义的初步探讨 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：9
对西峰和西安黄土剖面中古土壤的研究揭示出,作为重要气候地层标志的S4和S5古土壤竟有盐化和碱化现象。盐碱化特性直接关系到如何认识这些古土壤的气候意义。土壤化学、微形态及粘土矿物分析表明,上述古土壤以草原土特征为主,并在气候最宜期发育了森林植被。盐碱化特性并非产生于土壤被埋藏以后,而是古土壤发育末期的产物。该时期大气粉尘堆积似乎是可溶盐的来源。 相似文献
9.
Leland H. Gile 《Quaternary Research》1977,7(1):112-132
Holocene soils of a semiarid area in southern New Mexico occur on terraces and fans in and adjacent to the mountains. The illustrative soils have formed in alluvium derived from rhyolite, monzonite, and sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone.A large arid basin occurs downslope from the mountains. In the arid-semiarid transition, the effect of a gradual increase in precipitation on soil morphology is shown by Holocene soils that sensitively reflect the precipitation. Where the parent materials contain little or no carbonate, a surficial noncalcareous zone and a reddish-brown horizon of silicate clay accumulation thicken mountainward as precipitation increases. The Bt horizon is underlain by the carbonate horizon, the upper boundary of which deepens mountainward. These orographic-depth relations and soil morphology support an interpretation that some of the clay (as well as the carbonate) is of illuvial origin. In high-carbonate parent materials, a noncalcareous zone has not developed and a reddish-brown horizon of clay accumulation has not formed.In upper horizons, organic carbon increases and color darkens towards the mountains. This causes a change in soils at the categorical level of soil order; Mollisols do not occur in the arid basin downslope, where nearly all Holocene soils are either Aridisols or Entisols. In the semiarid zone, however, most Holocene soils are Mollisols. Thick, dark A horizons have formed in many of these soils. The thickness of these horizons is attributed primarily to episodes of sedimentation during soil development. Some Holocene Aridisols also occur in the semiarid zone. Generally these are on narrow ridges, where the mollic epipedon has been truncated or did not form.In some terrains the soil-geomorphic relations are complex and Holocene soils may be above or at the same elevation as adjacent, much older soils. In such situations, when the morphological range of the various soils has been determined, soil morphology may be used to distinguish the Holocene soils and surfaces from their older analogs. 相似文献
10.
J.R. Merefield 《Sedimentary Geology》1975,14(2):135-148
Highest Ba concentrations in the Bridford area of Devon, U.K., are found in the A horizon of soil downslope from barytes mineralization. Most Ba is present as BaSO4 mechanically weathered from barytes veins. Ba values are greatest in the coarse silt fraction of the A, B, and C horizons. Owing to the large sand-size content of the soil, however, 80–90% of the total Ba occurs in the sand fraction. Two distinct size populations occur resulting from independent abrasion mechanisms. Two main stages are considered responsible for dispersion of BaSO4. Cryoturbation and solifluction processes operating in the Pleistocene initially shattered, mixed and transported barytes during head formation. Subsequent soil development and creep in Recent times has led to anomalous A horizon values. Implications for prospecting are that in similar areas both A and B strata could prove most useful and that exact estimates of lode positions could be made if the modifying influence of soil creep is taken into consideration. 相似文献
11.
Time dependence of magnetic susceptibility of soil chronosequences on the California coast 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As the age of the soils in a chronosequence on the California coast increases, the difference between the magnetic susceptibility of eluvial and illuvial horizons increases, and the residual susceptibility after extraction with citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) decreases. Enhanced susceptibility results from the conversion of nonferrimagnetic minerals to secondary ferrimagnetic forms (most likely maghemite) and the preferential accumulation of inherited and pedogenic magnetic minerals. Little enhancement occurs for pedons younger than 40,000 yr. By 124,000 yr, most of the magnetic susceptibility can be attributed to forms soluble in CBD. Magnetic susceptibility appears to vary systematically over time for three chronosequences from areas with mean annual precipitation ranging from 650 to 1500 mm yr−1. Magnetic susceptibility enhancement may be a useful parameter for estimating soil age in certain climates. 相似文献
12.
The distribution and mode of occurrence of zinc and lead have been examined in glacial soils developed over a complex Precambrian marble-paragneiss terrain in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Based on distribution within the soil profiles, zinc is enriched in the B1 horizon of soils sampled over marble and lead is generally enriched in the A horizon, particularly in soils developed over paragneiss. Contrast is calculated using
, where
is the mean of nA anomalous and nB background samples, and Sp is the pooled standard deviation) for zinc, lead and cold-extractable heavy metals in soils sampled over marble and paragneiss. The t-values indicate that the B1, soil horizon is the most suitable for sampling on a regular basis, even though lead is most concentrated in the A horizon.The distribution of zinc and lead among exchangeable, organic, iron-manganese oxide, clay, silt and sand fractions of B1 horizons from two anomalous and one background soil indicates that both zinc and lead are tied up principally in iron and manganese oxides. The anomalous samples exhibit zinc enrichment in the Fe-oxide digestion and high Mn/Fe ratios for the Mn-oxide digestion (as well as the total analysis). In terms of total contribution to the sample, significant proportions of zinc in the clastic fraction can be attributed to zinc substitution into clays plus the ineffective removal of Fe-oxides by the ammonium oxalate extraction procedure. Lead, on the other hand, occurs in significant concentrations in clay, silt and sand as well as Fe- and Mn-oxides, probably as a trace constituent in feldspars or adsorbed onto clay surfaces. 相似文献
Full-size image (1K)
13.
V. Kumaravel S. J. Sangode N. Siva Siddaiah Rohtash Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(6):759-772
Elemental mobility based on major element geochemistry from 58 horizons related to six paleosols profiles in a typical Miocene
— Pliocene Siwalik fluvial sequence in the NW Himalaya has been reported here. The paleosols developed over felsic parent
material of fine to medium grained sandstone indicate notable enrichment of sesquioxides (Al2O3 = 29 % and Fe2O3 = 54 %) depicting significant leaching and dissolution. The depletion of base cations (mean wt% of Na2O = 0.24; CaO = 0.51) and SiO2 (mean wt% = 63.6) in the pedogenic layers and its enrichment in the parental material (mean wt% of Na2O = 0.44; CaO = 1.3; SiO2 = 70.1) shows a good gradient of elemental mobility due to pedogenesis. Bivariate plots of the base ratios (Na2O/K2O, CaO/K2O, and MgO/K2O) vs. Al2O3 reveal independent distribution for parent material, pedogenic horizons and the incipient zone indicating the gradual addition/removal
of immobile/mobile elements with varying pedogenesis. Discontinuous and segmented pattern of the geochemical parameters enables
discrimination of multiple pedogenic episodes and recognition of soil welding processes in the multistorey composite paleosols.
We also test the applicability of the geochemical climofunctions: the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Temperature
(MAT); that demands more data for calibration in the Siwalik paleosols. 相似文献
14.
Well‐developed Bt horizons of five palaeosols (P1–P5) have been recorded previously within a 20‐m‐thick succession of Pliocene siltstones and clayey siltstones in the southern part of the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina. This paper reports a detailed field and micromorphological (thin section) investigation of a 6‐m portion of the sequence encompassing P2 and P3. Large‐scale faunal burrow infillings occur throughout: other bioturbation features in the form of channel and spongy microstructures are mainly confined to the siltstones. The intervening clayey siltstones (Bt horizons) have been affected more by shrink–swell disruption, as evidenced by slickensides and a range of striated b‐fabrics in thin sections. Clay coatings, indicative of illuvial accumulation of clay translocated in suspension from overlying A or E horizons, occur in both the siltstones and clayey siltstones. The types, microstratigraphic associations and depth functions of features are interpreted in terms of changing interactions, balances and dominances between sedimentary, pedogenic and erosional processes over time, thus providing the basis for the pedosedimentary reconstruction of landscape evolution in the region during part of the Pliocene represented by the whole P1–P5 sequence (4–5 Ma BP). It is envisaged that this period was dominated by aeolian deposition, although fluvial and mass movement processes probably led to reworking and redistribution of some of the materials. Overall rates of subaerial deposition, however, were not substantial: pedogenic processes were active throughout, the balance between sedimentation and pedogenesis varying over time in a cyclical fashion. Phases of reduced deposition and establishment of relatively stable land surfaces were marked by the development of argillic soil profiles with clearly defined eluvial and illuvial horizons. Intervening periods of more rapid accumulation of coarser material were characterized by accretionary soil development and welding of new pedological features on existing soils as the surface accreted, first transforming existing eluvial horizons into BCt/AE horizons (siltstones) and then encouraging the syndepositional upward extension of these complex horizons. The primary basis of the alternating units of siltstones (BCt/AE horizons) and clayey siltstones (Bt horizons) lies in the cyclical change in size of particles deposited, although pedogenic translocation processes enhanced these textural differences. The underlying driving mechanism behind the pedosedimentary cycle can only be speculated upon, although it is tempting to relate the sedimentation pattern to climatic fluctuations linked to glacial advances and retreats in the Patagonian Andes during the Pliocene. 相似文献
15.
Péter Sipos 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2009,1(4):404-415
The sorption parameters of Cu, Zn and Pb are related to the composition of the different genetic horizons of a Luvisol profile in batch sorption experiments. The affinities of metals towards the soil samples from different horizons followed the same sequence, e.g. Pb≥C>>Zn. By far the highest metal retention was found in the Ck horizon due to the alkaline conditions. It is followed by the A horizon with its high organic matter content, while the lowest sorption capacity was found in the Bt horizon. In the horizons free of carbonate, primarily Pb and Cu were immobilized. The studied soil can be characterized by high amount of organic matter, clay accumulation horizon, as well as calcareous subsoil. This kind of profile development makes soils able to immobilize a significant metal pollution. 相似文献
16.
Marjorie Schulz David Stonestrom Guntram Von Kiparski Corey Lawrence Carrie Masiello Art White John Fitzpatrick 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
Concentrations of CO2 in soil atmosphere and CO2 efflux were measured across a marine terrace soil chronosequence near Santa Cruz, California. Soil development, specifically the formation of an argillic horizon, has created a two-tier soil gas profile in the older terrace soils. The soil above the argillic horizon has seasonal variations in soil CO2 associated with plant respiration. The older soils with dense argillic horizons maintain a year round ～1%CO2 below the argillic horizon. The CO2efflux during the growing season is higher on the older terraces. 相似文献
17.
Luigi Bruno Michela Marchi Ilaria Bertolini Guido Gottardi Alessandro Amorosi 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(4):559-571
Paleosols are recurrent features in alluvial successions and provide information about past sedimentary dynamics and climate change. Through sedimentological analysis on six sediment cores, the mud-dominated succession beneath the medieval ‘Two Towers’ of Bologna was investigated down to 100 m depth. A succession of weakly developed paleosols (Inceptisols) was identified. Four paleosols (P1, P2, P3 and PH) were radiocarbon-dated to 40–10 cal ka bp . Organic matter and CaCO3 determinations indicate low groundwater levels during soil development, which spanned periods < 5 ka. The development and burial of soils, which occurred synchronously in the Bologna region and in other sectors of the Po Plain, are interpreted to reflect climatic and eustatic variations. Climatic oscillations, at the scale of the Bond cycles, controlled soil development and burial during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (P1 and P2). Rapid sea-level oscillations probably induced soil development at the MIS 3/2 transition (P3) and favored burial of PH after 10 ka bp . Weakly developed paleosols in alluvial successions can provide clues to millennial-scale climatic and environmental variations. In particular, the paleosol-bearing succession of the Po Plain represents an unprecedent record of environmental changes across the Late Pleistocene (MIS 3 and 2) in the Mediterranean region. 相似文献
18.
Olga A. Chichagova 《GeoJournal》1995,36(2-3):207-212
The paper presents methods for the study of the organic matter content (OM) of Pleistocene and Holocene paleosols. Paleosols of various age from the Russian Plain and Western Siberia were studied for their humus composition and physico-chemical properties. The permanent features of humus in paleosols useful for paleogeographical reconstruction and geoecological monitoring are separated from those criteria which are typical of the natural evolution of OM on the geological timescale. 相似文献
19.
K. Urushibara-Yoshino 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(3):154-160
The properties of soils on previously dated sand dunes from Robe to Naracoorte in South Australia were examined. In these
areas younger sand dunes are composed of fresh sand, but older sand dunes are composed of calcarenited sand. The soils on
the sand dunes developed successionally by the age of sand dunes. The soil properties of these sand dunes differ depending
on the ages of the sand dunes. The properties of sand particles in soils are as follows:
(1) On the sand dunes of 4300 years B.P., A/C profile developed (Rendzina). On the sand dunes older than 125 000 years B.P.
and on the plateau of Tertiary limestone, soil profiles of A1/AB/B/C on the sand dunes of 83 000 years B.P. and A1/A3/B1/B2/C (Terra rossa) are well developed.
(2) Within the sand of A/C horizons of the sand dunes with the age of 4300 year B.P., the calcite grain content is about 64%,
and the quartz content is about 35%. Within the B horizons of soils on the dunes from 83 000 years B.P. to 347 000 years B.P.,
the calcite grain content is only 1–2%; however, the quartz grain content is about 92%. In the B2 horizons of soils on the dune of 690 000 years B.P. and on the Tertiary plateau, there are some calcite grains but the quartz
grain content is about 96%.
(3) The average size of quartz grains in the soils on the sand dunes from 4300 B.P. to 347 000 years B.P. is generally smaller,
but the average size of quartz on the sand dunes of 690 000 year B.P. becomes larger and the grains are well rounded. On the
Tertiary limestone plateau, the average quartz size becomes again smaller, and the grains are more rounded.
(4) Fet in B2 horizon of the soil profiles increases clearly corresponding to the age. Iron activity expressed by Feo/Fed also shows a close relation to the chronological sequence. The B horizon of the soil profiles shows a drastic decrease of
Feo/Fed according to the age. Iron crystalinity, (Fed-Feo)/Fet, has a tendency for a positive relation with increasing age.
Received: 1 June 1995 · Accepted: 4 December 1995 相似文献
20.
古土壤是古代沉积环境和气候变化的灵敏记录者,可以为深刻认识地球演化历史中的重要地质事件提供有效信息,并成为当前沉积学领域的研究热点之一。国外古土壤研究已经涉及到太古代以来的几乎所有沉积地层,而国内古土壤的研究仍以第四纪地层为主,对前第四纪漫长地质时期地层记录中的古土壤研究较少。基于古土壤的识别特征及其埋藏后发生的可能变化,分析了古土壤在沉积环境解释和地层划分对比中的作用。其中,古土壤钙积层发育深度、元素地球化学、成土碳酸盐岩稳定同位素等对于合理评价成土作用过程、划分成土相及定量恢复古气候（年均降水量、年均气温和pCO2）等方面的研究发展迅速,不同估算古气候参数的经验公式都有明显的适用性特点。近年来,国内学者对松辽、四川、胶莱盆地等的白垩系古土壤进行了很多调查研究,并取得了较好的研究成果。而包括江西、广东、浙江等在内的中国东南地区白垩系陆相红层研究结果显示,这些地层含有丰富的古土壤,总体为地表干旱氧化条件下形成的红色古土壤序列。通过对国际古土壤研究动态的综述,以期引起国内更多沉积学工作者关注前第四纪地层记录中的古土壤,为更好地认识古代地球环境变化做出更大贡献。 相似文献